Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Normal Forms and Resolution: Clauses, CNF and DNF representations, Adequacy
of calculations, SAT, Resolution refutation, Adequacy of resolution.
Proof Systems: Axiomatic system PC, Adequacy of PC, Analytic tableau PT,
Adequacy of PT, Compactness of PL.
Unit-2: First Order Logic
Fundamentals: Syntax of FL, Scope and binding, Substitutions, Semantics of
FL,
Quantifier laws, Equivalences, Consequences.
Normal Forms in FL: Calculations, Informal proofs, Prenex forms, Skolem forms,
Herbrand's theorem, Skolem-Lowenheim theorem, Resoltion in FL
Proof Systems for FL: Axiomatic system FC, Analytic tableau FT, Adequacy of FC
and FT, Compactness in FL.
Unit-3: Model Theory
Basic Idea of Model Theory, Universal Algebra, Notations of Model Theory
Compactness and Elementary Submodels : Compactness Theorem, Isomorphisms,
elementary equivalence and complete theories, Elementary Chain Theorem, LowenheimSkolem Theorems, The Los-Vaught Test, Every complex one-to-one polynomial map is onto
Diagrams and Embeddings: Diagram Lemmas, Every planar graph can be four coloured,
Ramseys Theorem, The Leibniz Principle and infinitesimals, Robinson Consistency Theorem,
Craig Interpolation Theorem
Model Completeness: Robinsons Theorem on existentially complete theories,
Lindstroms Test, Hilberts Nullstellensatz
The Seventeenth Problem: Positive definite rational functions are the sums of squares
Submodel Completeness: Elimination of quantifiers, The Tarski-Seidenberg Theorem
Model Completions: Almost universal theories, Saturated models, Blums Test
Unit-4: Recursion/Computability Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Unit-1: Fundamentals & Logic
What is Mathematics? Types of Mathematics, Discrete Mathematics, Application to Discrete
Mathematics, Different Discrete Mathematical Structures
Propositional Logic: Statements; Compound Statements; Truth Values; Evaluating the Truth of More
General, Compound Statements; Logical Equivalence; Tautologies and Contradictions; Summary of
Logical Equivalences, Logical Equivalences Involving ; Representation of If-Then As Or; The
Negation of a Conditional Statement; The Contrapositive of a Conditional Statement; The Converse and
Inverse of a Conditional Statement; Only If and the Biconditional; Necessary and Sufficient Conditions;
Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens; Additional Valid Argument Forms: Rules of Inference; Fallacies;
Contradictions and Valid Arguments; Summary of Rules of Inference, Applications
First Order Logic: The Universal Quantifier; The Existential Quantifier; Formal Versus Informal
Language; Universal Conditional Statements; Equivalent Forms of Universal and Existential Statements;
Implicit Quantification; Tarskis World, Negations of Quantified Statements; Negations of Universal
Conditional Statements; The Relation among , , , and ; Vacuous Truth of Universal
Statements; Variants of Universal Conditional Statements; Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, Only If,
Translating from Informal to Formal Language; Ambiguous Language; Negations of Multiply-Quantified
Statements; Order of Quantifiers; Formal Logical Notation; Prolog, Universal Modus Ponens; Use of
Universal Modus Ponens in a Proof; Universal Modus Tollens; Proving Validity of Arguments with
Quantified Statements; Using Diagrams to Test for Validity; Creating Additional Forms of Argument;
Remark on
the Converse and Inverse Errors, Applications
Boolean Logic: Introduction to Boolean algebra and Boolean functions. Different
representations of Boolean functions. Logic Gates, Minimization of Circuits,
Application of Boolean functions to synthesis of circuits, Description of Russells
Paradox; The Halting Problem
Unit-2: Number Theory, Set Theory and Proof Theory
Number Theory: Divisibility and Modular Arithmetic, Integer Representations and Algorithms, Primes
and Greatest Common Divisors, Solving Congruences, Applications of Congruences, Cryptography
Sequences: Explicit Formulas for Sequences; Summation Notation; Product Notation; Properties
of Summations and Products; Change of Variable; Factorial and n Choose r Notation; Sequences in
Computer Programming; Application
Counting: The Basics of Counting, The Pigeonhole Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Pascals
Triangle; Binomial Coefficients and Identities, The Binomial Theorem and Algebraic and Combinatorial
Proofs for It; Applications, Generalized Permutations and Combinations, Generating Permutations and
Combinations, InclusionExclusion, Applications of InclusionExclusion,
Recurrence Relations: Linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients
(homogeneous case); discussion of all the three sub-cases. Linear recurrence
relations with constant coefficients (non-homogeneous case); discussion of several
special cases to obtain particular solutions. Solution of linear recurrence relations
using generating functions, Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms and Recurrence
Relations
Discrete Probability: An Introduction to Discrete Probability, Probability Theory, Conditional
Probability, Bayes Theorem, Expected Value and Variance,
Proof Theory: Introduction to Proofs, Proof Methods and Strategy, Direct Proof, Indirect Proof, Proof by
Contradiction; Argument by Contraposition; Relation between Proof by Contradiction and Proof by
Contraposition; Mathematical Induction, Strong Induction and Well-Ordering, Recursive Definitions and
Structural Induction, Recursive Algorithms, Program Correctness
Set Theory: Introduction to the theory of sets; combination of sets; power sets; Venn Diagrams,
complements, cartesian products, finite and infinite sets; principle of inclusion and exclusion; cardinality
and countability, Algorithm to Check Whether One Set Is a Subset of Another (Optional). Properties of
Sets: Set Identities; Proving Set Identities; Proving That a Set Is the Empty Set,
Unit-3: Relation, Function, Matrix, Graph And Tree
Function: Functions; mappings; injection and surjections; composition of functions;
inverse functions;special functions; Peono postulates; pigeonhole principle;
recursive function theory;
Relation: Relations and Their Properties, n-ary Relations and Their Applications,
Representing Relations, Closures of Relations, Equivalence Relations, Partial
Orderings, Warshall's algorithm to compute transitive closure of a relation
Graph: Graphs and Graph Models, Graph Terminology and Special Types of Graphs.,
Representing Graphs and Graph Isomorphism, Connectivity, Euler and Hamilton
Paths, Shortest-Path Problems, Planar Graphs, Graph Coloring
Tree: Introduction to Trees, Applications of Trees, Tree Traversal, Spanning Trees,
Minimum Spanning Trees
Unit-4: Analysis of Algorithm and Automata
Analysis of Algorithms: Graph of a Function, Power Functions, The Floor Function, Graphing Functions
Defined on Sets of Integers, Graph of a Multiple of a Function, Increasing and Decreasing Functions, A
Computational Model for Analysis, Big-Oh, Big-Theta & Big-Omega Notations, Orders of Power
Functions; Orders of Polynomial Functions; Orders for Functions of Integer Variables; Extension to
Functions Composed of Rational Power Functions, Graphs of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions;
Application: Number of Bits Needed to Represent an Integer in Binary Notation; Application: Using
Logarithms to Solve Recurrence Relations; Exponential and Logarithmic Orders,
Application of Analysis of Algorithms: Computing Orders of Simple Algorithms; The Sequential Search
Algorithm; The Insertion Sort Algorithm; Time Efficiency of an Algorithm, Binary Search; Divide-andConquer Algorithms; The Efficiency of the Binary Search Algorithm; Merge Sort; Tractable and
Intractable Problems; A Final Remark on Algorithm Efficiency,
Finite Automata: Languages and Grammars, Finite-State Machines with Output, Finite-State Machines
with No Output, Language Recognition, Turing Machines.
Graph Theory
Unit-1: Basics of Graphs
Introduction to Graph: Definition of a graph and directed graph, simple graph. Degree of a vertex,
regular graph, bipartite graphs, subgraphs, complete graph, complement of a graph, operations of graphs,
isomorphism and homomorphism between two graphs, degree sequences, line graphs, chordal graphs,
Paths & Circuits: Walks, paths and circuits, connectedness of a graph, Disconnected graphs and their
components, Konigsberg 7-bridge problem, Around the world problem, Euler graphs, Hamiltonian paths
and circuits, connectivity, Dijkstras shortest path algorithm, Floyd-Warshall shortest path algorithm
Diagraphs: Diagraphs & Sub diagraphs, Diagraphs and Binary Relations, Directed Paths and
Connectedness, Circuits in Diagraph, Matrix Representations, Vertex Degree, Paths and Cycles, Eulerian
and Hamiltonian Diagraphs, Paired Comparisation and Tournaments, Acyclic diagraphs and
decyclization.
Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs: Existence theorem for Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs,
Characterization, Fleurys algorithm, chinese-postman-problem, Necessary conditions and sufficient
conditions of Hamiltonian Graph
Unit-2: Basics of Tree And Advance Concepts of Graph
Tree: : Trees and their properties, distance and centre in a tree and in a graph, rooted and binary trees,
spanning trees and forest, fundamental circuits, cut sets, connectivity and separability,1-isomorphism, 2isomorphism, breadth first and depth first search.
Matrix representation of graphs: Incidence matrix and its sub matrices, Reduced incidence matrix,
circuit matrix, fundamental circuit matrix, cut set matrix, fundamental cut set matrix, path matrix,
adjacency matrix of a graph and of digraph
Connectivity: Cut Set, Some properties of Cut-Set, All Cut-Sets in a graph, Fundamental Circuits and
Cut-Set, Connectivity, Two Connected graphs and sub graphs, the structure of 3-connected graphs,
Mengers Theorem, Maders Theorem, Edge disjoint spanning tree, Paths between given pair of vertices,
Matching: The matching problem, Matching in bipartite graphs, matching in general graphs, Perfect
Matching, The Personnel Assignment Problem, The optimal assignment problem, A Chinese postman
problem postscript, greedy and approximation algorithms, Berge's Theorem, Hall's theorem, Tutte's
theorem, Konig's theorem, Petersen's theorem, algorithms for matching and weighted matching (in both
bipartitie and general graphs), factors of graphs (decompositions of the complete graph), Tutte's f-factor
theorem;
Planner Graph and Duality: Combinatorial vs Geometric Graph, Planner Graph, Eulers formula,
Kuratowskis Two Graphs, Different representation of a planner graph, Detection of planarity, Geometric
Dual, Combinatorial Dual, Convex Polyhedra,
Graph Coloring: Vertex Coloring: Chromatic number and cliques, greedy coloring algorithm, coloring
of chordal graphs, Brooks theorem, Edge Coloring: Gupta-Vizing theorem, Class-1 graphs and class-2
graphs, equitable edge-coloring, Matchings, Coverings, Four Color Problem, Map Coloring, The Five
Color Theorem, The Heawood Coloring Theorem, Brooks theorem, the greedy algorithm, the WelshPowell bound, critical graphs,
Random Graphs: The basic models - use of expectations, simple properties of almost all graphs, almost
determined variables use of variance, Hamiltonian cycles, the phase transition.
Ramsey Theory: Ramseys Original Theorem, Ramsey Numbers, Induced Ramsey Theorem, Ramsey
Properties and Connectivity, Turans Theorem and Applications, Schurs Theorem.
Graphs on surfaces : representativity, minors and disjoint paths on surfaces,locally planar graphs,
planarizing cycles
Tree-width and relatives : tree-decompositions, tree-width, excluding a planar graph, brambles,
computing tree-width, algorithms, branch-width, path-width
The graph minor theorem : tree-decompositions, the tangle decomposition, surfaces, vortices, excluding
a general graph, application to algorithms and well-quasi-ordering
Theory of Computation
Unit-1: Regular Language and Finite Automata
Preliminaries: Set, Relations, Functions, Methods of proof, Graphs, strings, Language, Grammar,
Difference between syntax and semantics, Difference between Natural, Formal and programming
language, Automata, History of Automata. Basics about Automata, Computability and Complexity Theory
Finite State Machine: Finite State Machine, Example of Finite State Machine, Components of Fine State
Automata, Elements of Finite State System, Mathematical Representation of Finite State Machine,
Automata Classification, Automata in Real world,
Finite Automaton: Formal Definition of Finite Automaton,. Examples of Finite Automata,
Classifications of Finite Automata, DFA, Design of DFA, NFA, Design of NFA, Examples of DFA and
NFA, NFA with move, Advantage of NFA over DFA, Difference between NFA and DFA, Equivalence
of NFA and DFA, Minimal DFA, 2 way DFA, Difference between DFA and 2DFA, Applications of NFA
and DFA in text searching, Finite Automaton with output, Moore Machine, Design of Moore Machine,
Mealy Machine, Design of Mealy Machine. Difference between Moore and Mealy Machine, Equivalence
of Moore and Mealy Machine, Applications of Moore and Mealy Machine, Myhill-Nerode Theorem, Two
way finite automata, multithread finite automata, probabilistic finite automata, Weighted finite automata
and digital images(Finite automata and black and white image, gray-scale image, Inferencing and deinferencing, Transformation on digital images )
Regular Language: Regular expression, operators of regular expression, building regular expressions,
precedence of regular expression, properties of regular expression, language associated with regular
expression, Regular language, properties of regular language, Proving language not to be regular (The
Pumping Lemma, Pigeon Hole Principle, Applications of the Pumping Lemma), Closer properties of
regular language (Closer under Boolean operation, Reversal, Homomorphism, Inverse Homomorphism),
Decision properties of regular language (Testing emptiness of regular language, testing membership of
regular language), Regular Grammars (Right and left linear grammar, Right linear grammars generate
regular language, Equivalence of Regular grammar and Regular Language), Ardens Theorem,
Equivalence of Finite Automata and Regular expressions, Applications of regular expressions (Regular
expressions in Unix, Lexical Analysis, Finding patterns in text), Algebraic laws for regular expression
(Associative and Commutative law, Distributive Law, The Idempotent law, Discovering laws for regular
expression)
Unit-2: Context-Free Language And PDA
Context-Free Grammar: Example of CFG, Formal Definition of CFG, Design of CFG, Derivation Tree,
The Language of Grammar, Sentential Form, Parse Tree (Constructing parse tree, left most and right
most, From inference to tree, from tree to derivations, From derivation to recursive inference),
Simplification of CFG (Simplification, Reduction, Eliminate Null and Unit production, Normal Forms fro
CFG, CNF and GNF, Difference between CNF and GNF), Applications of CFG (Parser, The YACC
Parser generator, Markup Language, XML and document type definition), Ambiguity in grammars and
language (Ambiguous grammar, Removing Ambiguity, Left most derivation as a way to express the
ambiguity, Inherent Ambiguity), The Pumping Lemma for CFG, Application of the Pumping Lemma,
Closure properties of CFG (Substitution theorem and its application, reversal, intersection with a regular
language, Inverse Homomorphism), Decision properties of CFG.
Push-Down Automata: Components of PDA, Descriptions of PDA, Elements of PDA, The language
accepted by PDA, Instantaneous Description of PDA, Design of PDA, Determinism and
Nondeterminisim, Equivalence of PDA and CFL
Unit-3: Linear Bounded Automata And Turing Machine
Linear Bounded Automata: Context Sensitive Grammar, Formal Definition of CSG, Properties of CSG,
Context Sensitive Language, Closure properties, Recursive vs Context Sensitive, Applications of CSG,
Linear Bounded Automata, Components of LBA, Elements of LBA, Design of LBA, Examples of LBA,
Applications of LBA.
Turing Machine: Components of TM, Elements of TM, Description of TM, Moves of a TM, String
Classes in TM, Language Accepted by TM, Design of TM, Example of TM, Variations of TM (Two way
Infinite Tape TM, Multi Tape TM, Multi Head TM, Non-Deterministic TM, Two Dimensional TM,
Restricted Turing Machine, Linear Bound Automata), TM as Enumerator, Equivalence between TM and
Type-0 Language, Godel Numbering, Turing Machines and computer (Simulating a TM by computer,
Simulating a Computer by TM, Comparing the running times of Computer and TM),
Unit-4: Decidability, Reducibility and Computability
Decidability: Some problems that cannot be solved by TM, Computability and Decidability, The TM
Halting Problem, The digonalization method, Halting problem is undecidable, A Turing-Unrecognizable
Language, Decidable Language, Decidable Problems Concerning Regular Language, Decidable Problem
Concerning CFG, Undicidable problem for Recursively Enumerable Language, The Post Corespondence
Problem.
Reducibility: Undicadable Problems from Language Theory, Mapping Reducibility, Computable
Function, Formal Definition of Mapping Reducibility.
Advance Computability Theory: The Recursion Theorem, Terminology for Recursion Theorem,
Decidability of Logical Theories, A Decidable Theory, An Un Decidable Theory, Turing Reducibility
Unit-5: Computational Complexity
Time Complexity: Measuring Complexity, Big-O and small-o notations, Analyzing algorithms,
Complexity Relationship Among Models, The Class P, Polynomial Time, Examples of Problems in Class
P, The Class NP, Examples of Problems in NP, Difference between Np and P, NP-Completeness,
Definition of NP-Completeness, The Cook-Levin Theorem, Additional NP-Complete Problems,
Space Complexity: Savitchs Theorem, The Class PSPACE, PSPACE Completeness, The TQBF
Problem, Wining Strategy for games, Generalized Geography, The class N and NL, NL-Completeness,
NL equals CoNL
Advance Topics in Complexity Theory: Hierarchy Theorems, Exponential Space Completeness,
Relativization, Circuits Complexity, Approximation Algorithm, Probabilistic Algorithm, Alternation,
Alternating time and space, The Polynomial Time Hierarchy, Interactive Proof System, Parallel
Computation, Cryptography
Unit-6: Recent Trends, Applications and Other Models
Recent Trends: Regulated Rewriting, Marcus Contextual Grammars, Lindenmayer System, Grammar
Systems (CD Grammar System, PC Grammar System), Distributed Automata
Other Models of Computation: Recursive Functions, Post Systems, Rewriting System, DNA
Computing, Membrane Computing, Tissue P System
ANSI-SPARC Architecture, Database Languages, 4th Generation Database Languages, Different Data
Models and Conceptual Modeling, Different Functions of DBMS, Database Architectures, Multi-User
Database Architecture, File-Server Architecture, Two-tire, Three-tire, N-tire database Architecture,
Middleware, Transaction Processing, Monitors, Service Oriented Architecture, Web Services, Distributed
DBMS, Data Warehousing, Cloud Computing based database, Components of DBMS,
ER Model: High-level conceptual modeling, ER Modeling concepts, ER Diagrams, Cardinality
constraints, Higher-order relationships, Enhanced ER Model (EER), Weak-entity types, Subclasses and
inheritance, Specialization and Generalization, Modeling of UNION types using categories
Unit-2: Relational Data Model
Relational Model: History of Relational Model, Relational Data Structures, Mathematical Relation,
Database Relation, Properties of Relation, Relation Keys, Representing Relational Database Schema,
Different Integrity Constraints, Different Views,
Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus: Unary Relational Operators, Binary Relational Operators,
Additional Relational Operators, Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory, Relational Calculus,
Tuple Relational Calculus, Domain Relational Calculus,
Relational Database from ER Mapping: Relational Database Design from ER to Relational Mappings,
Design Relational database by mapping EER to Relational Model.
SQL: Introduction to SQL, Objectives of SQL, History of SQL, Importance of SQL, Terminology, SQL
Commands, Data Manipulation (Simple queries, ORDERBY, GROUPBY, Aggregate Functions, Sub
queries, ANY and ALL tag, Multi Table Queries, EXISTS and NOT EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT,
EXCEPT, Database Update), Data Definition (ISO SQL Datatypes, Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity,
Domain Constraints, General Constraints, Create Table, Alter Table, DROP Table, Create Index, Drop
Index, Create View, Drop View, View Resolution, View Updatability, WITH CHECK OPTION,
Advantage and Disadvantage of views, Transactions, GRANT, REVOKE), The SQL Programming
Language (Declarations, Assignments, Control Statements, Exceptions, Cursors), Subprograms, Store
Procedure, Functions, Packages, Triggers, Recursion
Object Relational DBMS: Weakness of RDBMS, Storing Objects in a Relational Database, Introduction
to Object Relational DBMS, SQL:2011 (Row Types, User defined Types, Subtypes and Supertypes, User
Defined Routines, Polymorphism, Reference Types and Object Identity, Creating Table, Querying data,
Collection Types, Types Views, Persistent Stored Modules, Triggers, Large Objects, Recursion), Object
Oriented Extension in ORACLE
Unit-3: Database Design
Database Development Lifecycle: The Information System Lifecycle, The Database System Development
Lifecycle, Database Planning, System Definition, Requirement Collection and Analysis, Database Design
(Approaches of Database Design, Data Modeling, Phase of database design), DBMS Selection,
Application Design, Transaction Design, User Interface Design, Prototyping, Implementation, Data
Conversion and Loading, Testing, Operational Maintenance, CASE Tool
Functional Dependencies and Normalization: Design Guidelines for Relational Schemas, Functional
Dependencies, The Process of Normalization, Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies, Insert, Deletion
and Modification Anomalies, First Normal Form, Second Normal Form, Third Normal Form, BCNF, Four
Normal Form, Five Normal Form, Normalization up to BCNF440, Inference rules for Functional
Dependencies, Minimal Set of Functional Dependencies, Inclusion Dependencies, Other Dependencies
and Normal Form, Properties of Relational Decomposition, Algorithm for Relational Database Schema
Design,
Database Design Using UML: The Database Design and Implementation Process, Basics of UML
Diagrams, Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design, UML Design Tools, Rational Rose,
Automated Database Design Tools
Unit-3: Logical Conceptual and Physical Design
Introduction to Database Design Methodology, Conceptual, Logical and Physical Database Design, All
the Steps of Database Design Methodologies
Physical Design: Secondary Storage Device, Buffering of Blocks, Placing File Records on the Disk,
Operations on File, Heap File, Sorted Files, Hashing Techniques, RAID Technology, Storage Area
Network, Types of Single Label Ordered Index, Multilevel Index, Dynamic Multilevel Index, Indexes on
multiple Keys, Other Types of Indexes, Translating SQL Queries to Relational Algebra, Algorithm for
external sorting, Algorithm for SELECT and JOIN, Algorithm for PROJECT and SET, Implementing
Aggregate Operations and Outer JOIN, Combine Operation Using PIPILINING, Using Heuristic in
Query Optimization, Using Selectivity and Cost Estimate in Query Optimization, Query Optimization in
ORACLE, Semantic Query Optimization,
Unit-4: Database Issues
Security and Administration: Database Security, Countermeasures (Authorization, Access Control,
Views, Backup and Recovery, Integrity, Encryption, RAID), Security in various DBMSs, DBMS and Web
Security, Proxy Servers, Firewalls, Digital Certificates, Kerberos, Secure socket layer and Secure HTTP,
Secure Electronic Transaction and Secure Transaction Technology, Java Security, Activex Security, Data
and Database Administrations,
Transaction Management: Transaction Support, Properties of Transaction, Database Architecture,
Concurrency Control, The Need of Concurrency Control, Serializability and Recoverability, Locking
Methods, Deadlocks, Timestamp Method, Multi version Timestamp Ordering, Optimistic Techniques,
Granularity of data items, Database Recovery, The Need for recovery, Transactions and Recovery,
Recovery Facilities, Recovery Techniques, Recovery in Distributed DBMS, Advanced Transaction
Model, Nested Transaction Model, Sagas, Multilevel Transaction Model, Dynamic Restructuring,
Workflow Model, Concurrency Control and Recovery in ORACLE, ORACLEs Isolation level,
Multiversion Read Consistency, Deadlock Detection, Backup and Recovery,
Query Processing: Overview of Query Processing, Query Decomposition, Heuristical Approch to Query
Optimization, Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operation, Database Statistics, Selection
Operations, Join Operation, Projection Operation, The Relational Algebra Set Operations, Enumeration of
Alternative Execution Strategy, Pipeline, Linear Trees, Physical Operators, Reducing the Search Space,
Enumerating Left-Deep Trees, Semantic Query Optimization, Distributed Query Optimization, Query
Optimization in ORACLE
Unit-5: Advanced Database Concepts
Distributed Database: Distributed DBMS Concepts and Design Introduction Functions and
Architecture of DDBMS Distributed Relational Database Design Transparency in DDBMS
Distributed Transaction Management Concurrency control Deadlock Management Database
recovery The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing Model Replication servers Distributed
Query Optimization - Distribution and Replication in Oracle.
Object Oriented Database: Object Oriented Databases Introduction Weakness of RDBMS Object
Oriented Concepts Storing Objects in Relational Databases Next Generation Database Systems Object
Oriented Data models OODBMS Perspectives Persistence Issues in OODBMS Object Oriented
Database Management System Manifesto Advantages and Disadvantages of OODBMS Object
Oriented Database Design OODBMS Standards and Systems Object Management Group Object
Database Standard ODMG Object Relational DBMS Postgres - Comparison of ORDBMS and
OODBMS.
Web Database: Web Technology And DBMS Introduction The Web The Web as a Database
Application Platform Scripting languages Common Gateway Interface HTTP Cookies Extending
the Web Server Java Microsofts Web Solution Platform Oracle Internet Platform Semi structured
Data and XML XML Related Technologies XML Query Languages
Intelligent Database: Enhanced Data Models For Advanced Applications Active Database Concepts
And Triggers Temporal Database Concepts Deductive databases Knowledge Databases.
Current Trends: Mobile Database Geographic Information Systems Genome Data Management
Multimedia Database Parallel Database Spatial Databases - Database administration Data
Warehousing and Data Mining.
Unit-6: Basics of ORACLE and MYSQL DBMS
Module 9: Preprocessor
C Compiler, Preprocessor, Assembler, linker
Preprocessor directives
Dealing with all preprocessor directives
Module 10: Structure and union
Memory allocation of structure and union
Why structure and union?
What is structure and union?
Bit field
Module 11: Dynamic memory allocation
Heap allocation using malloc and calloc
Memory leak, link and linked list
How to write the code snippet
Introduction of DS
Module 12: File Handling
Types of file
Buffer and streams
File operations
File operations using std.library and system calls
File locking and unlocking
File linking
Text and Binary file I/O
Module 13: Command line argument
What is command line and why command line?
Programs using command line
Use of Environment vector
Developing start and stop process
Module 14: Process, threads and signal
What is process & Threads?
Types of process and threads
Use of fork, vfork?
Daemon process
Signals and how to handle all signals
Use of return and exit statements
Module 15: Locking Mechanism
Dealing with OS resources
Locking using mutex, file locking and semaphore
Module 16: Socket and Network programming
Introduction to Inter Process communication (IPC)
OSI Layers with a practical approach, IP and Port numbers.
Introduction to PC and HOST
Networking using TCP and UDP
Concurrent Server using Process and Threads
Module 17: ODBC Programming
ODBC rules and regulation
Introduction to MYSQL and Oracle
Creating, inserting and retrieving records for
different Data bases.
Module 18: Graphics & Curses
Graphics using Glade interface with GTK+
Working with GTK Widgets, Event handling
Developing Application Interface
Developing Application using ncurses library
Module 19: Development tools
Make, cscope, gdb, valgrind, strace and ltrace
Module 9: STL
Towards generic programming using template.
Class template.
class template with more function.
Function template.
Function template with more arguments.
Towards STL (standard template library).
Layer and Media, Data and Signals, Analog and Digital, Periodic Analog Signals, Digital Signals,
Transmission impairment, Data Rate Limits, Performance, Digital Transmission, Digital-to-Digital
Conversion, Analog-to-Digital Conversion, Analog Transmission, Digital-to-analog Conversion, Analogto-analog Conversion
UNIT II:
Bandwidth utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading, Multiplexing, Spread Spectrum, Transmission Media,
Guided Media, Unguided Media: Wireless, Switching, Circuit-Switched Networks, Datagram Networks,
Virtual-Circuit Networks, Structure of a Switch, Using Telephone and Cable Networks for Data
Transmission, Telephone Networks, Dial-up Modems, Digital Subscriber Line, Cable TV Networks,
Cable TV for Data Transfer
UNIT III:
Error Detection and Correction, Introduction, Block Coding, Liner Block Codes, Cyclic Codes,
Checksum, Data Link Control, Framing, Flow and Error Control, Protocols, Noiseless Channels, HDLC,
Point-to-Point Protocol, Multiple Access, Random Access, Aloha, Controlled Access, Channelization,
IEEE Standards, Standard Ethernet, Changes in the Standard, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE
802.11, Bluetooth
UNIT IV:
Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs, Connecting Devices, Backbone Networks,
Virtual LANs, Cellular Telephony, Satellite Networks, Sonet/SDH, Architecture, Sonet Layers, Sonet
Frames, STS Multiplexing, Sonet Networks, Virtual Tributaries, Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay
and ATM, Frame Relay, ATM, ATM LANs
UNIT V:
Network Layer: Logical Addressing, IPv4 Addresses, IPv6 Addresses, Network Layer: Internet Protocol,
Internetworking, IPv4, IPv6, Transition from IPv4 to IPv6, Network Layer: Adress Mapping, Error
Reporting and Multicasting, Address Mapping, ICMP, IGMP, ICMPv6, Network Layer: Delivery,
Forwarding and Routing, Delivery, Forwarding, Unicast Routing Protocols, Multicast Routing Protocols
UNIT VI:
Transport Layer: Process-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP and SCTP, Process-to-Process Delivery, User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), TCP, SCTP, Congestion Control and Quality of Service, Data Traffic,
Congestion, Congestion Control, Two Examples, Quality Service, Techniques to improve QoS, Integrated
Services, Differentiated Services, QoS in Switched Networks
UNIT VII:
Application Layer: Domain Name System, Name Space, Domain Name Space, Distribution of Name
Space, DNS in the Internet, Resolution, DNS Messages, Types of Records, Registrars, Dynamic Domain
Name System (DDNS), Encapsulation, Rmote Logging, Electronic Mail and File Transfer, Remote
Logging, Telnet, Electronic Mail, File Transfer
UNIT VIII:
WWW and HTTP: Architecture, Web Documents, HTTP, Network Management: SNMP, Network
Management System, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Multimedia, Digitizing Audio and
Video, Audio and Video Compression, Streaming Stored Audio/Video, Streaming Live Audio/Video,
Real-Time Interactive Audio/Video, RTP, RTCP, Voice over IP
UNIT IX: Network Programming (All Concepts of Unix Network Programming by W. R. Stevens
Volume 1 & 2 Book)
Intro to Network Program, TCP/IP Protocol Stacks, Intro to Network Programming, Sockets, Port
Numbers, Common Port Numbers, Common Protocol Numbers, Unix Domain Socket, Internet Domain
Socket, Socket Functions, Socket System Calls, Client Side Programming, Server Side Programming,
Byte Ordering Requirements, Concurrent Server Design, Iterative Server Design, Socket Debugging
Techniques, Advanced Socket Options, Changing Socket Buffer Sizes, Reusing Socket Addresses,
Keeping the Connections Alive, TCP Socket Options, Setting Max Segment Size, Setting TCP No-Delay,
Advanced I/O Functions, Socket Timeouts, Vectored Read/Writes, Netstat Network Stat Utility,
Tcpdump Packet Dump Utility
System Components Terminal Services and Fast User File system Networking.
UNIT - VI : ADVANCED OS
Architectures of Distributed Systems - System Architecture types - issues in distributed operating systems
- communication networks - communication primitives. Theoretical Foundations - inherent limitations of
a distributed system - lamp ports logical clocks - vector clocks - casual ordering of messages - global state
- cuts of a distributed computation - termination detection. Distributed Mutual Exclusion - introduction the classification of mutual exclusion and associated algorithms - a comparative performance analysis.
UNIT - VII :
Distributed Deadlock Detection -Introduction - deadlock handling strategies in distributed systems issues in deadlock detection and resolution - control organizations for distributed deadlock detection centralized and distributed deadlock detection algorithms -hierarchical deadlock detection algorithms.
Agreement protocols - introduction-the system model, a classification of agreement problems, solutions
to the Byzantine agreement problem, applications of agreement algorithms. Distributed resource
management: introduction-architecture - mechanism for building distributed file systems - design issues log structured file systems.
UNIT - VIII :
Distributed shared memory-Architecture- algorithms for implementing DSM - memory coherence and
protocols - design issues. Distributed Scheduling - introduction - issues in load distributing - components
of a load distributing algorithm - stability - load distributing algorithm - performance comparison -
selecting a suitable load sharing algorithm - requirements for load distributing -task migration and
associated issues. Failure Recovery and Fault tolerance: introduction- basic concepts - classification of
failures - backward and forward error recovery, backward error recovery- recovery in concurrent systems
- consistent set of check points - synchronous and asynchronous check pointing and recovery - check
pointing for distributed database systems- recovery in replicated distributed databases.
UNIT - IX :
Protection and security -preliminaries, the access matrix model and its implementations.-safety in matrix
model- advanced models of protection. Data security - cryptography: Model of cryptography,
conventional cryptography- modern cryptography, private key cryptography, data encryption standardpublic key cryptography - multiple encryption - authentication in distributed systems.
UNIT - X :
Multiprocessor operating systems - basic multiprocessor system architectures - inter connection networks
for multiprocessor systems - caching - hypercube architecture. Multiprocessor Operating System structures of multiprocessor operating system, operating system design issues- threads- process
synchronization and scheduling.
Database Operating systems :Introduction- requirements of a database operating system Concurrency
control : theoretical aspects - introduction, database systems - a concurrency control model of database
systems- the problem of concurrency control - serializability theory- distributed database systems,
concurrency control algorithms - introduction, basic synchronization primitives, lock based algorithmstimestamp based algorithms, optimistic algorithms - concurrency control algorithms, data replication.
UNIT XI: UNIX/MINIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING
Follow The concepts of The MINIX Book by Tanenbum