EASyR Lesson

Course: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology is an introduction to the basic concepts of the architecture of the human
body, and the physiology of the organ systems in the human body, where students appreciate the
level of organization and understand the anatomy and physiology of the different organ systems in our
body. The main objective of this module is to understand the anatomy and physiology of the different
organ systems in our body.
Target Audience: This module is taken by those students who opt for Diploma in biomedical science,
Diploma in Biotechnology and Diploma in Pharmacology and toxicology. Apart from biomedical
students, bioengineering students also take this module. This module enables them to develop a
technology and design devices to facilitate the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of human diseases,
for example imaging, robotics and other medical devices.
Polytechnics are a part of post-secondary education in Singapore. Students can enrol in polytechnics
after their GCE A levels, O levels or ITE (institute of technical education). Polytechnics train
professionals to support technological and economic development of Singapore. They train students
with specific skills for workplace. They fall into age range of 17-21 yrs typically. Students who have
taken biology have some prior knowledge of this subject but not all, since biology is an optional
subject to be taken in schools at secondary level and this might reduce the prior knowledge that they
can apply to solve problem.
Module: Bones
Learning objectives:
1. Identify the types of bones according to their shape: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular and give
examples of where they may be found.
2.

Identify that bone is made of different types of tissues: vascular, bone tissue (Osteocytes,

3.
4.
5.
6.

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts), nervous tissue, connective tissue, lymphatic tissue

Identify the main functions of bones: Support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis
Explain the functions of Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts
Explain basic facts about bone formation: endochondral and intramembranous ossification
Discuss and critically evaluate the 3 main phases of bone repair: Reactive, Reparative,
Remodeling, linking to basic bone anatomy.

Original lesson
Watch the video and
understand the different
elements that make up bone.
Students are provided with a
video resource and they will
need to use it to understand
the basic bone biology. What
makes up bones? Review
the different elements that
make up bone and how those
pieces work together.

Changes/enhancements to lesson
Evaluate
Students will be given a few video links and reading resources which
they can use to determine the different elements and components of
bone

Prompt: What are bones?

Extender: Explain how bones
are classified and organized?
Give some examples
Redirection: Adequate
calcium and minerals in the
diet is essential for healthy
bone development. List abd
explain other factors that
influence bone development
and bone mass.

Analyse
Prompt: Choose a specific bone in the human body and describe
how its form and function are related.
Extender: Based on the above activity, group the bones with similar
structure and highlight common features
Redirect: evaluate and discuss factors that influence bone
development

Synthesize
Based on the readings, we have learnt that Calcium is stored in our
bones. Parathyroid hormone regulates the level of calcium ions in
our body.
From the figure given below, identify the type of feedback shown and
explain your answer making reference to the figure shown.
Based on your understanding of the components in homeostasis,
determine the levels of PTH when it is unable to bind to receptors in
the kidneys and bones. Provide an explanation for your answer.

Reflect
Based on the resources and discussion, do a presentation about
bone healing
Apply their understanding from research and do a presentation/ info
graphics/video about bone healing