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For Excel 95, 97, 98, 2000, 2001, & XP

Table of Contents
Line Graphs ..................... Ctrl+Shift+L ....................... 4

Line Graph

Pareto Chart .................... Ctrl+Shift+M ...................... 6

Bar Chart ......................... Ctrl+Shift+B ........................ 7
Pie Chart ......................... Ctrl+Shift+O ....................... 8
Scatter Chart
LSL

Histogram

_____ I've enclosed my check, Visa, or MC. I understand that if I am

not completely satisfied, I may return any product for a complete refund. 90 Day Money-back guarantee!
To Order, Call, Mail, or FAX your order to:
LifeStar, FAX:
(888) 468-1536 or (303) 753-9675
Orders:
(888) 468-1535 or (303) 757-2039
Questions:
(888) 468-1537 or (303) 756-9144
2244 S. Olive St., Denver, CO 80224-2518
knowwareman@qimacros.com

QI Macros

36

Histogram........................ Ctrl+Shift+H ..................... 10

Multivari/Box&Whisker . Ctrl+Shift+Z/W ................ 12
Selecting Control Charts .............................................. 13

Control Chart

www.qimacros.com

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Scatter Chart ................... Ctrl+Shift+S ........................ 9

USL

XmR Chart ...................... Ctrl+Shift+R ..................... 14

XmR Trend ..................... Ctrl+Shift+T ..................... 14
XbarR Chart .................... Ctrl+Shift+X ...................... 16
XandS Chart .................... Ctrl+Shift+V ...................... 16
c Chart ............................. Ctrl+Shift+C ...................... 18
np Chart ........................... Ctrl+Shift+N ...................... 19
p Chart ............................. Ctrl+Shift+P ...................... 20
u Chart ............................. Ctrl+Shift+U ...................... 21
Adding Data To An Existing Control Chart ........... 22
QFD, GageR&R and Other Templates ........................ 24
Ishikawa (Cause-Effect) Diagrams .............................. 27
Flow Charts .................................................................. 28

Flow Chart

Tree Diagrams .............................................................. 29

Using QI Macros with Access Databases .................... 31
Trouble Shooting ......................................................... 34

2001 Jay Arthur

QI Macros

To Install Your Macros:

1. PC Standalone: Double click or run a:setup.exe
2. Macintosh: Copy all xlm and xlt files in the Excel Startup
Folder to the System:Preferences:Excel Startup Folder (5)
or Microsoft Office:Office:Startup:Excel folder (Excel 98
or 2001). Copy the QIhelp file to wherever Excel resides.
3. Now start Excel. With a workbook or worksheet open, you
will be able to see QI Macros in the Excel Pull-Down
Menu Bar (see top line, below, right).
4. Note: If menu does not appear, see Readme file to install.

Quick & Easy Start Up:

When you open a workbook, the
macros will display a "menu bar" to
simplify running all of the macros.
Then all you have to do is:
1. Select the data to be graphed or
choose a template from the selector!
(Go to c:\qimacros for test data.)
2. Select the desired graph from the
menu bar (opposite) or use the
Ctrl+Shift+(C) quick keys.
3. Fill in the blanks when the macro
prompts you for information.
4. Print and/or save your workbook.
Network Installation
1. PC Network: 1) run a:setup.exe, 2) from Excel's Tools
menu, select Options and General, 3) enter the Alternative
Startup File Location for XLSTART on your hard drive:
c:\QIMacros\XLSTART, 4) click OK.
2. Mac: Network: 1) copy Excel Startup Folder to your disk,
2) open Tools/Preferences/General (5.0, 98) enter full path
name for the startup folder. (Office 98 has a select button.)
QI Macros

5. Hidden rows or columns of data. Users sometimes "hide"

a column or row of data in Excel (e.g., Columns show A,
B, then F). If you select A-F, you get all the hidden data
too!
6. Data in the wrong order. Some of these macros require
two or more columns of data. The p chart expects 1) a
heading, 2) the number of defects, and 3) the sample size. If
column 2 and 3 are reversed, it won't work properly.
7. Closing Excel takes too long. This is a known Excel bug.
Remove the macros from Xlstart and open only when
needed. See Microsoft Support Article ID: Q75334.
8. To uninstall the Macros: Simply delete all *.xlm and *.xlt
files from Excel's startup folderXLStart.
9. Email your data and problem to: lifestar@rmi.net.
Include the version number of Excel, Windows, or MacOS.
Or call: (888) 468-1537 or (303) 756-9144.

Customizing & Enhancements

You can adapt and improve these macros and templates as long
as you retain the original copyright and don't try to resell them!
To view a macro, select Unhide under the Excel Window
menu. Once changed, select Hide to conceal the macro and save
the macro when you close Excel.
Choose a template from the QI Macros Matrix and Diagram
Selector. Then make changes and choose SAVE AS "template".
The QI Macros undergo constant improvement based on your
feedback. Is there a form, graph, or tool that you think might be
possible using Excel, but you don't have time to figure it out? Is
there something the macros could do to help you make analysis
more easy? If so, fax or mail your enhancement requests to
LifeStar, 2244 S. Olive, Denver, CO 80224, (888) 468-1536
(fax), lifestar@rmi.net. Call Jay directly at (888) 468-1537 to
discuss your ideas. We also provide custom development services when needed.
35

QI Macros

Trouble Shooting (see Readme.txt file or

visit www.qimacros.com/techsupport.html)
Disclaimer: These macros are not infallible. Given the wrong
data, they will halt. Simply press Halt or Continue.
1. Macros default to two decimal points (e.g., .02): Excel
stores most numbers as General format. To get greater
precision simply select the data and change FORMATCELLS to Number and specify the number of decimals.

2. Error: Document with name ......xlm already open. (PC)

Exit Excel. On your hard disk, move the QI macro files
c:\...\XLSTART\*.XLM to a different folder.
From the new directory, copy all macro files except for
ZQImenu.XLM back to c:\...\XLSTART\*.XLM.
Then copy ZQIMENU.XLM to c:\...\XLSTART\*.XLM.
Restart Excel.
Work around: Use Control-Shift<C> to run macros
3. No data (one cell), too much data (entire columns/rows),
or the wrong data selected. Are just the essential data
cells highlighted? Use the data files included with the
macros and the examples on each page to test.
4. Text format data. Are the numbers left aligned? If so, put
the number 1 in a blank cell, select COPY, then select your
data and choose PASTE-SPECIAL-MULTIPLY.
QI Macros

34

Using The Tools

Introduction
There are many graphs, forms, and tools used in Six Sigma (for
help click on the QIWizard at www.qimacros.com):
Line Graphs
Flow Chart
Pareto Charts
Ishikawa Diagram
Bar Charts
Design of Experiments
Pie Charts
Gage R&R
Control Charts
EMEA/FMEA
Histograms
QFD House of Quality
Scatter Diagrams
Tree Diagram
80% of common problems can be diagnosed with line graphs,
pareto charts, and Ishikawa diagrams. Microsoft Excel can be
used to create all of these charts, graphs, forms and tools.
Excel WorkbooksEntering your data.
Using an Excel workbook, you can create the labels and data
points for any chartline, bar, pie, pareto, histogram, scatter, or
control. This gives you a worksheet that looks like this:

Using your mouse, just highlight (i.e., select) the data to be

graphed (as shown above), run the appropriate macro, and Excel
will do the math and draw the graph. See c:\qimacros\testdata.
Excel TemplatesUsing the Tools (see page 24)
Using the QI templates (*.xlt), you can create matrices, flow
charts and all kinds of diagrams using Excel's drawing capability.
3

QI Macros

Line Graph

To Create a Line Graph:

4. Then select the database you want to use.

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed. Click on the

top left cell and drag the mouse across and down to include
the cells on the right.
2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,
select Line Graph. Excel will start drawing a line graph.
Fill in the graph title, and the X and Y Axis titles.

5. Then, using the Query Wizard, click on the > and < signs to
select the fields you want in the spreadsheet.

Short cut: Hold down Ctrl+Shift and press the "L" key (for
Line graph).
6. Then the Query Wizard will let you filter rows, change the sort
order, and finish the query.
7. Excel will ask you about getting the data and where to put it
on the spreadsheet:

3. To add text to any part of the graph, just click anywhere

on the white space and type. Then use the mouse to clickand-drag the text around. To change titles or labels, just
click and change them. Change other text in the worksheet.

8. Excel will then import the data.

4. To change the scale on any axis, double click on the

axis. Select Scale and enter the new minimum, maximum,
and tickmark increments.
5. To change the color on any part of the graph, double
click on item to be changed. A patterns window will
appear (see next page). Select Font to change text colors,
Line to change line colors and patterns, or Marker to
change foreground and background colors.
QI Macros

9. You can then select Data-Refresh Data to update the data.

Excel will go to the Access database and update the spreadsheet.
33
QI Macros

Using Data from Access

To change the style of each line on the graph, double

click on each line. The window (below) is displayed:

1. To link to Access data and get information, youll need to

select Tools-Add-ins and check AccessLinks Addin and MS
Query Add-in. If they arent visible, choose browse and look
in Library. If they still arent visible, youll need to copy them
in from your installation CD.

2. Then, from anywhere on your worksheet, you can select DataGet External Data
Changing the line style, color, and weight are all performed
in this window. When you're done, click OK. The changed
graph is now more easily readable.
To change the scale on the Y axis, double click on the
axis. A patterns window will appear. Select Scale and enter
the new minimum, maximum, and tickmark increments.
6. Select SAVE to retain the chart.
3. This will start MS Query. Select MS Access Database.

7. To change the style of graph, use the Chart Toolbar

(VIEW-TOOLBARS-CHART) or FORMAT MENU
Chart Type.
Click on the desired Graph format. 2-D and 3-D Graphs...
include the following. Click on the format and then OK:

QI Macros

32

QI Macros

Pareto Chart

To Create a Pareto Chart:

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown)

labels in the left-hand column, data in the right-hand
column. Click on the top left cell and drag the mouse across
and down to include the cells on the right.

Using Macros with Access:

Once you have an Access database, you can analyze the database
by linking Excel and using the QI Macros.
1. The database might look like the following:

2. To use the QI Macros, you have to ensure that the data type of
numeric fields is number, not text. Use View-Table Design to
change the data type of all numeric fields to number.

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,

select "Pareto Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+M.
Pareto charts are a combination bar chart and line graph.
3. Then, select the table, query, form, or report you want to save
and load into Excel. From the Access menu select ToolsOfficeLinks-Analyze It With MS Excel.

4. This will open Excel and create a .XLS file, which you can
chart and graph using the QI Macros.
3. Other Bar: If you have more than nine points, the Pareto
will ask if you want to summarize the remaining ones.
4. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook. (It is difficult to add data to the pareto
chart; it's best to redraw it if needed.)
QI Macros

31

QI Macros

Options:

To Create a Bar Chart:

1. To add data to an existing graph see pages 22-23.

2. To highlight the cells from different columns (as shown).
Click on the top left cell and drag the mouse down to
include the cells in the first row or column. Then, hold
down the Control Key, while clicking and highlighting the
additional rows or columns.

3. You may also use data in horizontal rows. Click on the

top left cell and drag the mouse down and right to include
the cells in the horizontal rows.

Bar Chart

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed. Click on the

top left cell and drag the mouse across and down to include
the cells on the right.
2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,
select "Bar Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+B.

3. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph.

4. Use the Chart Toolbar to Change the format of the
graph. Select Bar or Column for 2-dimensional columns or
bars.

4. Numeric data and decimal precision: Excel formats most

numbers as "General" not "Number". If you do not specify
the format for your data, the macros assume two decimal
places. To get greater precision, select your data, choose
Format-Cells-Number and specify the number of decimals:

QI Macros

30

Select 3-D Bar for horizontal bars, and 3-D Column for
vertical bars.

QI Macros

Pie Chart

To Create a Pie Chart:

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed. Click on the

top left cell and drag the mouse across and down to include
the cells on the right.
2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,
select "Pie Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+O.

To Create a Tree Diagram:

Tree Diagram

The Tree Diagram is similar to a matrix. So, using Excel,

you can use cells for each box and then connect them using
the Drawing tools.
1. From the QI Macros Matrix and Diagram Selector,
select the Tree diagram template: Treemtrx.xlt.

2. From the File Menu, select Save As to store the template

under a new name.
3. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.
4. Use the Chart Toolbar to change the format of the
graph. Select Pie for 2-dimensional pies. Select 3-D Pie
for 3-D pie charts.

QI Macros

3. Select a cell and type to put text in the cells. Then, use
the Border tool to put a box around each cell and line tools
from the Drawing Tool Bar to add lines.
4. Excel 97 and newer versions: Select VIEW-TOOLBARSDRAWING. Use Autoshapes to find connecting lines.

29

QI Macros

To Create a Flow Chart:

1. From the QI Macros Pull-Down Menu, select Matrix
and Diagram Selector. Choose the Flow Chart template.

2. From the File Menu, select Save As to store the template

under a new name.
3. Copy and paste the existing text, boxes, diamonds and
arrows to create your flow chart. Change the text.
4. Excel 97 and newer versions: Select VIEW-TOOLBARSDRAWING. Use Autoshapes to find more drawing shapes
and to connect the boxes and diamonds as you would with
any flowcharting tool.

To Create a Scatter Chart:

Scatter Chart

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

Click on the top left cell and drag the mouse across and
down to include the cells on the right.

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select "Scatter Diagram." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+S.
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

-0.2

3. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.
4. To add new data to an existing chart see page 22.

QI Macros

28

QI Macros

LSL

USL

Histogram

To Create a Histogram:

1. Make sure the cells are formatted to the correct decimal

precision. From Format-Cells, select Number and specify
the number of decimal places you want.

To Create an Ishikawa:

Cause-Effect Diagram

Excel may not be the best tool to do this with, but you can
easily draw Ishikawa diagrams with the drawing tools.
1. From the QI Macros Pull-Down Menu, select Matrix
and Diagram Selector. Choose the cause-effect, or
fishbone, template: Ishikawa.xlt.

2. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown,

minimum of 20 data points required). Click on the top data
cell and drag the mouse down to include just the data cells.

2. From the File Menu, select Save As to store the template

under a new name.

3. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select either the histogram (Ctrl+Shift+H) or frequency histogram
(Ctrl+Shift+F) macro. The histogram will ask for upper
and lower spec limits, the number of bars to display, and a
unit of measure (1,.1,.5,.05) and specification limits:

If your data is 4.7, 4.8, etc., use .1.

If your data is 4.75, 4.80, 4.85, use .05.

QI Macros

10

3. Use the text

and arrow
tools from the
Drawing Tool Bar to add arrows and causes. (To see the
tool bar, select: View/Options-Toolbars-Drawing) Or just
copy and paste the existing arrows and text.
Use the Ellipse tool

to circle root causes.

Each line, box, text, or circle is called
an "object." Objects can be: grouped
together to form a single object or
moved in front or behind each other
using the Drawing Tool.
To copy the fishbone and place it in
another document, use Cntrl+Shift+A
to select all objects, then Edit-Copy.
27

QI Macros

Selecting a Template:

3. Then, the macro will draw the graph for you.

n=19

4.5

1. From the QI Macro Menu bar, choose the "Matrix and

Diagram Selector" to display an interactive dialog box
(below). Click on any template name to open a copy of the
template. Click on OK to open the selected name.

Histogram
Cp=1.36

Mode=4.9

USL=6.0

Cpk=1.2

Cp(Rd2)=3.97
Mean=5.1

3.5

Median=5.0

Cpk(Rd2)=3.98
Pp=1.36
Ppk=1.2

Frequency of Values

Getting the right template depends on what kind process

you're usingplanning, problem solving, process management, reliability, QFD, etc. Another way to open a QI
template uses the Matrix and Diagram Selector:

LSL=4.0

Sigma=0.24
Max=5.6

2.5

Min=4.7
PPM=0

Zbench=3.82
CpUpper=1.28

1.5

CpkLower=1.48

1
0.5
0
3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

6.1

Values

Note: Templates should be found in XLSTART (PC) or the

Excel Startup Folder (Mac). Missing templates may cause
this macro to halt. Select FILE-NEW to check for the
existence of each template.
Efficiency Option: To speed up loading the QI Macros, move
all of the templates (*.xlt) out of XLSTART into Excel's
Template folder. Then open the QI Macro templates from
that folder when you want to use one. (The matrix and
diagram selector will not work.)

QI Macros

26

4. To realign the mean, median, mode, USL or LSL: The

macro isn't smart enough to know exactly where to put the
all of the indicatorsmean, median, mode, upper and
lower specification limits. So you may need to do it.
Arrows: Click on each arrow and drag it to the appropriate position. To extend an arrow, click on it, then click
on the handle at either end and extend the arrow.
Text: Click on each text box and drag it to sit on top or
beside its corresponding arrow.
Spec Limits: To change upper and lower spec limits,
click and drag the arrow to the appropriate place.
Change the text and drag the spec limit to the arrow.
5. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph.
6. To revise the process capability, switch to the datasheet.
Type the changed upper and lower specification limits into
the cells provided and Excel will recalculate Cp and Cpk:

11

QI Macros

To Create a Multivari or
Box and Whisker Chart:

3. Excel will load the template. From the File Menu, Select
Save As to save the template under a new name.

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed. Click on the

top left cell and drag the mouse across and down to include
the cells on the right.

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,

select "Multivari Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+Z or
"Box and Whisker." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+W.

4. Add (copy/paste), change, or delete columns and rows to

meet your needs. Enter your data into the appropriate
cells. You can put formulas in any cells to multiply weighting criteria as shown in Countermeasures matrix above or
QFD matrix:
Drawing Tools

Multivari Chart
n=90

0.9
0.85
0.8

Measurement

0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55

2pm

6/16 8am

12pm

2pm

10am

6/15 8am

12pm

2pm

10am

6/12 8am

10am

12pm

2pm

6/11 8am

10am

12pm

2pm

12pm

2pm

10am

6/9 8am

10am

12pm

6/8 8am

6/10 8am

0.5
0.45

Box&Whisker
0.9

0.9

0.85

0.85 0.85

0.8

0.85 0.85
0.8

0.75

0.85
0.8 0.8

0.9
0.85

Measuremen
t

0.7

0.75
0.7

0.7

0.6

0.65
0.6

0.6

0.7 0.7

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.75

0.75

0.65

0.85

0.8

0.7
0.65 0.65

0.6

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.65

0.85

0.65 0.65
0.6

0.6

0.6

0.65

0.6

0.6

0.6 0.6

0.55

2pm

12pm

2pm

6/15 8am

10am

12pm

2pm

6/12 8am

10am

12pm

6/11 8am

2pm

12pm

10am

6/10 8am

2pm

12pm

10am

6/9 8am

2pm

12pm

10am

6/8 8am

6/16 8am

0.5

0.5

10am

0.5
0.45

5. From the Options Menu (Macintosh) or View Menu (PC),

select ToolbarsDrawing (see above) to bring up the
drawing toolbar. You can then add graphics, arrows or
other objects to your matrix.

3. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph.

QI Macros

12

25

QI Macros

Matrix

To Create a Matrix:

Six Sigma relies heavily on matrices to display relationships among many different criteria. Planning uses Voice
of the Customer (VOC) and Targets and Means matrices.
Problem Solving uses Countermeasures and related matrices. Process Management uses Value-Added Analysis.
Reliability uses FMEA and EMEA. QFD uses the House of
Quality and Pugh Concept selection matrices.
2. From the QI Macros pull down menu, choose matrix
selector (pg. 26). A number of different matrix templates
will be displayed:
Planning Arrow
Arrow Diagram
CostofQ
Relation
TargetMn
TreeMtrx
VOCmtrx
Problem Action
Solving Checksht
CMmatrix
Forcefld
Ishikawa
Process FlowChrt
Mgt.
Measures
ValueAdd
c, np, p, u
XmRchart
XbarRchart
XandSchart

Cost of (Poor) Quality Matrix

Relationship/System Diagram
Targets and Means Matrix
Tree Diagram
Voice of the Customer Matrix
Action Plan
Checksheet
Countermeasures Matrix
Force Field Analysis
Ishikawa (Cause-Effect) Diagram
Flow Chart
Requirements-Measurements Matrix
Value Added Flow Analysis
Attribute Control Charts
Individuals & Moving Range
Average and Range
Average and Standard Deviation

DFSS

Design of Experiments

DOE

Pughmtrx
QFDhouse
Reliability EMEA
FMEA
Faultree

QI Macros

Selecting a Control Chart:

Choosing the right chart depends on your dataattribute
(counted) or variable (measured)and the sample size.
Number in Sample
Type of data
1
2-or-more
Varies
Fraction Defective
np
p
Number of defects
c
u
Time, length, weight, $ XmR
XbarR
(Measured)
XandS
1. To draw a control chart,highlight the labels and data to be
graphed (as shown). You will need 20 or more data points
to get a good graph.
see: qimacros.com/industry.html

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select the type of control

chart or "Control Chart Selector" to display the dialog
box (below). Click on the buttons to choose the type of data
and chart. Click OK to draw the control chart.

Pugh Concept Selection Matrix

QFD House of Quality
Error Modes and Effects Analysis
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Fault Tree Diagram

24

13

QI Macros

Control Chart

To Create an XmR Chart:

Excel will expand the graph from 20 to 25 points:

C Chart Title

An XmR chartthe Individuals and Moving Range Chart

tracks individual values of continuous data. The XmRTrend
Chart tracks individual values of data which may contain a
trend such as increasing costs or decreasing sales revenue.

n=152

UCL=15.87

16

14

new points

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

You will need 20 or more data points to get a good graph.

Number of Pinholes

12

10
CL=7.60

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

0
Sheet Number

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select "XmR Chart."

Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+R. The macro will create a new
worksheet and begin calculating the X and R values,
control limits, and averages (see below).

5. To extend and recalculate the limits, change the average

formula on the data worksheet. Only change the new data
rows 22-26: AVERAGE($B$22:$B$26).
The formulas will adjust the UCL and LCL. Add text
values for the new UCL, CL, and LCL:
C Chart Title
n=152

UCL=15.87

16

14

new points
10
UCL=8.19
CL=7.60

25

24

23

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

0
1

3. The macro will first draw the Range Chart. If the R

chart looks unstable, then the process is often unstable.

CL=3

22

Number of Pinholes

12

Sheet Number

QI Macros

14

23

QI Macros

Hours Worked (Range)

n=21
20

Adding Data To Control Charts:

RUCL=18.05
18
16

To add new data to an existing graph:

14
Range
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

Number

12

1. Open the saved workbook and chart. On the intermediate

worksheet (e.g., cdata1), add the new data.

10
8
CL=5.52

6
4
2

96

/2

1/

5/

96
10

/9
27

/1

9/

10

/9

/9

13
9/

/9

30

16

8/

96

/9

2/

8/

19

8/

96
5/

/9
6/

7/

21

7/

7/

96

/9
24
5/

6/

6
10

/9

/9
26
4/

5/

6
12

/9

/9

/9

29

4/

15

3/

96

/9

1/

3/

16

3/

2/

96

/9

2/

19

2/

1/

1/

5/

96

Date

Note: on a control chart, use copy/paste to extend UCL,

LCL, and CL alongside the new data.
To show process changes, simply recalculate the average
and the UCL, LCL will automatically change.

Macros now show potentially unstable conditions in red.

4. Next, the macro will draw the X chart. If the Range
Chart looks stable and the X chart is stable, then the process is stable.
Hours Worked (X Chart)

2. Switch sheets by selecting the Chart sheet. Then either:

Click on the Chart menu and select Source Data or
Chart Wizard button then the chart:

n=22
30
UCL=24.69

25

Number of Hours

20

3. Either one will give you a place to change the range.

Change the last number of each range to include the new
rows of data (e.g., $A$21 becomes $A$26, $E$21 becomes $E$26).

15

Hours Missed
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

CL=10.00
10

ChartSource Data

LCL=-4.69

10/25/96

10/11/96

9/27/96

9/13/96

8/30/96

8/16/96

8/2/96

7/19/96

6/21/96

6/7/96

5/24/96

5/10/96

4/26/96

4/12/96

3/29/96

3/15/96

3/1/96

2/16/96

2/2/96

1/19/96

-10

1/5/96

-5

Date

5. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.
Chart
Wizard

6. For information on interpreting Control Charts, see Six

Sigma Simplified (page 83) or www.qimacros.com/
qiwizard/stability.html.

4. Click on Okay or Finish to add data to the graph.

QI Macros

22

7. To add new data to a control chart see page 22.

15

QI Macros

Control Chart

To Create an XR Chart:

The XbarRAverage and Range Charttracks small

samples of continuous data. The X and S chart tracks large
samples (10 or more). Both work for 2-25 samples.
1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).
Click on the top left cell and drag the mouse across and
down to include the cells on the right. You will need 25 or
more subgroups of 2-25 samples to get a good graph. The
XbarR macro uses the Range (R); The XandS macro uses
the standard deviation (s).

To Create a u Chart:

Control Chart

A u chart tracks the number of defectsnon-conformitiesin varying sample sizes (e.g., billing errors per
month, errors per bill).
1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,

select "u Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+U.
Non-Conforming Widgets
n=198
3

2
U
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

1.5

1
CL=0.64

9/27/96

8/30/96

9/13/96

8/2/96

8/16/96

7/5/96

7/19/96

6/7/96

6/21/96

5/10/96

5/24/96

4/26/96

3/29/96

4/12/96

3/1/96

3/15/96

2/2/96

2/16/96

1/19/96

0.5

1/5/96

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select "XbarR Chart."

Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+X. The macro will create a new
worksheet and begin calculating the X and R values, control
limits, and averages (below). (Use Ctrl+Shift+V for X&S.)

Number Non-Conforming

2.5

Date

Macros now show potentially unstable conditions in red.

3. To change the style of each line on the graph, double
click on each line.
4. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.
QI Macros

16

5. To add new data to a control chart see page 22.

21
QI Macros

To Create a p Chart:

Control Chart

3. The macro will first draw the Range Chart. If the R

chart looks unstable, then the process is often unstable.

A p chart tracks the fraction defective in varying samples

(e.g., fraction of commitments missed per week).

n=25
0.45

Gauge Readings (Range)

0.4

RUCL=0.38

0.35

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

0.3
Range
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

Range

0.25
0.2

CL=0.18

0.15
0.1
0.05

2p
m

8a
m

6/
16

10
am
12
pm

12
pm

2p
m
6/
15
8a
m

2p
m

8a
m

10
am

6/
12

10
am
12
pm

2p
m
6/
11
8a
m

10
am
12
pm

2p
m

8a
m

12
pm

6/
10

2p
m

8a
m

10
am

6/
9

6/
8

8a
m

10
am
12
pm

Time

Macros now show potentially unstable conditions in red.

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar at the top of the page,

select "p Chart." Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+P.

4. Next, the macro will draw the X chart. If the Range

Chart is stable and the X chart is stable, then the process is
stable although possibly not "capable."
n=125
0.85

Non-Conforming Magnets

n=1,030
0.12

Gauge Readings
UCL=0.82

0.8

0.11
0.1

XAverage
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

Fraction Defective

P
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

0.08
CL=0.07
0.07
0.06

Readings

0.75

0.09

CL=0.72
0.7

0.65
LCL=0.61

0.05

2p
m

8a
m

16
6/

12
p

am
10

8a

6/
1

2p

10
am
12
pm

8a
m

2p
m
6/

12

am

pm

10

12

2p

8a
1

6/
1

10
am
12
pm

8a
m

pm

2p
m

12

10
6/

am
10

8a
m

6/

2p
m

am

pm

10

6/
8

8a

0.04

12

0.6

Time

0.03
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Period

3. To change the style of any line on the graph, double click

on the line.

5. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.

4. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.

6. For information on interpreting Control Charts, see Six

Sigma Simplified (page 83) or www.qimacros.com/
qiwizard/stability.html.

5. To add new data to a control chart see page 22.

7. To add new data to a control chart see page 22.

QI Macros

20

17

QI Macros

To Create a c Chart:

Control Chart

To Create an np Chart:

A c chart tracks the number of defects when the number is

small compared to the total possible (e.g., injuries/week).

Control Chart

An np chart tracks the number of defective or non-conforming items when subgroup sample sizes are constant
(e.g., defective parts in 100 sampled).

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

1. Highlight the labels and data to be graphed (as shown).

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select "c Chart."

Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+C.

2. From the QI Macro Menu bar, select "np Chart."

Shortcut: press Ctrl+Shift+N. The macro will ask for
sample size:

Pinholes in Sheets
n=52
9

n=200
20

Defective Widgets

18

UCL=16.49
16

12
10
CL=8.00

No. Pinholes
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

6
4

UCL=6.18
6
Number Defective

Number oF Pinholes

14

Defective
UCL
+2 sigma
+1 sigma
Average
-1 sigma
-2 sigma
LCL

5
4
3

CL=2.08
2

0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Sheet Number

4.

From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.

5. For information on interpreting Control Charts, see Six

Sigma Simplified (page 83) or www.qimacros.com/
qiwizard/stability.html. To add new data to a control
chart see page 22.
QI Macros

18

12/6/96

11/8/96

11/22/96

10/25/96

9/27/96

10/11/96

8/30/96

8/2/96

8/16/96

7/5/96

7/19/96

6/7/96

6/21/96

5/10/96

5/24/96

4/26/96

3/29/96

3/1/96

3/15/96

2/2/96

2/16/96

1/19/96

3. To change the style of each line on the graph, double

click on each line.

Date

Macros now show potentially unstable conditions in red.

3. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph with
your workbook.
4. To add new data to a control chart see page 22.

19

QI Macros