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22
OhmsLaw
ArisaraK.
NoramonK.
PiyapornR.
NuttachaI. NuntineeM.
Thefundamentalrelationshipamongthethreeimportantelectricalquantities
current
,
voltage
,and
resistance
wasdiscoveredbyGeorgSimonOhm.Therelationshipandtheunitofelectrical
resistancewerebothnamedforhimtocommemoratethiscontributiontophysics.Onestatementof
Ohmslawisthatthecurrentthrougharesistorisproportionaltothevoltageacrosstheresistor.In
thisexperimentyouwillseeifOhmslawisapplicabletoseveraldifferentcircuitsusingaCurrent
ProbeandaVoltageProbe.
Currentandvoltagecanbedifficulttounderstand,becausetheycannotbeobserveddirectly.To
clarifytheseterms,somepeoplemakethecomparisonbetweenelectricalcircuitsandwaterflowing
inpipes.Hereisachartofthethreeelectricalunitswewillstudyinthisexperiment.
ElectricalQuantity
Description
Unit
Volt(V)
VoltageorPotential AmeasureoftheEnergy
Difference
differenceperunitcharge
betweentwopointsina
circuit.
Current
Ameasureoftheflowof Ampere(A)
chargeinacircuit.
Resistance
Ameasureofhow
Ohm(
)
difficultitisforcurrentto
flowinacircuit.
WaterAnalogy
WaterPressure
Amountofwater
flowing
Ameasureofhow
difficultitisforwater
toflowthroughapipe.
PhysicswithVernier
221
OhmsLaw
Figure1
PhysicswithVernier
222
OhmsLaw
OBJECTIVES
Determinethemathematicalrelationshipbetweencurrent,potentialdifference,and
resistanceinasimplecircuit.
Comparethepotential
vs
.currentbehaviorofaresistortothatofalightbulb.
HYPOTHESIS
Theresistance,voltageandcurrenthaverelationshipfollowOhmsLawR=V/I.
Incircuit,whichconnectwithlightbulb,increasingofvoltagemakeresistanceincrease.
MATERIALS
Computer
Verniercomputerinterface
Logger
Pro
oneVernierCurrentProbeand
oneVernierDifferentialVoltageProbe
PowerAmplifier
VernierCircuitBoard,
or
Wires
clipstoholdwires
tworesistors(about1and100
)
Lightbulb(6V)
PROCEDURE
1. Openthefile22OhmsLawinthe
PhysicswithVernier
folder.Agraphofpotential
vs
.
currentwillbedisplayed.Themeterdisplayspotentialandcurrentreadings.
2. ConnecttheCurrentProbetoChannel1andtheDifferentialVoltageProbetoChannel2
ofthecomputerinterface.Connecttheaudiojackofthepoweramplifiertothespeaker
jackoftheLabQuest
3. Withthepoweramplifierturnedoff,connectthepoweramplifier,100
resistor,wires,
andclipsasshowninFigure1.Takecarethatthepositiveleadfromthepoweramplifier
andtheredterminalfromtheCurrent&VoltageProbeareconnectedasshowninFigure
1.
Note:
Attachtheredconnectorselectricallyclosertothepositivesideofthepower
supply.
4. Haveyourteachercheckthearrangementofthewiresbeforeproceeding.
5. OpentheSensorSetupWindow.ClickonthePowerAmplifiericon.SetvoltagetoDC
(DirectCurrent).Setthevoltageto0Vandthenturnonthepoweramplifier.
6. Click
.Adialogboxwillappear.Click
tozerobothsensors.Thissetsthe
zeroforbothprobeswithnocurrentflowingandwithnovoltageapplied.
PhysicswithVernier
223
OhmsLaw
7. Click
tobegindatacollection.Click
tosavethefirstpointofyourgraph.
8. Increasethevoltagetoapproximately1V.Click
9. Increaseagainthevoltagebyabout1V.Click
reachavoltageof5V.
10. Click
.Repeatthisprocessuntilyou
andsetthevoltagebackto0V.
11. ClicktheLinearFitbutton,
.Recordtheslopeand
y
interceptoftheregressionlinein
thedatatable,alongwiththeirunits.
12. Saveacopyofyourgraphandyourfile.UseSaveas.SelectEraseandcontinue
thenexttimeyoustartcollectingdata.
13. Withthepoweramplifieroff,replacethe100resistorwiththe1resistor.
14. Turnthepoweramplifieragainandrepeatsteps312usingthe1resistor.
CAUTION:Thistimeincreasethevoltagefrom0to1Vinstepsof0.2V
15. Withthepoweramplifieroff,replacetheresistorwiththelightbulbprovidedtoyou
16. Turnthepoweramplifieragainandrepeatsteps310withthelightbulb.Usestepsof0.6
untilyoureach6V.
17. Takeapictureofthelightbulbunderthesamecameraconditionsfor0,1.8,4.2and6V.
18. Usethefirstthreepointsofyourgraphtofindtheslopeofthegraph.Also,usethelast3
pointsofyourgraphtofindtheslopeofthegraph.Recordthesevaluesinthetable.
DATATABLE
1.Fillthefollowingtablewiththedatacollectedwithyourexperiment.Includethistableinthe
resultssectionofyourreport
Slopeofregressionline
(V/A)
Yinterceptofregression
line(V)
Resistor
1.0
0.9716
0.001872
Resistor
100
97.11
0.01112
Lightbulb(first3pts)
9.067
Lightbulb(last3pts)
21.80
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OhmsLaw
Thisgraphshowsrelationshipofpotentialdifferenceandelectriccurrentwhenresistance=1.0
Thisgraphshowsrelationshipofpotentialdifferenceandelectriccurrentwhenresistance=100
PhysicswithVernier
225
OhmsLaw
Thisgraphshowsrelationshipofpotentialdifferenceandelectriccurrentwhenthecircuitconnectedwith
lightbulb,andshowstheslopeof3firstpointsandtheslopeof3lastpoints.
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OhmsLaw
2.Includeinyourlabreportthepicturesofthelightbulbunderdifferentvoltages.Underthepicture
includethevoltageandpowerusedineachcase.Usethevoltagesandcurrentsthatyourecordedin
yourdatafiles.(Power=Voltage*Current).
EventNumber
Current
(A)
Potential
(V)
Power
0.0001
0.000
0.0966
0.397
0.3599
0.1486
0.896
0.1331
0.1953
1.425
0.2783
0.2388
1.967
0.4697
0.2834
2.493
0.7065
0.3158
3.042
0.9607
0.3452
3.584
1.2372
0.3736
4.136
1.5452
10
0.4005
4.698
1.8815
11
0.4235
5.227
2.2136
Wedonothaveenoughtimetotakeapicturesowehavetodothetablebyourself.Thistable
showcurrentandvoltageandwearecalculatethepowerbyusecurrentmultiplybyvoltage.
ANALYSIS
Asthepotentialacrosstheresistorincreased,thecurrentthroughtheresistorincreased.Ifthe
changeincurrentis
proportional
tothevoltage,thedatashouldbeinastraightlineandit
shouldgothroughzero.
1. Inthesetwoexampleshowcloseisthe
y
intercepttozero?
Ans: Veryclose,theyinterceptis0.001872whenresistor=1.0,andyintercept=0.0112
whenresistoris100
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OhmsLaw
2. Whatdotheslopesofyourgraphsrepresent(Graph:Voltagevs.Current)?Arethosethe
valuesthatyouwouldexpect?
Ans: Slopeinthiscaseisthevalueofresistorbecauseyaxisrepresentsavoltagewhile
xaxisrepresentsacurrent.Slopeofthegraphthatthroughzeroisvoltage/Currentso
itisresistancefollowingthisequationR=V/I.Theresultshowsthevalueofslope
areclosetovaluesofresistorasweexpect.
3. DoyourresistorsfollowOhmslaw?Baseyouransweronyourexperimentaldata.
Ans: AccordingtoR=V/Iequationthatshowsrelationshipofresistance,potential
differenceandelectriccurrent.OurresistorsfollowOhmslawwhichpresentbythe
valuesofslope(V/I)aresoclosewithvaluesofresistors.
4. Ifyouwantedtooperateeachresistoratthesamecurrentof0.5A,atwhatvoltagewould
youhavetooperateeachresistor?
Ans: Ifvalueoftheresistorincrease,thevoltageshouldbeincreaseandifthevalueofthe
resistordecrease,thevoltageshouldbedecrease.WecanuseequationV=IRto
calculatevoltagethatweshouldoperateineachresistor.
5. Describewhathappenedtothecurrentthroughthelightbulbasthevoltageincreased.Was
thechangelinear?Sincetheslopeofthelinearregressionlineisameasureofresistance,
describewhathappenedtotheresistanceasthevoltageincreased.
Ans: Theresistanceincreasesameasvoltage,whenweincreasethevoltagetheresistance
increasesamecauseofthelinearealittlecurve.Wenoticethattheresistance
increasebyslope,infirst3points,slopeis9.067andlast3points,slopeis21.80so
theslopeisresistancethenwecanseeresistanceincreasingexactly.
6. Sincethelightbulbgetsbrighterasitgetshotter,howdoestheresistancevarywith
temperature?
Ans: Theresistanceincreasewhenvoltageincrease.Voltageincreasingmeansthelight
bulbgetsbrighteranditgetshotter.SoTheresistanceincreasewhenthetemperature
increasetoo.
7. DoesyourlightbulbfollowOhmslaw?Baseyouransweronyourexperimentaldata.
Ans: ThelightbulbdoesnotfollowtheOhmslawbecausethegraphiscurve.Ifisfollow
theOhmslawthegraphshouldbelinear.Ithavesomefactorthatmakethegraph
curve.Thesefactorarewhenthevoltageincreasethenitmakethepowerincrease,
thepowerincreasemakethetemperatureincreaseandincreaseoftemperaturemake
theresistanceincrease.
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OhmsLaw
CONCLUSION
Thehypothesisiscorrect.Therelationshipofresistance,voltageandcurrentfollowOhms
LawR=V/I.Thegraphshowsrelationshipofpotentialdifferencewhereisyaxisandelectric
currentwhereisxaxis.Theslopeofthegraphthatthroughzeroisvoltage/Currentsoitisresistance
asthisequationR=V/I.Forcheckingthiswecompareslopewithvalueofresistorthatisalmostthe
same.Baseonourresulttheresistor1
,
theslopeis0.9716andthetheresistor100
,
theslopeis
97.11.Thereforeourfirsthypothesisiscorrect.
FollowingtheOhmsLawR=V/I,therelationshipofvoltageandresistordirect
variationwhenelectricalcurrentisconstant.Whenweconnectlightbulbwiththecircuitand
changerateofvoltage,theresistancealsoincrease.Weknowsthatbythevalueofslope,inour
resultfirst3pointsslopeis9.067andlast3pointsslopeis21.80,theseresultshowstheresistance
increaseexactly.Ourgrapharecurvebecauseofthatincreasing.Causeoftheresistanceincrease
anddifferencefromtheOhmsLawistemperature.Increasingoftemperaturemakesresistance
increasewhenvoltageincrease,thelightintensityandpowerincreasesothatmakethelightbulb
hotter.
Forimprovement,weshoulddothisexperimentquickerthanthistimeforhavemoretimeto
takeapictureoflightbulb,showsthatintensityisincreasing.Weshouldtomakesurethatweset
zerobeforewerecordtheresultbecausethefirstpointshouldbe(0,0)andoneofthegraphwe
repeatthesamepointthatuseless.
PhysicswithVernier
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