SANITARY APPLIANCES

Understand the design requirements for

sanitary appliance used in all types of
building.

Sanitary Appliances
Sanitary appliances are divided
into two main groups:
Waste appliances
Soil appliances

DESIGN REQUIREMENT

A sanitary appliance should be designed so that

its
fouling area is reduced to the minimum and
should have durable, easily cleaned and nonabsorbent surface.

Before starting to design the floor plan of any

structure, the designer needs to know the following
information:a. Types of buildings :
i. Residential Building
ii. Public Building / Commercial / Office
Building
b. Consumer

TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES

Fitting used for cleansing and disposing of waste
product, most sanitary appliances fall into two
groups:-

i. Waste appliances ( bidets, wash basins, sinks,

showers / baths tubs , drinking fountains )
ii. Soil

appliances ( water closet, urinal ).

All sanitary appliances are made of nonabsorbent, non-corroding, smooth and easily
cleaned material and usually made from ceramic
ware, vitreous enameled cast iron, vitreous
enameled pressed steel, stainless steel or plastics
(thermosetting and thermoplastic).

WATER CLOSET
This is the most common type of plumbing
appliance and also known as a toilet.

Water closet are usually subdivided according to

where they are mounted (floor mounted and
wall mounted ) and how they are flushed (tank
type and flush valve
type ).
The most widely used pattern is the wash-down,
in which the contents of the pan are removed by
gravity water flush.

WATER CLOSET
The pan shape has been developed from the
earlier long and short hopper types, to provide
the minimum of fouling area. They are designed
to maintain a 50 mm minimum water seal.

The outlet may be obtained left or right hand and

also P or S as shown; it may be flushed from a
high or low level flushing cistern.
The high-level cistern provides a more effective
flush compare to low level cistern.

WATER CLOSET

WATER CLOSET

FLUSHING CISTERN
Function :
Used to flush away the
contents of soil fitting to the
drain.
Specification:
Fixed 2m and 0.6 m above floor level.
Capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters (popular : 9 liter)

PISTON FLUSHING CISTERN

The piston type flushing

cistern, operates as follows:
When
the
lever
is
depressed sharply, the piston is
lifted, which displaces water
over the siphon.
Water discharging down
the flush pipe takes some air
with it and creates a partial
vacuum in the siphon.
The greater air pressure
acting upon the water in the
cistern forces water
through
the siphon until air is admitted
under the piston, which breaks
the siphon action.

AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN

Automatic
flushing
cistern
designed to discharge its contents of
water at regular intervals into a urinal.
The rate at which the water will
flush depends upon the rate at which the
water is fed into the cistern and for a
single installation this should not exceed
ten liters per hour .
These flush water automatically
once in 10 15 minutes.
To prevent wastage of water from
these cistern, at times when the cistern is
not used such as at weekends, an
Automatic Flow Cut Off Device should
be fitted.

 The bell-type
flushing cistern is
rather noisy but
may be used in
factories and
schools.
The cistern is
operated by the
chain being pulled
down which also lifts
the bell.
When the chain is
released the bell
falls thus displacing
water under the bell
down the stand
pipe.
Siphonic action is

URINAL

They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid

human wastes only.

The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and

bowl type.

The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it

does not provide the same degree of privacy.

The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which

have less fouling area then the slab and stall urinals.

SLAB URINAL

STALL URINAL

BOWL URINAL

BIDET

A sanitary appliance primarily

designed to wash the excretory
organs and may also be used as
footbath.

The hot and cold water supplies

are 13 mm internal diameter
and hot water may be supplied
to the rim.

Bidets which are fitted to main

supply must be of a design
which is not equipped with a
submersible ascending spray,
but must be of the over-rim
type, i.e. pillar taps.

WASH BASIN
Many wash basin designs are
available, ranging from surgeons basin to
small hand basin.
They can be obtained to fit into a corner of
the room and may be supported on
brackets, a pedestal or by a built in
corbel.

SINK

Sinks of all types are in wide use in a multitude

of different applications.

Such as Surgeons scrub sinks, service sinks,

lavatories sinks, bar sinks, kitchen sink are just
a few of the more common ones used in
plumbing systems.

Sinks can be made of porcelain, stainless steel,

plastic, fiberglass or any other nonporous
material.

Sinks can be wall mounted, floor mounted, set

into countertop or free standing with legs.

SINKS

BATHTUBS

A sanitary appliance in which the human body can be

immersed and cleansed.

Bath tubs are available in enameled cast iron, pressed steel

or in various types of plastics and acrylics.

Bath tub should be fixed as low as possible to assist getting

in and out. The standard length of a rectangular bath tub is
1.7 m.

The water supply may be pillar tabs or by a special fitting

incorporating a diverter and a shower.

For domestic installations, the taps and supply pipes are 19

mm internal diameter, but for institutions these are
sometimes enlarge to 25 mm, to increase the speed of

BATHTUBS

SHOWER
A shower is a device for washing, typically
consisting of an enclosed area and an
overhead nozzle.
To use a shower a human stands in the
enclosed area while the nozzle sprays
water down on the body.
Showers are primarily used for hygiene
and washing purposes and are often
installed in bathrooms.

SHOWER TRAY

A preformed tray that creates a hob

in the shower recess area.
Size of shower tray :i. 915 mm x 915 mm x 178 mm
ii. 760 mm x 760 mm x 178 mm
iii. 610 mm x 610 mm x 178 mm

MATERIALS
The

materials from which

appliances are manufactured are
depend upon the type of fitment
and the use of building into which it
is to be installed.

In

general terms the material must

be non corroding, non-absorbent
and easily cleaned.

MATERIALS
Materials

Description

Ceramics

Popular material for such appliances as WCs, wash basins, urinals,

sinks, and shower trays. The term ceramic means a substance made by
firing clay. The strength and degree of impermeability of the materials
depends upon the composition of the clay mixture and temperature at
which they are fired.

Glaze earthenware

This produces appliances of good colour, lends itself well to formation

of complicated shapes and relatively cheap. It is used mainly for sinks
and W.C . pans

Glazed fireclay

This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard

wear. Fireclay appliances such as urinals, sinks and W.C. pans are often
used in schools and factories.

Glazed stoneware

This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard

wear, but, unlike earthenware and fireclay, the material is nonabsorbent even when it is unglazed. It is mainly used for channels,
sinks and urinal stalls.

Vitreous China

This lends itself to fine detail and good finish, but is not as strong as
fireclay and is therefore unsuitable for buildings where hard wear is
expected, such as schools and factories. It is, however used extensively
in houses and hotels. The material does not absorb water even when
the glaze is broken, can be used to manufacture almost all types of
appliances, in various colours.

MATERIALS
Materials

Description

Acrylic plastic
(Perspex)

This is produced in many colours, it is light in weight

and relatively cheap. It takes a hard gloss finish and
has an excellent appearance. Hot water however, tends
to soften the material and baths made from it must be
supported with metal cradles.

Glass-Reinforced
Polyster

This material is more expensive than acrylic plastic ,

but is much stronger. A good gel coat finish is essential
to protect the reinforcing fibres and various colours
may be obtained.