Homework Set 2, Math 208, due Wednesday January 20, 2016 in class.

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P1
1. (a) Suppose 1
n=0 an ,
m=0 bm are absolutely convergent series of real
or complex numbers. Show that
1
X
n=0

1
1 X
X
X

an
bm =
an b m
m=0

k=0

m+n=k

That is, prove that the right-hand side converges absolutely and show
equality of both sides. Can you drop the assumption of absolute convergence?
(b) Use (a) to justify the proof of ex ey = ex+y based on power series.
2. Let (x, y) = (a(x, y), b(x, y)) be C 1 (U ) where U is some neighborhood
of (x0 , y0 ) in R2 . Assume (x0 , y0 ) 6= (0, 0).
(a) Let z = x + iy, z0 = x0 + iy0 and set
F (x, y) = (z

z0 )(a + ib)(x, y)

with complex multiplication on the right-hand side (we identify R2

with C as usual). Show that F 2 C 1 (U ) and that F (U ) contains a disk
around (0, 0) in the plane. Hint: Use a theorem from Math 207.
(b) Let N
1 be an integer. Show that there exists 2 C 1 (V ) with
V some neighborhood of (x0 , y0 ) so that = N on V (where N is in
the sense of powers of a complex number).
(c) Using the notation of (a), (b) define
z0 )N (a + ib)(x, y)

G(x, y) = (z

Show that G(U ) contains a disk around (0, 0).

3. Let p(z) be a non-constant polynomial over C. Show that p is an open
mapping. Use this to reprove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
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4. Let f (z) = 1
z0 )n be a power series with radius of convern=0 an (z
gence 0 < R 1. Let A be a complex d d matrix with operator
norm kA z0 Ik < R in Cd (with I the identity matrix). Show that the
matrix-valued series
1
X
an (A z0 I)n
n=0

converges absolutely in the operator norm. We define f (A) to be given

by this series. What does this mean for f (z) = z 1 with |z 1| < 1?
What is the series representation of f (A) ? If g(z) is another power
series converging for |z z0 | < R, show that f (A)g(A) = (f g)(A) where
the left-hand side is matrix multiplication, and f g on the right-hand
side is given by its power series (see the first problem above). Show
that the operator norm kA z0 Ik agrees with the largest singular value
of A z0 I.
5. Let ! be a smooth 1-form on some
open connected set U Rn . Show
R
that ! is exact, if and only if c ! only depends on the end-points of
the curve c in U . In class we showed one direction for the case n = 2.
Here, consider general dimensions and show necessity and sufficiency
of this condition.
6. Let V~ be a smooth vector field on U as above. We say V~ is conservative if there exists a smooth function f on U so that V~ = rf . Find
necessary and sufficient conditions for V~ to be conservative locally (i.e.,
around every point there is some disk in U on which V~ is conservative).
Next, consider the same question on all of U . Pay attention to two dix
mensions and the eect of the shape of U . Show that V~ (x) = kxk
3 is
3
n
conservative in R \ {(0, 0, 0)}. Generalize to R with the origin removed. Hint: reduce this to the previous problem and to the discussion
from class concerning closed and exact forms.
7. Consider two smooth closed curves c, c in R2 \ {(0, 0)}. Show that they
are homotopic if and only if their winding numbers relative to the origin
coincide. What about closed curves in Rn \ {(0, . . . , 0)} with n
3?
3
Remove a line from R and consider smooth closed curves in that space.
How do you characterize homotopy in that situation?
8. (a) Consider the dierential equation x(t)

= Ax(t) in Rn where A is a
fixed real n n matrix. Show via power series that x(t) = etA x0 solves
this dierential equation for all times t with initial condition x0 2 Rn .
Justify convergence and dierentiability.

3 1
(b) Let n = 2 and A =
. Solve the ODE from (a) explicitly with
2 2
initial condition x0 = 63 .
2