Aplicaciones de las Redes Neuronales

Las redes neuronales pueden utilizarse en un gran nmero y variedad de

aplicaciones,

tanto

comerciales

como militares.
Se

pueden

desarrollar

redes

neuronales en un periodo de tiempo

razonable, con la capacidad de
realizar tareas concretas mejor que
otras

tecnologas.

implementan

Cuando

mediante

se

hardware

(redes neuronales en chips VLSI),

presentan una alta tolerancia a fallos del sistema y proporcionan un alto grado
de paralelismo en el procesamiento de datos. Esto posibilita la insercin de
redes neuronales de bajo coste en sistemas existentes y recientemente
desarrollados. Hay muchos tipos diferentes de redes neuronales; cada uno de
los cuales tiene una aplicacin particular ms apropiada. Algunas aplicaciones
comerciales son:
Biologa:

Aprender ms acerca del cerebro y otros sistemas.

Obtencin de modelos de la retina

Empresa:

Evaluacin de probabilidad de formaciones geolgicas y

petrolferas.
Identificacin de candidatos para posiciones especficas.
Explotacin de bases de datos.
Optimizacin de plazas y horarios en lneas de vuelo.
Optimizacin
del
flujo
del
trnsito
controlando

convenientemente la temporizacin de los semforos.

Reconocimiento de caracteres escritos.
Modelado de sistemas para automatizacin y control.

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Medio ambiente:

Analizar tendencias y patrones.

Previsin del tiempo.
Finanzas:

Previsin de la evolucin de los precios.

Valoracin del riesgo de los crditos.
Identificacin de falsificaciones.
Interpretacin de firmas
Manufacturacin:

Robots automatizados y sistemas de control (visin artificial y

sensores de presin, temperatura, gas, etc.).

Control de produccin en lneas de procesos.
Inspeccin de la calidad.

Medicina:

Analizadores del habla para ayudar en la audicin de sordos

profundos.
Diagnstico y tratamiento a partir de sntomas y/o de datos
analticos

(electrocardiograma,

encefalogramas,

sanguneo, etc.).
Monitorizacin en cirugas.
Prediccin de reacciones adversas en los medicamentos.
Entendimiento de la causa de los ataques cardacos.

Militares:

anlisis

Clasificacin de las seales de radar.

Creacin de armas inteligentes.
Optimizacin del uso de recursos escasos.
Reconocimiento y seguimiento en el tiro al blanco.

Medicinal Chemistry and pharmaceutical research

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The drug design research involves the use of several experimental and
computational strategies with different purposes, such as biological affinity,
pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies, as well as quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR) models. Another important approach to design new potential
drugs is virtual screening (VS), which can maximize the effectiveness of rational
drug development employing computational assays to classify or filter a compound
database as potent drug candidates. Besides, various ANN methodologies have
been largely applied to control the process of the pharmaceutical production.
Fanny et al constructed a SOM model to perform VS experiments and tested an
external database of 160,000 compounds. The use of SOM methodology
accelerated the similarity searches by using several pharmacophore descriptors.
The best result indicated a map that retrieves 90% of relevant neighbors (output
neurons) in the similarity search for virtual hits.
Biochemistry
Neural networks have been largely employed in biochemistry and correlated
research fields such as protein, DNA/RNA and molecular biology sciences.
Petritis employed a three layer neural network with back-propagation algorithm to
predict the reverse-phase liquid chromatography retention time of peptides
enzymatically digested from proteomes. In the training set, the authors used 7000
known peptides from D. radiodurans. The constructed ANN model was employed to
predict a set with 5200 peptides from S. oneidensis. The used neural network
generated some weights for the chromatographic retention time for each aminoacid
in agreement to results obtained by other authors. The obtained ANN model could
predict a peptide sequence containing 41 aminoacids with an error less than 0.03.
Half of the test set was predicted with less than 3% of error and more than 95% of
this set was predicted with an error around 10%. These results showed that the
ANN methodology is a good tool to predict the peptide retention time from liquid
chromatography.

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Huang et al. [129] introduced a novel ANN approach combining aspects of QSAR
and ANN and they called this approach of physics and chemistry-driven ANN (PhysChem ANN). This methodology has the parameters and coefficients clearly based
on physicochemical insights. In this study, the authors employed the Phys-Chem
ANN methodology to predict the stability of human lysozyme. The data set was
composed by 50 types of mutated lysozymes (including the wild type) and the
experimental property used in the modeling was the change in the unfolding Gibbs
free energy (kJ-1 mol). This study resulted in significant coefficients of calibration
and validation (r2=0.95 and q2=0.92, respectively). The proposed methodology
provided good prediction of biological activity, as well as structural information and
physical explanations to understand the stability of human lysozyme.
Food research
ANNs have also been widely employed in food research. Some examples of
application of ANNs in this area include vegetable oil studies, beers, wines , honeys
and water.
Bos et al. employed several ANNs techniques to predict the water percentage in
cheese samples. The authors tested several different architecture of neurons (some
functions were employed to simulate different learning behaviors) and analyzed the
prediction errors to assess the ANN performance. The best result was obtained
employing a radial basis function neural network.
Cimpoiu et al.use the multi-layer perceptron with the back-propagation algorithm to
model the antioxidant activity of some classes of tea such as black, express black
and green teas. The authors obtained a correlation of 99.9% between experimental
and predicted antioxidant activity. A classification of samples was also performed
using an ANN technique with a radial basis layer followed by a competitive layer
with a perfect match between real and predicted classes.

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La mayora de estas aplicaciones consisten en realizar un reconocimiento de

patrones, como ser: buscar un patrn en una serie de ejemplos, clasificar
patrones, completar una seal a partir de valores parciales o reconstruir el
patrn correcto partiendo de uno distorsionado. Sin embargo, est creciendo el
uso de redes neuronales en distintos tipos de sistemas de control.
Desde el punto de vista de los casos de aplicacin, la ventaja de las redes
neuronales reside en el procesado paralelo, adaptativo y no lineal.
El dominio de aplicacin de las redes neuronales tambin se lo puede clasificar
de la siguiente forma: asociacin y clasificacin, regeneracin de patrones,
regresin y generalizacin, y optimizacin.

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