Two-Dimensional Heat Analysis

Finite Element Method

20 November 2002
Michelle Blunt
Brian Coldwell

Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer

Fundamental Concepts
Heat Flux
Adiabatic
Steady-State
Finite Differences
Finite Element
Analysis

Solution Methods
Mathematical
Experimental
Theoretical

One-Dimensional Conduction
dT
q x K xx
dx
K thermal conductivity
dT temperature change

Ein E gen U Eout

qin A dt Q A dx dt U qout A dt
q heat conducted
E kinetic energy
Q internal heat source U stored energy
A cross - sectional area t time

Two-Dimensional Conduction
dT
dT
q x K xx
K zz
dx
dz

Ein E gen U Eout

qinX A dt qinZ A dt Q A dx dt
U qoutX A dt qoutZ A dt

Experimental Model
Two-dimensional heat
transfer plate from lab 6.
Upper and left boundary
conditions are set at 0oC;
lower and right conditions
are constant at 80oC.

Theoretical Model
Finite Difference
1st order :
T dT Tm,n Tm 1,n

x dx
x
2nd order :
T
2T
x Tm 1,n Tm 1,n 2 Tm ,n

x 2
x
x 2
Solve system of equations :

A T C

T A C
1

Theoretical Model
Finite Element

Domain

Subdomain e

Domain with

degrees of freedom

Domain divided with subdomains

with
degrees of freedom

The fundamental concept of FEM is

that a continuous function of a
continuum (given domain ) having
infinite degrees of freedom is replaced
by a discrete model, approximated by
a set of piecewise continuous functions
having a finite degree of freedom.

Structural vs Heat Transfer

Structural Analysis

Thermal Analysis

Select element type

Assume displacement function
Stress/strain relationships
Derive element stiffness
Assemble element equations
Solve nodal displacements
Solve element forces

Select element type

Assume temperature function
Temperature relationships
Derive element conduction
Assemble element equations
Solve nodal temperatures
Solve element gradient/flux

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Select Element Type
1-d elements are lines
2-d elements are either
triangles, quadrilaterals, or
a mixture as shown
Label the nodes so that the
difference between two
nodes on any element is
minimized.

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Assume (Choose) a Temperature Function
Assume a linear temperature function for each element as:

t ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y
a1

a1 a2 x a3 y 1 x y a2
a
3
where u and v describe
temperature gradients at (xi,yi).

3 Nodes

1 Element

2 DOF: x, y

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Assume (Choose) a Temperature Function

T N i ti N j t j N m t m
ti

T N i N j N m

tj

tm
T temperature function
N shape function
t nodal temperature

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Define Temperature Gradient Relationships
N i N j N m
T

g
N i N j N m
T
y y y
y

1 i j m
B N

x
x i j m

ti

tj

tm

Heat flux/Tempe rature Gradient :

qx
K xx 0
g D g

qy
0 K yy

Analogous to strain
matrix: {g}=[B]{t}
[B] is derivative of [N]

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Derive Element Conduction Matrix and Equations
Conduction

Convection

k B D B dV h N N dS
T

tA B D B
T

AK xx

1 - 1
- 1 1

x
L 1

x x

L
hP
dx
1

x
L L
0
L
hPL 2 1

6 1 2

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Derive Element Conduction Matrix and Equations
1
T
QV
f Q Q V dV 1 for constant heat source
3
V
1

f k t
for each element
Stiffness matrix is general term for a matrix of known coefficients being
multiplied by unknown degrees of freedom, i.e., displacement OR
temperature, etc. Thus, the element conduction matrix is often referred
to as the stiffness matrix.

Finite Element 2-D Conduction

Assemble Element Equations, Apply BCs

F K t
From here on virtually the same as structural approach.
Heat flux boundary conditions already accounted for
in derivation. Just substitute into above equation and
solve for the following:

Solve for Nodal Temperatures

Solve for Element Temperature Gradient & Heat Flux

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 9

Time: 6s

Nodes: 16

Memory: 0.239MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 16

Time: 6s

Nodes: 25

Memory: 0.255MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 49

Time: 7s

Nodes: 64

Memory: 0.326MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 100

Time: 7s

Nodes: 121

Memory: 0.438MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 324

Time: 7s

Nodes: 361

Memory: 0.910MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 625

Time: 9s

Nodes: 676

Memory: 1.535MB

Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 3600

Time: 15s

Nodes: 3721

Memory: 7.684MB

Algor: How many elements?

Automatic Mesh
Elements: 334

Time: 7s

Nodes: 371

Memory: 0.930MB

Algor Results Options

Algor: How many elements?

Smaller Elements

Fewer Elements

Higher accuracy
More time, memory

Faster
Less storage space

References
Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering
Mathematics, 8th ed.(1999)
Chapters: 8, 9
Logan, Daryl L. A First Course in the Finite
Element Method Using Algor, 2nd ed.(2001)
Chapters: 13

Questions?
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