Ubuntu Linux CLI Guide

Ubuntu Linux·-1{²§

Magi Su
magisu@163.com

November 29, 2006

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Magi Su
University of Science and Technology of China
0403 CHP

I
II
Contents

1 Só 1
1.1 ‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 iNÚPÒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 ¡¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 I(² . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Šö¦^XÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 ˜
éuLinuxØ) 3

3 #*g 5
3.1 ©‡XÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 ©‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2 8¹XÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3 ©«ÚÎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.4 !1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.5 ©‡Xڂª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.6 ©‡XÚgu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.7 ^n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.8 ^…À . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 ^r+n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1 ^rXÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.2 ^r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 mÅÚ'Å . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1 mÅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 õªàVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 ·-1.¡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5.1 Á=˜e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5.2 i1Π. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.3 õ«·-1.¡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 ShellVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.1 fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.2 bash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6.3 kshÚcsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6.4 sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6.5 busybox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7 õ?ÖXÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7.1 cÚ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

III
IV CONTENTS

3.7.2 ?§I“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7.3 ?§`k? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7.4 ?§G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.8 ã/.¡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.8.1 {ü0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.8.2 ?˜Ú?Ø . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.9 Sè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.10 -©‡N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.11 ˜©‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 ~^·- 17
4.1 ú
Ü© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.1 ëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.2 ©‡¶ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.3 õ­©‡Ñ\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 8¹›› . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.1 cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.2 mkdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.3 rmdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.4 pwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 ©‡+n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.1 ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.2 dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3.3 cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3.4 headÚtail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.5 mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.6 cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.7 rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.8 find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.9 ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 Ø )Ø . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.1 gzip/gunzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.2 bzip2/bunzip2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4.3 tar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4.4 zip/unzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.5 rar/unrar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.6 7z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.7 ٦ؠóä . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4.8 Ø ^‡'© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 ©‡' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5.1 cmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5.2 comm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5.3 diff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6 ­½•ÎÒ9ÙA^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6.1 ­½•ÎÒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7 +ÎÒ|ƒ ~^·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.1 more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.2 less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.3 grep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.8 ShellOr·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CONTENTS V

4.8.1 history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.9 9Ï·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.9.1 whereis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.9.2 which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.9.3 who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.9.4 man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.9.5 fortune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10 §S$1›› . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.1 &ÎÒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.2 CTRL-CÚCTRL-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.3 ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.4 kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.10.5 nice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5 ?6ì 43
5.1 ˜
%Vg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2 nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2.1 XÚ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.2 ¦^{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.3 ˜©‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3 vim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.1 Ͷ§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.2 ÄVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.3 Ä^{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.4 ?˜ÚA^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.5 ?ÚA^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.6 ?nÚA^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

6 +n·- 49
6.1 âқ› . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1.1 su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1.2 sudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1.3 passwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.4 useradd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.5 userdel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.6 chmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2 ©‡XÚ·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2.1 mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2.2 umount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2.3 ntfs-3g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.4 fsck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.5 df . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2.6 cfdisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.7 mkfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3 Ù¦·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.1 shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
VI CONTENTS

7 Ubuntu+nXÚ 59
7.1 ÄVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.1.1 Ubuntue^‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.1.2 debVg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.1.3 Vg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1.4 /ê⥠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2 apt-***^‡@CÚaptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2.1 apt-get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2.2 apt-cdrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.2.3 apt-key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.2.4 aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.2.5 SC/1^‡nã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.3 Ù¦+n·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.3.1 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.3.2 alien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

8 XÚØ%˜©‡ 73
8.1 /etc/passwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.2 /etc/fstab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.3 /etc/apt/sources.list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9 GNU?Ȃ¸ 77
9.1 GNU?ÈìVã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.1.1 gxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.2 NÁì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.2.1 gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.2.2 gdbcà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

10 ·-1eInternet 79
10.1 ADSLþ˜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.1.1 pppoeconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.1.2 pon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10.1.3 poff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10.1.4 plog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10.2 ·-1eþ/ÀL0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.2.1 ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.2.2 wget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.2.3 w3m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

A GrepÆS)P i
A.1 ‡(² . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
A.2 8¹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
A.3 © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
A.3.1 grep{0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
A.3.2 ^{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
A.3.3 ëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
A.3.4 grepKLˆªiÎ8£Ä8¤ . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
A.3.5 ^uegrepÚ grep -EiÎ*Ð8 . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
A.3.6 POSIXiÎa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
A.3.7 ¢~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
CONTENTS VII

B ü‡XÚe^‡é' v

C XÛ¼Ï xi
C.1 /Ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
C.2 þ¦Ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
C.2.1 3Û?¦Ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
C.2.2 J¯{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

D Ubuntu{¤ xiii
D.1 Ubuntu{0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
D.2 Ubuntu{¤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
D.3 UbuntuÄÔ?zã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

E #L xvii
E.1 #`² . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
E.2 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
E.3 AÏa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
VIII CONTENTS
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76 CHAPTER 8. XÚØ%˜©‡

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64 bytes from 211.100.21.179: icmp_seq=4 ttl=52 time=326 ms
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--- www.csdn.net ping statistics ---

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GrepÆS)P

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ii APPENDIX A. GREPÆS)P

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tem Interface)O\
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XµJwestš§KesÒ;S¥§¿IP1§, |¢?¿
‡iΣ.*¤§ù
iÎ ¡;‹X, ˜‡es£\ 1¤§éÒw«T1"
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Appendix B

ü‡XÚe^‡é'

ØùØ£À
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N¹Jø˜‡WindowsÚLinuxeõUƒC½öƒÓ^‡é'§¦
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Windows Windows Vista
Linux Beryl
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Windows ] èAì§Total Commander
GNOME ©‡+nì
KDE Konqueror§Dolphin
• X©?n
Windows Notepad§UltraEdit
Linux GVim
GNOME GEdit
KDE Kate§KHexEdit

v
vi APPENDIX B. ü‡XÚe^‡é'

• ©i?n

Windows Microsoft Word

Linux OpenOffice©i?n
GNOME
KDE KWord

• >fL‚

Windows Microsoft Excel

Linux OpenOffice>fL‚
GNOME
KDE KSpreadSheet

• Ž¡›Š

Windows Microsoft Powerpoint

Linux OpenOfficeŽ¡
GNOME
KDE KPresenter

• èA

Windows Internet Explorer

Linux Firefox§Opera
GNOME
KDE Konqueror

• FTPóä

Windows CuteFTP§LeapFTP
GNOME Gftp
KDE KFTPGrabber

• F§Sü

Windows Outlook
GNOME
KDE Korganizer

• €Èóä

Windows 7ìcu
Linux StarDict
GNOME
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Windows Google Earth

Linux Google Earth for Linux
GNOME
KDE KGeography

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Windows
GNOME
KDE KStars

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Windows
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KDE Kalzium£š~;’§±·zÆÔn;’ú1w5¤

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Windows Mathematica§MatLab§Maple
Linux Mathematica§MatLab§Mathomatics§Maxiom
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Windows Opera
Linux R§Octave
GNOME
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Windows ×X§Flashget
Linux DownThemAllœ
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Windows Skype
Linux Skype
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Windows Photoshop
viii APPENDIX B. ü‡XÚe^‡é'

Linux GIMP
GNOME
KDE Krita

• þU

Windows MSN§Yahoo§QQ
Linux LumaQQ
GNOME Gaim
KDE Konversation§Eva§Kopete

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Windows WinAMP§ZZ·f
Linux Xmms§Audacious§BeepMediaPlayer
GNOME Rhythmbox
KDE amaroK

• >K˜

Windows Windows Media Player§ºKѧRealPlayer

Linux MPlayer
GNOME Totem
KDE Kaffeine

• BTe1

Windows BitTorrent§BitSpirit§BitComet
Linux Bittorado§Azureus
GNOME
KDE QTorrent§KTorrent

• 1¹

Windows Nero
GNOME Gnomebaker
KDE K3b

• e‡Âu

Windows Outlook§Foxmail
Linux Thunderbird
GNOME Evolution
KDE Kmail

• >¼e1

Windows eMule
 ix

Linux aMule
GNOME
KDE

• C++ Programming

Windows Visual C++

Linux Code::Blocks
GNOME Anjuta
KDE Kdevelop

• PDFèAì

Windows Adobe Acrobat Reader

Linux Adobe Acrobat Reader for Linux§xpdf
GNOME PDFÖì
KDE KGhostView§KPDF£é¥©|±ØЧØí¤

• {üiZ

Windows WindowsiZ
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KDE KDEiZ
x APPENDIX B. ü‡XÚe^‡é'
Appendix C

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xii APPENDIX C. XÛ¼Ï

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Ubuntu{¤

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xiv APPENDIX D. UBUNTU{¤

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2004.10 4.10 Warty Warthog
2005.04 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog
2005.10 5.10 Breezy Badger
2006.06 6.06 Dapper Drake
2006.10 6.10 Edgy Eft
2007.04 7.04 Festy Fawn

D.3 UbuntuÄÔ?zã
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Warty Warthog

Hoary Hedgehog

Breezy Badger
D.3. UBUNTUÄÔ?zã xv

Dapper Drake

Edgy Eft

Festy Fawn
xvi APPENDIX D. UBUNTU{¤
Appendix E

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xvii
xviii APPENDIX E. #L
Bibliography

[1] Linuxmu<
LinuxmanÃþ

[2] ~ ^LinuxóŠ

[3] Ñ?™ J¯œ¦

[4] Ñ?™ WindowsLinuxO“^‡L

[5] nanoÚviÏ©‡

[6] vim-OPL

xix