Lab Experiment 2:

Observations:
Position
1st position
2nd position

Diode
Towards the
negative
Towards the
positive

LED
Bright

Diode Marking
+
-

Not bright

Discussion Questions
1. When the diode was reversed, the LED was not lid.
2. If the LED & and the resistor was reversed. The resistor doesnt affect anything,
but the LED will greatly affects because of the legs, the short leg is negative, and
the long leg is positive.
3. My hypothesis is if any of the key parts of the circuit was reversed, then the LED
will not lit.
To conclude, the diode must me place to the negative in order for the LED to work.

Experiment 3
Observations
Circuit
A
B
C

LED brightness
Very Bright
Very Dim Bright
Dim bright

Discussion Questions
1. Depending how you set the resistors and which type of circuit, the higher the
resistance to the current, the dimmer the light.
2. Series: 470 + 470 = 940
Parallel: 1/470 + 1/470 = 0.0084
3. 3 resistors in the series will make the LED not lid, while for the parallel circuit the
LED will make it dimmer but not lit out as series.
To conclude, the LED in series circuits are not lid well as parallel circuits because of
more resistance.

Experiment 4a
Observations
Input
High
Low

LED
On
Off

1. Think about the flow of the electrons, the electrons comes from the positive, and
move down to the negative. If you put the input on the positive, the LED will not
lid, while put the input on the negative on the negative.
2. This circuit can be used to monitor the state of any point in a digital circuit is, you
can able to control the flow of the electrons. Putting up will make the electrons go
up and put the input on the negative will go down.
To conclude, in order to operate the LED, the input must be place on the positive.

Experiment 4b
Input
High
Low
Neutral

LED
Dim
No light
No light

Discussions
1. It depends on where do you put the input. Once again, think about the flow of the
electrons.
2. There are many pathways for the current to go. Place the input and the electrons
will flow where the input is.
To conclude, the positive only works but it doesnt use a lot of energy.

Experiment 5
Introduction:
Our purpose of this experiment is to see if the LED is lid depending on which pin
numbers VIA the input
Observations
Pin Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

LED Segment
A
F
DO NOT CONNECT
Off
Off
Bottom left dot
E
D

9
10
11
12
13
14

Bottom left dot

C
G
Off
B
DO NOT CONNECT

To conclude, depending on the input location, if you place the input on the pin number
the location of the other pin number to react.

Experiment 6
Introduction:
Our purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operations of the AND gates
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (0)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (0)
Low (0)

Output
On
Off
Off
Off

To conclude, to power the LED, both inputs must place on the positive.

Experiment 7
Introduction:
Our purpose of this experiment is to investigate the operations of the OR gates
Observations
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output
On
On
On
Off

Discussion
1. In order to make the LED on, at least one of the inputs must be high.
2. In order to make the LED off, both of the inputs must be low.
To conclude, to power the LED, at least one of the inputs must be place on the positive.

Experiment 8
Introduction:
The inverter basically reverses the functions
Observations
Input A

Output (LED On or Off)

High
Low

Off
On

Discussions:
1. This design of this circuit basically to reverse the functions of the gates. This
circuit is technically not a gate
2. Reverses the LED from having just a 7404 TTL integrated circuit. For example,
for high it will lid, while low it wont lit.
To conclude, the inverters reverses the effects, rather than power the LED on by
placing the positive, it must be place on the negative.

Experiment 9
Introduction:
NAND is basically a reverse version of AND gates
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED on or Off)

Off
On
On
On

Discussions
1. In order to obtain and output at 5 volts, both Inputs can anywhere except placing
the inputs on the positive.
2. In order to obtain an output at 0 volts, both inputs must be placed on the positive.
3. N stands for inverse
4. The relationship of AND & NAND gates is just reverse the effects to each other.
To conclude, the NAND gate is the inverter of the AND gates, it just reverses the
effects of the AND gates.

Experiment 10
Introduction:
NOR gate is the reverse version of OR gate
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)
Discussions:

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output
Off
Off
Off
On

1. In order to obtain the output at 5 volts, both inputs must place on the negative
zone.
2. In order to obtain the output at 0 volts, both inputs can be place anywhere except
for both in the negatives.
3. N stands for inverse
4. OR and NOR are basically reverse version of each other.
To conclude, the NOR gates serves has the inverter of the OR gates, it reverses the
effects of the OR gates.

Experiment 11
Introduction:
X means exclusive so we investigating the exclusive OR gates (XOR)
Observations:
Input A
Input B
Output
High (1)
High (1)
0
High (1)
Low (0)
1
Low (0)
High (0)
1
Low (0)
Low (0)
0
Discussion:
1. In order for the output to be 5 volts, one of the inputs must be place on the
positive
2. In order for the output to be 0 volts, both inputs place at the same place.
To conclude, in order to operate the LED, one of the inputs must be place on the
positive.

Experiment 16
Introduction:
To investigate the operation of the digital timer
Observations:
R2
47 K
100 K
470 K
680 K
1M
Discussions:

Time for the LED to flash (In seconds)

0.05
0.40
0.74
0.97
1.12
Time for the LED to flash

Resistance
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
0.05

0.4

0.74

0.97

1.1200000000000001

Resistance

1.
2. The curve of this graph is rather increasing the amount time of the flash
depending on how much is the resistance.
3. One of the common uses of the 555 timer is used to provide time delays, use has
a switch to turn on lights etc.
4. If we use a different value of the capacitor, the time will change significantly. For
example, if you use 2 capacitors, the time may go up or down greatly.
To conclude the time for the LED to flash depends on the amount in the resistor. If
the resistor is huge, it takes time for the LED to flash, on the other hand smaller
resistors will make the LED flash quickly.