Kinematics of the Super ball between parallel surfaces Abstract: \When a bails thrownin between two parallel surfaces (horizontal or vertical, i's hardly possible to get the bal back to hand. But if an extremely laste super balls thrown in between ‘two parallel surfaces such a8 a table and a floor iis possible to get the ball back in hand. May be we can callit an ultra elastic super ball, What really happens when such ballis thrown down in the vertical or horizontal channels composed of two parallel walls? sit really possible to get the bal back to hand in both of the ways or not? t would have rebounded back and forth under the ation of gravity in between parallel was. The purpose of the projects to know ‘theoretically if the super balls really coming back to hand analyzing the relation between velocities, momentum, angular momentum energy and motion ofthe super ball Introduction: ‘A super bal is an exteemely elastic ball that contains synthetic rubber polymers on it with high coefficient of restitution which means it collides elastically with its initial and final velocity after the impact almost being the same. The typical nature ofa super ball makes ts impact ‘characteristics different from other regular smooth balls because it reverses the direction of spin on each bounce. Sot is used to investigate complex models of impact. ‘When the super ball thrown into some surface, it bounces and reverses its spi. The final velocity and position of the ball can be expressed in terms ofthe intial velocity. Mere inthis revelation, the super balis allowed to move into three different channels, At first the balls left to collide witha horizontal wal, Because the collision i elastic, the law of conservation of linear and angular momentum leads to determine the final velocity. Using the expression of ‘motion af bal from ths frame, the ballis again allowed to colide in between two parallelOhakal2 horizontal walls. The motion ofthe balls investigated and the final velocity ofthe bal etermined. During this period, not only the velocity but itis interesting to play with the characteristics of the motion ofa ball under such circumstances. ‘The ballis again let tofallunder the action of gravity and allowed to bounce between two parallel vertical walls The motion ofthe balls observed trying to superimpose it with complex kinematics equations. is because as the bal changes the surfaces it shows different interesting characteristics under the influence of gravity and finally comes to rest after avery long time which in sense gives the motion of the ball to act ike a damped harmonic oscillator. ‘The paper examines the motion of super bal in between parallel and vertical surfaces. The matrix method of desiribing the motion is interesting and direct approachment to the difficulty ‘of the projec. The equations of mations are derived that represents the dynamics of the super ball. The ball does not continuously fallin between the channels but with a fxed frequency with 8 definite time period depending upon the moment of inertia of the ball rather than the gravity ‘So motion in between these channels those channels either vertical or horizontal are identical ‘When 2 super ballis thrown it sometimes does not make out the metion as predicted and goes unexpected lke a decaying oscillation. it means that there is not the perfect exchange between the linear motion andspin ofthe ball So the ball can’t get back to hand but wil be oscillating towards in downward slope. We also determine the equations of motions simply using the collision matrix with tangential and normal coefficient of restitution. This gives the behavior of the realistic super bat Finally, the motion of the bal will have properties of a body falling through resistive med.um and somewhat like that of a damped harmonic oscillator." ‘A super ball that conserves kinetic energy behaves unexpected after each bounce either vertical cor parallel that tis dificult to get it back on hand, The assumptions made that of the conservation of kinetic energy and no slip at the contacting surfaces predicts the observed bbohavior ofthe ball. Te path of the super balls determined by the assumptions based on: ()Dhatal 3 both translational and rotational kinetic energy is conserved during the collision (i) angular ‘momentum about the point of contact is conserved |i] the normal and tangential velocity after collision are assumedto be the linear functions after collision." Theory: ‘Motion of a ball for ahorizontal wall For a egular horizontal surface, the balls allowed to bounce just once and the final velocity of the bal is determinedin terms of the initial velocity, But when the ball collides with a rough horizontal surface, the colliding matrix M signifies the final velocity in terms of initial Let us suppose a horiaontal wall and a sphere of radius with its moment of inertia to be where m isthe mass of the sahere and r the radius. Before colliding the plane horizontal wall, the velocity of the balls v with angular velocity of lay. After the collision with the wall the velocity ofthe sphere is ws with angular velocity wy Let fbe the coeffiien: of restitution of the super bal so that vy vo=f Figure x Motion of» shea! ball on aharzontal surface" If and ware the firal instant velocity after the collision, we can express vs and in asthe functions of ve and we The figure gives the dkection of vin y direction.Dhakala Fo (AD Since the angular momentum ofthe sphere about the contact point is conserved, Lat = La 1 t= 1 a Since, L=mrxv=mevsin@ Here = 90,$0,L=mrv Then, Lini=L Son t Lee 50, mm voe P41 ag,= = (1/} m vag as vost +m ups=-/f vor) ame wy, (On simplifying, -voxterwor=-L/F(Vou) #0 Fo a Now the law of conservation of kinetic eneray gives, voter w= Mf lval +07 ws? 2 ‘The moment of inertia is about the z-axis, Let represent the velocity ofthe super ballin x and y direction and w along z direction Then kinetic energy k) = 14 mv? +¥% w= mv? + ad), d= isthe linear velocity of the ball Angular momentum (1) = 1a~mv So after a bounce, Ky= 4 m (visa. @ And Ua =m ey So kis f ko (from 4)Dhakals (us) =P (Pig (6) And (vi-a ts) =F (vor ae 0 (On simplifying, the two equations (6) and (7), (uy fu) eee lea (fy dy) (Foe a), ®) (byt) = vf © Divide above two equations (8) by (8) Vet by =F Wott (0) The negative sign here gives the reverse of the ball ‘Adding the above two equations, (20) and (7) we get, do = f(t) /Hert}] dy ~ f/f (asa), ay ‘and substituting the salue of dyin (10) we get, vo (2 aff (a4) dy ~ [fa/fa AY) vpn (12) Fora rough colliding surface, v= Mv where Mis the collision matrix 0 in mates form it would be easier to S0 from above two equations, (21) and (12) ,M'= —_=!_] Flas But. ¢) = My Let" =MDhakalé a3 ay When P= 1 and 9,0, Me i |O-e ra,,|~ Tra] 20%, us) whieh means that though the ball is dhrown with zero angular velocity, as the ball collides the surface it gains the angular velocity, So for a perfectly elasie collision, lw 2 “ta -(1-a) We can express v.= ray: which asthe linear velacity of a point ofthe surface ofthe sphere. Condition when we have two parallel horizontal walls |We consider abal passed through two horizontal surfaces, assuming no gravity, With each thounce the spin ofthe ball gets reverses and the process continues until the ball comes back into hand. This process does not always happen. With every bounce the velocity (only direction) ofthe bal changes and each successive velocity can be represented in terms of the former one ‘or in terms of the initia velocity until the ball comes back into hand.Let us try this with a sohere off =1 with no acting gravity in it. We have two parallel horizontal surfaces, The figure akave shows the successive calisions with both walls and finally coming back to the initial hand. i starts with velocity vo and ws f the first collision stars with vs, wy the velocities of the sphere would be va uy aftern collisions. Figure 2 Assumed motion of the super ball between two horizontal surfaces separated by distance 3" 1) oye (26) Its because no matter how speed the balls thrown we have assumed that there is no action of {ravity and with every collision, the super ballis changingits direction just opposite. Similarly as, vs = Mup \We ean write the equation in matrix form, Mui (7) For od8 n ie. lower wall But in this case we cant use the matrix M to get the final velocties after a collision with upper wall Because M was used only when it collides with the bottom wall and bounces back. But stil then we can determine the equation ofthe top wall alone which is given by the law of conservation of angulr momentum,Dhakais Since, -¥pstarty v4". (18) this was equation just for a single horizontal lower wall in previous cases. |dentically for this condition where we have two walls the upper wall will have the equation like this, Ve GR Yo 32 Voc OF (a3) ‘The angular velocity would be opposite that is minus here because once the ball colides it changes its direction. So after the fist collison where n=1, it reaches to will have opposite w. compared to the former. So finally M matrix wil give the vy and te from the velocities vy) and wasn Since the rotation is about x-axis, bo 0 089 ure 80 50, Then, R v;eM R vin Here M is the same colliding matrix forthe rough horizontal surface « -(1-a) | 50, ye RM RV So inthis way, we candetermine v, as a function of vo For odd wall,Dhaka 9 Ves RW. Vs =RRMRMRM RMIRMRMRMRMY (20) For even wall = AMM Vee RMRMRMIRN9 ¢MAMRMRMRMRMRMVp eon (28) MRM, IRN (224{For even} And vo=RRMRM...RMve._... (23) For odd Because Re "and Rl where |is the identity mate: the idea i that when the ball first collides with lower wal the balls gets rotated and as it collides withthe upper walits direction changes. Similarly ast again bounces with the lower {oid wall it regains its original rotation. The direction ofthe rotation of the ball changes with every bounces and hence we can represent the velocity ofthe nth bounce of the ballin terms of initial velocity So forn bounces, the otation matrixcan be writen as yr=|' ° | ocr ‘And together for both even and odd we can write, Re (RB) Vorenn (24)Dhaka! 10 Condition when we have two parallel vertical walls, motion ofthe ball under the influence of ravity ‘When we let the bal fall between during two vertical channels, the motion ofthe balls influenced withthe gravity because the gravity pulls down the bal along the entre length of the channel. There ae no other forces that act onthe horizontal direction so the time course between the two successive collisions is alvays constant which we allitthe transit time, The ‘motion ofthe ballis identical tothe motion asin between horizontal surfaces. after each . (-1)"~ “ome yG ‘where vis the velocity together with linear velocity for any collision of the ball with channel It shows thatthe general motion of the ballis the super positions of two special cases. One ina horizontal channel wren g=0, Put g=0 in eqn above n= CUR Vo en 0 for secend special case when the balls under the action of gravity Yn 2° (-1)" "(ate 10 4 G4)Dhakal 13 Discussion. \when the super ball bounces between two parallel walls, there is exchange between the translational and rota:ional motion that produces an oscillation in the motion lke 2 simple harmonic esilator. When there is a tangential loss in velocity it oscilates like a damped harmonic ascilater."!though the difficulty in geting the ball back into the hand is more complicated, but stil he tangential velocity atthe point of contact is reversed by the collision. Ifthe super ball againcolides with anather wall immediately after the first collision for the same time period, the tangential velocity would get reversed and the ball would spring back from the force of impact. For insufficient time period than the last period, the ball would have |ust vibrated causing flure of the motion ofthe bal to bounce in between the channels clastically The bounce would never be perfectly elastic though the super ball has zero internal frition because it gains some excitation after the bounce as its vibration isnot related harmonically to the fundamental motion. "! The normal velocity ofthe ball after contact reverses after half petiod of oscillation in between the channels. Also the intial velocity of, the ball gets reversed during contact. For a=1, the body transforms all energy of translation into rotation and after calision into translation, "The difficulty arises more and more due to the critical restrictions on elasticity during collision," Conclusion: As the super ball Bounces through any surface it changes its direction of spin to opposite with almost same linear velocity "! Since na surface is 100% smooth, as the ball gets bounced between, it bounces inelastically. Because the super balls extremely elastic, there are chances to get the ball back tohand if it’s freely allowed to collide in between the surfaces. The presence of fction onthe caliding surface makes the bal’s motion as lke that of @ body falling, through resistive medium. These affects the time period between the collisions that adds the boal’s motion to be predicted like a simple harmonic oscillator. °' ifthe ball finally comes back to hand, the motion can be considered to be a damped harmonic oscillator." But with every ‘bounces the ball losessome ofits energy depending upon the surface it collides, t sometimeshakal 14 may ac ike a erticall; damped, underdamped or superdamped oscillator. Overall the difficulty to get the ball back into our hand is strongly influenced by the translational and rotational ‘motion ofthe super ball which is accompanied by the force of fiction and collision matrix ‘The difficulty can be possible decreasing the resistance durin the impact of the super ball between the surfaces, The technique of throwing a ballis also important. The motions interesting in itself and practicing the kindof throw either top spin or downspin wil gve ise to the desired motion Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr, Mott Craig ( MSUM, Physics & Astronomy } Refrences : [1], Hefner, Brian, “The kinematics ofa superba bouncing between two vertical surfaces.” Am, Phys 72, no. 7 (2008: 875-883. [2]. Tavares, LM. "The elastic Bounces of a sphere between two parallel walls." American Journal of Physics 75 no. 8 (2007): 680.695. [3]. “Super Bal." wikipedia, Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bal. internet accessed 29 April 2013. [4] "Simple haemonie motion." hyperphysics.phy-astrgsu.edu. Available from hntp://hyperphysies.phy-astrgsu.edu/hbase/shm2.htmltc2. Internet; accessed 29 April 2010. [5] Garwin, Richard L. "kinematics of an Ult-selastic Rough Ball." American Journal of Physics 37, no. 2 (1968) 88-92