3 Transformer

BEE2123
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Muhamad Zahim Sujod
Ext : 2312
A1-01-06
zahim@ump.edu.my
MZS
FKEE,UMP

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lecture, student should be

able to:
Understand the principle and the nature of 3
phase transformer.

Perform an analysis on 3 phase

transformers which
their principles are
basic to the understanding of electrical
machines.
machines

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Introduction

A 3 transformer is essentially 3 single phase transformer wound on a

common core.
The geometry of the core is such that the fluxes of the phases share
common paths as a result, the volume of iron in 3 transformer is less
than the volume of iron of 3 single phase transformer of the same rating.
Hence, the cost is reduced.
reduced
any phase of a 3 transformer behaves exactly like a single phase
transformer.
In 3 transformer, the primary and secondary windings can be connected
either in Y or .
The possible connection are:
Primary
Secondary

Y
Y

Y
Y

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Transformer Construction
3 Single Phase Transformer
R

Np1

Ns1

Transformer
Bank
Np2

Ns2

Used a lot in older transformer

adv:- each unit in the bank can be replaced
individually
Np3

Ns3

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Transformer Construction
3 Transformer wound a single three legged iron

core
Np1

Ns1

Np2

Ns2

more preferred in practice

adv:- lighter, smaller, cheaper, slightly more
efficient

Np3

iron core must be laminated :

to reduce eddy current loss
iron must be made of soft iron :
to reduce hysteresis loss
cooling the transformer :- use fan or heat sink

Ns2

soft iron must be add with 3-5% silicon :- to increase the saturation flux
in the iron
* The amount of silicon must not too high otherwise the iron will be brittle
clamp the lamination :- to reduce the humming noise

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Delta () Delta () Connection

This connection is economical for large,
large low-voltage

transformers in which insulation problem is not so

urgent.
IL1

IL2

I1

VL1

A'

V1
V2

I2

B'
C'

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Delta () Delta () Connection

(Schematic Diagram)
A

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
A

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Delta () Delta () Connection

(Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,

I L1
I1
3
X01

R01

aV 2 aVL 2

V1 VL1

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Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection

This connection is the most economical for small, high

voltage transformers.
transformers
A

A'
IL1

IL2

I1
V1

C'

I2
V2

VL1

VL2

B'

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Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection

(Schematic Diagram)

A'

A '

B'

B '

C'

C '

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Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection

(Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,

I1 I L1
X01

R01

VL1
V1
3

VL 2
aYYV 2 a
3

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3rd harmonic phenomenon and

unbalanced loading
The Y-Y connection has two very serious

problems:
If loads on the transformer circuit are
unbalanced, then the voltages on the phases of
the transformer can become severely
unbalanced
There is a serious problem with third harmonic
voltages
Solution to the problem:
Solidly ground the neutrals of the
transformer
Introduced
a third winding connected in
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Star (Y) Delta ()

This type of connection is mainly used for the system

where we need to step-down the voltage.

IL2

A'

IL1
C

I1
V1

VL2
V2

VL1

I2

B'

C'

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Star (Y) Delta () Connection

(Schematic Diagram)
A

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
A

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Star (Y) Delta () Connection

(Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,

I1 I L1
X01

R01

VL1
V1
3

aYV 2 3aVL 2

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Delta () Star (Y)

This type of connection is mainly used for the system

where we need to step-up the voltage.

A

IL1

A'
IL2

I1

C'

I2
VL1

V1

V2

VL2
B

B'

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Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic

Diagram)
A
A
N

B
B

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
C

N
A

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Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic

Diagram)
Refer to primary,
primary

I L1
I1
3
X01

R01

a VL 2
aYV 2
3 3

V1 VL1

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Auto-Transformer

Auto-Transformer is a transformer with only one winding.

That means, the primary and secondary windings are
not electrically isolated form each other.
other In other words,
the primary and the secondary of autotransformer are
physically connected.
The theory is almost the same as two winding
transformer.

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Auto-Transformer (Equivalent
Circuits)

Step-down Autotransformer

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Multiple Tap Autotransformer

Step-up Autotransformer

Multiple Tap Autotransformer with load

Auto-Transformer (Analysis for Stepup Autotrans)

a

IH
V2

V1

N1

N1

IL

V1

b I2
I1

VL

VH

V1
c

Two winding Transformer

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Connection as an Auto-Transformer

Auto-Transformer (Analysis for Stepup Autotrans)

1. Voltage Rating

VL V1

V2

VH V1 V2

IL

2. Current Rating

VA
I1 TW
V1
VATW
I2
V2
I Rated autotrans ;
I Rated at high voltage side , I H I 2
I Rated at low voltage side
, I L I H I1
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IH

b I2
I1

VL

VH

V1
c

3. Autotrans Turns-Ratio

VH
a
VL

Auto-Transformer (Analysis for Stepup Autotrans)

4. kVA Rating

5. Efficiency

VH I H
VAH
kVA
1000
VL I L
VAL
kVA
1000

Given ,
Plosses and power factor ,
Pout p. f kVAautotrans
Know that ,
Pin Plosses Pout
Pin Plosses
Pout
100%

100%
Pin
Pin

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Plosses

100%
1
Pin

Auto-Transformer (Example)
1.

A
single
phase,
100kVA,
2000/200V
two-winding
transformer is connected as an
autotransformer as shown in
Figure 1 such that 2000V is
obtained at secondary. The portion
ab is the 200V winding, and the
portion bc is the 2000V winding.
Compute the kVA rating as an
autotransformer. Also calculate the
efficiency for a given losses of
2800W at 0.866 lagging power
factor.
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IH
V2

IL

b I2
I1

VL

V1
c
Figure 1

VH

Auto-Transformer (Example)
VATW 100 103
I1

50 A
V1
2000
VATW 100 10
I2

500 A
V2
200
3

I Rated autotrans ;
I H I 2 500 A
I L I H I1 500 50 550 A

VL V1 2000V
VH V1 V2 2000 200 2200V
VA H

VH I H
( 2200)(500)

1100 kVA
1000
1000

OR
VA L

VL I L
( 2000)(550)

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1100 kVA
1000
1000

Given ,
Plosses 2800W and p. f 0.866,
Pout 0.866 (1100 103 ) 952.6kW
Pin Plosses Pout 952.6 103 2800 955.4kW
952.6 103
100%

3
955.4 10
99.71%

Advantages and Drawback of AutoTransformer

Advantages

i.

ii.

The secondary winding is as part of primary winding.

Hence, autotransformer eliminates the need for a
separate secondary winding.
winding
As a results, autotransformers are always smaller,
lighter, and cheaper.
cheaper

Drawback

i.

Absence of electrically isolation is a serious drawbacks

in some applications

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Instrument Transformer

Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer)

Is used to measure or monitor the voltage on

transmission lines and to isolate the metering
equipment from the lines.

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Instrument Transformer

Current Transformer

Is used to measure or monitor the current in

transmission lines and to isolate the metering
equipment and relay connected to secondary side.

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Other Types of Transformer

High Frequency Transformer

In electronic power supplies, there is always a need to

isolate the output from the input and to reduce the
weight and cost of unit.
The objective are best achieved by using a relatively
high frequency compared to normal frequency of
50Hz / 60Hz.

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