Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M. Renfors
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Topics:
Complex signals and systems
Sampling of complex signals
Frequency translations using mixing and multirate
operations
Real and I/Q sampling of bandpass signals
Nonidealities in sampling and A/D-conversion
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x ( k ) = x R ( k ) + jx I ( k )
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Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem says that a (real or complex) lowpass
signal limited to the frequency band [-W, W] can represented
completely by discrete-time samples if the sampling rate
(1/T) is at least 2W.
In case of a complex signal, each sample is, of course, a
complex number.
In general, discrete-time signals have periodic spectra,
where the continuous-time spectrum is repeated around
frequencies 1 T , 2 T , 3 T , K
f
-2fs
-fs
fs
2fs
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f
0
-fs
fs
f
-fs
fs=W
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Frequency Translation
One key operation is the frequency translation of a signal
spectrum from one center frequency to another.
Conversions
between
baseband
and
bandpass
representations (modulation and demodulation) are special
cases of this.
We consider two different ways to do the frequency
translation: mixing and multirate operations, i.e., decimation
and interpolation.
In case of multirate operations, we assume for simplicity that
the following two sampling rates are used:
low sampling rate:
NT
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ejLOkT
I
cos(LOkT
sin(LOkT)
fc
fc+fLO
in which case the multiplying sequence is +1, -1, +1, -1, ...
This case can be applied to a real signal without
producing a complex result. Converts a lowpass signal
to a highpass signal, and vice versa.
f LO = f s / 4 = 1
4T
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f
0
Complex
bandpass
filter:
f
0
fc
( )
T
e j 2f cT
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f
0
fs/4
fs/2
f
0
fs/4
fs/2
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equivalent.
ideal
filtering,
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-fc
fc
cos(LOkT)
-fc-fLO
-fc+fLO
fc-fLO
fc+fLO
[n NT ,
NT
+1
]
2 NT
or
[n NT 12 NT ,
NT
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Example of Down-Conversion:
I/Q-Demodulation
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BP
filter
f
fc-W/2
T/H
fc
f
kfs - fs/2
kfs
kfs+fs/2
f
kfs - fs/4
kfs
kfs+fs/4
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Quadrature Sampling
In this case we are sampling the complex analytic signal
obtained by a phase-splitter:
I
T/H
BP
filter
fs
90o
T/H
analytic
bandpass signal
f
fc-W/2
fc
f
kfs
(k+1)fs
The gain and phase imbalance analysis of quadrature downconversion applies also to this case.
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Second-Order Sampling
Quadrature sampling can be approximated by the following
structure:
T/H
BP
filter
I
fs
= 1/4fc
T/H
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2 = 1 +
1
4( f c + f )
4 fc
f
rads
fc 2
f
0.1 MHz
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
fc
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Phase
Image rejection
imbalance
0.009o
0.09o
0.9o
9o
82.1dB
62.1 dB
42.1 dB
22.1 dB
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Sampling
The sampling to get a discrete time signal is done usually
with a track-and-hold circuit (T/H).
In practical sampling clocks and sampling circuits, there is
unavoidable random variations in the sampling instants,
sampling aperture jitter. In bandpass sampling, the
requirements for aperture jitter become very hard.
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fs
(dB)
The last term takes into account the processing gain due to
oversampling in relation to the useful signal band. When the
quantization noise outside that useful signal band is filtered
away, the overall qantization noise power is reduced by the
factor fs/2B.
The number of additional bits needed to quantize a
wideband signal can be estimated by:
10 log10 [PB / Pd ] / 6
bits
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Aperture Jitter
Aperture jitter is the variation in time of the exact sampling
instant, that causes phase modulation and results in an
additional noise component in the sampled signal.
Aperture jitter is caused both by the sampling clock and the
sampling circuit.
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SNRaj = 20 log10
2 f maxTa
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f
fc
f
fc
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Sigma-Delta Modulator
e[n]
x[n]
y[n]
z-1
-
z-1
DAC
X (z ) + 1 z
) E(z )
1 L
(2 L +1)