Chapter 2: Body Coordination

Answer
Exercise 1
1. body coordination
2. (a) Nervous system
3. (a) constant
4.

(b) Endocrine system

(b) detect
(c) function

Nervous System

Central nervous system

brain

peripheral nervous system

s

Spinal cord

The control centre of

the nervous system

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Nerves from
the brain

Nerves from
the spinal cord

Link receptor and effector

with the central nervous
system
Exercise 2
1. (a) & (b)

dendrite

Flow of impulse

muscles

(c) neurone
Axon

Cell body

2.
Part of neurone

Function

Nucleus

Control the activities of the neurone

Dendrite

Receive and transmit nerve impulses

Axon

transmit nerve impulses

Myelin Sheath

Protect the axon

3.

Neurone

Function
Transmit impulses from sensory neurone to
motor neurone

Relay neurone
Transmit impulses from receptors to central
nervous system

Sensory neurone
Transmit impulses from central nervous
system to effector

Motor neurone
Exercise 3
1.
Stimulus

Receptor

Sensory neurone

Central nervous system

2
Response

Effector

motor neurone.
2. (a) (i) sensory (ii) sensory organs
(b) (i) muscle (ii) glands
(c) central nervous system

(iii) detect stimulus

3. (a) A rapid and automatic reaction.

(b) (i) Knee jerk (ii) Withdrawal of hand from a hot object.
(c) For protection in critical situations.
(d)
Stimulus
Receptor

Heat
Pain receptors in the finger

Part of the central nervous

system involved
Effector

Spinal cord
Muscles in the arm

Response
(e) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Withdrawal of hand from the hot object

Heat, pain receptors

sensory, spinal cord
relay , motor
motor, muscles
muscles , contract and relax
withdrawn from the hot object.

Exercise 4

Found in:
Muscle
Tendon
Ligament

Sensitive to:
Cells involve:
Receptor cells

Pressure
Movement
Stretching

Importance:
Coordinate movement

Exercise 5
1.

Maintain balance
cerebrum

cerebellum

2.

Medulla oblongata
Part of brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

Function
Control voluntary action
(i) Control movement
(ii) Maintain balance
4

Control involuntary action

Medulla oblongata
3. (a)
Voluntary action

Involuntary action

Reading
Raising your hand
Running
Climbing a tree
Skipping

Heartbeat
Blinking of the eye
Digestion
Blood circulation
Dilation of pupil

(b)
Voluntary action

Aspect
Ability to control the
action by the conscious
mind
Part of brain that control
the action

Can be controlled
Cerebrum
4. (a) Hard blow/ pressure
(b) Stroke
(c) Infection
5.
Part of brain injured

Effect

Cerebrum

Loss of memory, Sight and hearing,

Paralysis

Cerebellum

Lose coordination
Cannot maintain balance

Medulla oblongata

Death/Can be fatal

Exercise 6
1. (a) endocrine , hormones
(b) (i) ductless (ii) blood stream
2.

(iii) target organs

A
B

A : Pituitary gland
B : Thyroid gland

C
D
E

C : Adrenal gland
D : Pancreas
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E : Ovary

Involuntary action
Cannot be controlled
Medulla oblongata

3.
Endocrine gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Testis
Ovary

Location

Function of hormone

Base of the
cerebrum
In the neck

Controls growth and other endocrine

glands.
Controls rate of metabolism

Behind the stomach

Controls blood sugar level

On top of each
kidney
In the scrotum

Increase heartbeat and breathing rate

Controls the development of secondary
sexual characteristics in male.
Controls the development of secondary
sexual characteristics in female.

Each side of the

uterus

4.
Endocrine
gland

Effect of
under secretion

over secretion

Pituitary

Dwarfism

Gigantism

Thyroid

Low metabolic rate

Goiter

High metabolic rate

Adrenal

Low capacity to overcome

stress

Fatigue

Pancreas

High blood sugar level

Low blood sugar level

Underdevelopment of male
secondary sexual characteristic
Menstrual problem
OvaryNervous coordination
Testis

Masculinisation in women
Highly
feminine
Hormonal
coordination

Exercise 7
1.

Similarities
(i) Can sense changes in the
environment.
(ii) Control and regulate activities in the
body.

Differences

Aspect
Nerve impulses

Means of control

Hormones
Chemical

Rapid

Nature of message
Stimulus
Speed of transmission

Effector

Destination of message

Target organ

Localised

Eyes Area
detect
stimulus
affected

Widespread

Duration of effect

Long lasting

Electrical and chemical

Short lived

Slow

Send nervous impulse to the

brain

2.

Brain interpret message and

send new impulse
send impulse

Body muscles

Adrenal glands

Effect:
Pupils dilate
Breathing rate increase
Heartbeat increase

Response

Blood pressure increase

Glucose level increase.
Energy production increase

Exercise 8
1. misuse, doctors , non-medical
2.
Type of drug

Example

Effect on body coordination

Will increase :
Heartbeat

(i) Amphetamine
Stimulants

(ii) Nicotine

Breathing rate
Blood pressure
Blood sugar level

(i) Opium
Depressants

Slow down:
nerve impulses

(ii) Heroine

reaction to stimuli
Hallucinogens

(i) LSD
(ii) Marijuana

Can cause:
hallucination
Impair muscular coordination.

 erratic behaviour.

Exercise 9
1. alcohol
2. (a) Beer

(b) Wine

(c) Spirit

3.
Slows down transmission
of impulse

Depressant

Effect of alcohol on
body coordination

Slower reaction time.

Impairs judgement

Impairs functioning of the

brain

4. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Cirrhosis
brain, stomach/ liver
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
mouth, throat, Oesophagus, stomach.

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