:

21
C

14
6

t = 5580ans

14
7

.

14
- 1 6C

2 t
.
3 14
0.138
1g 0.209
.
/ ) A(t ) t A0 : t
. ( =0
.
/
/ 1995

14
C
N + ZA X 614 1
7
:

A = 0 Z = -1 :
2 N(t) = N0 e t :
t = t N = N0 / 2 :
t = ln 2 /
- 3 / A(t) = A0 e t :
/ t = ln (A / A0 ) ( - 1/ ) :
t = 3357 ans
/ = ) ( -
t1 = 1995 3357 = -1362 : 1362

25

)(D H

2
1

) (T H

3
1

:
1
0

A
Z

3
1

H+ H X + n
.1

A Z
X

.2
.3
.4

2
1

A
Z

2
3
A
1 H , Z X 1 H .
Mev

2
1

3
1

:

.5

.6

1mol

H
=2.23 Mev

H
X
=28.41 Mev :

AZ
=8.57 Mev , E l
El
N A =6.02 1023 mo l1

1
0

A
Z

3
1

H+ H X + n
..:

2
1

2+3= A+ 1= A=4

..1+1=Z+ 0= Z=2 :

A
Z

H e

4
2

.

.
) ( .
:
El 2
2.23
Mev
=1.115
(
=) 1 H
A
2

El 3
8.57
Mev
=2.857
(
=) 1 H
A
3

El 4
28.41
Mev
=7.103
(
=)2 H e
A
4

.
:
El 2
2.23
Mev
=1.115
(
=) 1 H
A
2

El 3
8.57
Mev
=2.857
(
=) 1 H
A
3

El 4
28.41
Mev
=7.103
(
=)2 H e
A
4

2
1

3
1

He

4
2

2
1

3
1

He

4
2

.
H
He

4
2
E l
El ( 21 H ) + E l
= EL
E L=|2.23+8.5728.41|=17.61 Mev
:

E1 =El ( 1 H ) + El
He
=28.41 Mev

4
2
El
= E2
H
He

42
El
E =El ( 21 H ) + El

1mol :
E L =E L N A =17.6 6.0210 23=105.952 1023 Mev=169.523 1010 j
T

26
107
107 .108
108

-1 . 107
-2
. 108

)N (t
.

-3 N0 108 t = 0
. t
)N (t
N0 : t .
- 1 . 3
- 2 . 3 . t1/2
t1/2
- 3 .3
ln2

)d N (t
dt

t1 / 2

A(t) = -

- 4 . 3
.

)A(t
:

N0 t

)A(t) = . N (t
.
:
))ln (A(t

- :
ln
.
:
- 4
N0 108
:
-
.
- N0 .t1/2

Ag

108
47

Ag n
1
0

107
47

: -2 :
108
Ag ZA1X 10e

47
1

108 A1 0

: - :

47 Z 1 1

A1 108
Z 1 48

.
.

Cd
:
Cd 10e

108
48

108
48

Ag

108
47

N (t) = NO .e .t

)N (t

N0 : t .
- 1 . 3
- 2 . 3 . t1/2
.
ln2
ln2

t1 / 2
t1 / 2

:
:
- 3 .3 . :
1

1
T

ln 2

t1 / 2

-1

)A(t
:

- 4 . 3 -

(- NO . ). e .t . NO . e .t

.t

N0 t : :

d NO .e

dt

A(t) = -

)d N(t

dt

A(t) = -

A(t) = NO . . e .t
)A(t) = . N (t
.

:NO . e .t
)A(t) = . N (t
)N(t
:


. . . .
ln
))ln (A(t
.
:
- :
.t
ln (A(t)) = ln ( NO . . e
) ) = ln ( NO . ) ln ( e .t
ln (A(t)) = ln ( NO . ) . t

) ln (A(t)) = . t ln ( NO .

:
- 4 - .
:
ln (A) = a . t b 2

a 0
)
:
.
a
b
:

:
1

) ln (A) = . t ln ( N .
O

a .t

= ) ln (A

) b = ln ( NO .

a =

.
- N0 .
1

= a
:

- :

5
4,17 .10 3 s
1200

t= 0
:

b = ln ( NO . ) = ln A(0 ) A(0 ) e b

A(0) = . NO
e

t1 / 2

)A(0

= NO

= NO

e
= 1,53 .10 5
4,17 .10 3

b= 7

ln2

= a

l n2
166 s
4, 17 .10 -3

= NO

ln2

t1 / 2

. :

27
I
/1

Ra

226
88

/2 C .
226
/3 88Ra
X

A
Z

) (N-Z ). (
||e
c 19-10. 1,6 = :
II
-1
-2

El :
:

He

He

( = ( El 28,32
-3

4
2

He

4
2

He

3
2

He

4
2

Mev

:
3
3
4
1
2 He
1p
+ 2 He 2 He
x +
/ x

3
2

/ E . Mev
) ( .
:
mp

mn

1,00728 u

1,00866 u

He

3
2

1u = 931,5
Mev/c2

(m

3,0149 u
Ra

/ I

226
88

= Z 88
N =A-Z = 226-88 =138
/2 :
|
e
|
-19
q=Z.
= 88.1,6.10 = 1,41.10-17C
/3

He

4
2

A
Z

Ra

A = 226 - 4 = 222 :
Z = 88 2 = 86
222
86 Rn :
-II 1 :
He = ((2mp+1mn)- m( 32 He ).C2

3
2

( El

931,5
2
= ).(2.1,00728+1,00866-3,0149
C
He

= El 7,75 = 931,5 . 0,00832

-1

He

4
2

) E l (42 He
A2
28,32
4

7,75
3

)E l ( 32 He
A1

7,08 Mev

He

3
2

) Mev

2,58 Mev

He

4
2

/ :
x = 2
x +4= 3+3
:
3
4
2 He ) E ( 2 He
|- 2 . El = | E
-2
l
-3

|| E

= = 75 , 7 . 2 28.32

Mev 12,82

He

3
2

C2 .

226
88