Professional Documents
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NETWORK
Submitted to
Submitted by
MUHAMMAD SALIM
07217003909
MBA-1ST SEMESTER
Network can broadly be classified into two types: local-area
networks (LANs) and wide-area networks.
Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware
such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and
other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist.
ETHERNET
Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area networks
(LANs). Ethernet was invented by engineer Robert Metcalfe.
Ethernet is a standard communications protocol embedded in software and
hardware devices, intended for building a local area network (LAN). Ethernet was
designed by Bob Metcalfe in 1973, and through the efforts of Digital, Intel and
Xerox (for which Metcalfe worked). "DIX" Ethernet became the standard model
for LANs worldwide.
When first widely deployed in the 1980s, Ethernet supported a maximum
theoretical data rate of 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Later, so-called "Fast
Ethernet" standards increased this maximum data rate to 100 Mbps. Today, Gigabit
Ethernet technology further extends peak performance up to 1000 Mbps.
Higher level network protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) use Ethernet as their
transmission medium. Data travels over Ethernet inside protocol units called
frames.
The run length of individual Ethernet cables is limited to roughly 100 meters, but
Ethernet networks can be easily extended to link entire schools or office buildings
using network bridge devices.
ARPANET
ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet. Based on a
concept first published in 1967, ARPANET was developed under the direction of
the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In 1969, the idea became a
modest reality with the interconnection of four university computers. The initial
purpose was to communicate with and share computer resources among mainly
scientific users at the connected institutions. ARPANET took advantage of the new
idea of sending information in small units called packets that could be routed on
different paths and reconstructed at their destination. The development of the
TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s made it possible to expand the size of the network,
which now had become a network of networks, in an orderly way.