Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GSM
GSM Overview
Overview
History of GSM
Date Activity
• Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT send a proposal to the Conférence
Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications (CEPT) to specify a common
1982 European mobile telecommunication service.
• The European Commission (EC) issues a directive, which requires member states to
reserve frequencies in the 900 MHz band for GSM.
• Field tests were held in Paris and a GSM permanent nucleus was created and
comparative tests of 8 prototypes were performed.
1986
• The choice was Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA).
• A Combination of TDMA and FDMA selected as the transmission tech. for GSM.
• September – 13, operators and administrators from 12 areas in the CEPT GSM
advisory group sign the charter GSM (Groupe Spéciale Mobile) MoU "Club"
agreement, with a launch date of 1 July 1991.
1987
• The original French name was later changed to Global System for Mobile
Communications, but the original GSM acronym stuck.
• GSM spec drafted. (Digital Transmission, Time Multiplexing of order 8 and slow
Hopping)
• CEPT began producing GSM specifications for phased implementation.
1988
• Another five countries signed the MoU
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
Date Activity
• The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined GSM as the
1989 internationally accepted digital cellular telephony standard and took over responsibility
of GSM specifications.
• Phase 1 specifications were frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network
1990
requirements and the first GSM prototype was brought to service.
• The GSM 1800 standard was released.
1991
• An addendum was added to the MoU allowing countries outside CEPT to sign.
• Phase 1 specifications were completed.
• January - First commercial phase 1 GSM network operator is Oy Radiolinja Ab in
Finland
1992
• December 1992 - 13 networks on air in 7 areas
• First International roaming agreement was signed between Telecom Finland and
Vodafone in UK.
• Australia became the first non-European country to sign the MoU. The MoU now had
a total of 70 signatories.
• GSM demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in Cape Town
1993 • GSM networks were launched in Norway, Austria, Ireland, Hong Kong and Australia.
• The number of GSM subscribers reached one million.
• The first commercial DCS 1800 system was launched in the U.K.
• December 1993 - 32 networks on air in 18 areas
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
Date Activity
• GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered in Switzerland
• December 1996 120 networks on air in 84 areas
• 8K SIM launched
1996
• Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards launched
• Option International launches world's first GSM/Fixed-line modem
• Nov 1996 - Sole Governmental operator in Egypt goes online.
1997 • First dual-band GSM 900 -1900 phone launched by Bosch
• At the beginning of 1998 the MoU has a total of 253 members in over 100 countries
and there are over 70 million GSM subscribers worldwide. GSM subscribers account
for 31% of the world’s mobile market
• Vodacom Introduces Free Voice Mail
1998 • GSM SIM Cracked in USA
• 21 May 1998. Egypt privatizes its GSM operator.
• Iridium Live 11/98
• 125m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide (12/98)
• 1 Dec 1998. Click GSM commercial launch.
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
Single Cell Systems
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
Cellular Systems
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
1st & 2nd Generations
Introduction
GSM Overview
History of GSM
GSM Derivatives
Introduction
GSM Overview
GSM Phases
Introduction
GSM Overview
PLMN
ISDN HLR
SMSC
BGW
GWMSC
GMSC
PSTN
AUC: Authentication Center DTI EIR
BGW: Billing GateWay
BSC: Base Station Controller MSC/VLR
BSS: Base Station Subsystem
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
DTI: Data Transmission Interworking
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GMSC: Gateway MSC
BSS
BSS
HLR: Home Location Register
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
MS: Mobile Station BSC/TRC
MSC: Mobile services Switching Center
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network Air I/f
PSTN: Public Switched Telephony Network
SMSC: Short Message Service Center
SS: Switching Subsystem
TRC: Transcoder Resources Controller BTS
VLR: Visitor Location Register MS
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
Manages the Radio Communication with the mobile stations over the
air interface.
Supervises the transport network resources and the operation & maintenance
of each BTS
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the
BSC.
Records and passes to the BSC the periodic power measurement reports.
GSM Identities
CC NDC SN CC NDC SN
CC : Country Code
NDC : Network Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
GSM Identities
GSM Identities
GSM Identities
GSM Identities
When a mobile terminating call is to be set-up, the HLR of the called subscriber
requests the MSC/VLR to allocate an MSRN to the called subscriber.
This MSRN is returned via the HLR to the GMSC.
The GMSC routes the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called
subscriber is currently registered.
The routing is done using the MSRN. When the routing is completed, the MSRN
is released.
The interrogation call routing function (request for MSRN) is part of the MAP.
All data exchanged between GMSC-HLR-MSC/VLR for the purpose of
interrogation is sent over S7 signaling.
The MSRN is built up like an MSISDN.
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
Security Features
Ciphering: to protect subscriber data sent over the radio path against
eavesdropping.
Authentication Center
RAND SRES Kc
Triplet
RAND SRES Kc
Triplet
RAND SRES Kc
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
Authentication
Authentication
Algorithm SRES
Algorithm SRES
SRES
A3
A3
Ki
RAND
RANDom
RANDom
Number
Number
Received
Received
IMSI RAND
Ki Ki
Ciphering
Ciphering Kc
Algorithm
Algorithm Kc
A8 Kc
A8
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
≠ Barred
Kc Card
SIM
Rand A3 SRES MS
Ki
A8 Kc
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM Overview
TDMA Encryption
Frame Number Algorithm
Encrypte
Encrypte
d DATA
d DATA
Air Interface
Mobile Station
Encryption
Algorithm Kc
TDMA Decryption
Frame Number Algorithm
DATA DATA
Questions ?
GSM Overview
Chapter 3 : Radio Coverage
Cell Geometry
Dead Spots
R R R
Tradeoffs
• The number of cells required to cover a given area.
Transceiver Antenna
Sectorial Antenna
Sectorial Antenna
Due to the obstacles in the coverage area the actual shape of the
cells would be Random.
Radio Coverage
GSM Overview
Cell Classification
Macrocell
Picocell
In building
coverage
Microcell
(A) Install one transceiver with high (B) Divide the service area into smaller
radio power at the center of the areas (cells)
service area
Drawbacks Advantages
• The mobile equipments used in this • Each cell as well as the mobile
network should have high output handsets will have relatively small power
power in order to be able to transmit transceivers.
signals across the coverage area.
Hybrid TDMA/FDMA
Radio Coverage
GSM Overview
KHz 200
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
KHz 200
1710.2 1710.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 371 372 373 374
95 MHz
45 MHz
GSM 1800
GSM 900
With 374 ARFCN
With 124 ARFCN
Frequency Reuse
Why do we need frequency reuse?
The group of frequencies allocated to a given cell must not be used in the
adjacent cells.
Enough distance between the cells where the same group of frequencies are
reused.
Radio Coverage
A3 B3 GSM Overview
A2 B2
3/9 Cluster A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3 C3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1
C3 A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
C2 A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
C1 A1 B1 C1 A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3 C3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1
C3 A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
C2 A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
3/9 cluster in which the
C1 A1 B1 A1
available frequencies C1 B1
C3
are divided into 9 C3
between 3 sites C1 C1
Radio Coverage
GSM Overview
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 C3
D3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 C1
D1 D1 C1 D1
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 C3
D3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 C1
D1 D1 C1 D1
Fading Problems
Fading Problems
Fading Problems
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
f3
f2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
1.1Km
bit one will
cut a distance
= 3.7 x 10 -6 x 3 x 10 5 = 1.1 km
Dir
ec
1.1 t ray
Km
Received
Bits Data T* Data
VITERBI
Choose xxx so that the
Correlator Compare difference between T
and T* is the minimum
Probable
received
bit
pattern Channel
xxx T xxx
Model
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
3 steps: Interleaving
1. Sampling Ciphering/Encryption
1. Sampling
Speech Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Speech Coding
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
1 2 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
This calculates as 260 bits / 20 ms = 13 kb/s. This provides a speech Burst Formatting
quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with Modulation and
Speech Coding
The next stages in the transmission process, channel coding and Ciphering/Encryption
interleaving, help to overcome these problems.
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Input is 260 bits representing 1 segment
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ciphering/Encryption
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Burst Formatting
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Modulation and
Transmission
25 26 27 28 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
57 Bits
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
429 430 431 432
433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440
441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
8 Groups
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
20 ms Block A Interleaving
1
2
3
4
1A T 5D Ciphering/Encryption
5
6 2A T 6D Burst Formatting
7
8
3A T 7D Modulation and
20 ms Block B 4A T 8D Transmission
1
2
3
4
5
1B T 5A
6
7 2B T 6A
8
3B T 7A
20 ms Block c
1 4B T 8A
2
3
4
5
6
1C T 5B
7
8 2C T 6B
20 ms Block D 3C T 7B
1
2
3
4C T 8B
4
5
6
7
1D T 5C
8
2D T 6C
3D T 7C
4D T 8C
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any other device than the Interleaving
intended receiver.
Ciphering/Encryption
The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm.
It does not add bits to the burst, meaning that the input and output Burst Formatting
Modulation and
to the ciphering process is the same as the input: 456 bits per 20 ms. Transmission
Radio Transmission Problems
GSM Overview
Speech Coding
The process of burst formatting is to add these bits (along with some Ciphering/Encryption
In GSM, the input to burst formatting is the 456 bits received from
Modulation and
Transmission
ciphering. Burst formatting adds a total of 136 bits per block of 20 ms,
bringing the overall total to 592.
Now, the 592 bits will be sent on 4 bursts, each containing 2 x 57 bits
+ 136 / 4 = 148 bits.
Speech Coding
that the MS is not transmitting during time slots allocated to other Burst Formatting
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Chapter 6 : Air Interface
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Physical Channels
GSM band is divided into 124 RF channels, and each channel is divided into 8
time slots using TDMA. These time slots are called “physical channels”.
CH 124 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5
CH 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Logical Channels
A physical channel may be occupied by a traffic channel or a control channel,
both of them are classified as “logical channels”.
Logical Channels
Traffic Channels
Carries either encoded speech or user data up and down link between a single
mobile and a single BTS.
Broadcast Channels
From Single BTS to all the mobiles in the area
It carries information of all logical channels except RACH, SCH and FCCH
Air Interface
GSM Overview
This is the one used by the channel (FCH) for frequency correction of the
mobile. It consists of a long sequence of bits called the fixed bits which
are all equal to zeros, leading to a constant frequency output from the
GMSK modulator
Air Interface
GSM Overview
The SCH burst consists of a long synchronization sequence along with the important
information being encrypted and divided into two blocks. The TDMA frame number is sent
on the SCH channel, which carries also the Base station Identity code (BSIC). The TDMA
frame number is used by the mobile to determine which control channels will be
transmitted on that frame. It is used also as one of the input parameters to the algorithm
that calculates the ciphering key Kc, which is in turn used for encryption of subscriber
information transmitted on the air interface
Air Interface
GSM Overview
8 41 36 3 68.25
The Access Burst is used by the RACH channel. The mobile sends this burst
when it does not know the distance to its serving BTS, which is the case
when the mobile is switched on or after it makes a handover to a new cell.
So this burst must be shorter in order to prevent it from overlapping with the
burst on the next time slot
Air Interface
GSM Overview
The dummy burst is sent from the BTS when there is nothing else to be sent.
It carries no information and it has the same structure of a normal burst with
the encrypted bits replaced by a known bit pattern to the mobile
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 0
(Downlink)
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S B B B B C
F S F S F S F S F S I
B C C C C C C C C C
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
R R R R R R R
RR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Time slot 0 in the uplink direction is reserved for the RACH channel which
is used by the mobiles to make random access request to the system
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 1
(Downlink)
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1
I I I
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
I I I
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7
52 102
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 1
(Uplink)
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A5 A5 A5 A5 A6 A6 A6
I I I
A5 A6 A7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
I I I
A1 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
52 102
Air Interface
GSM Overview
T T T T T T T
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I
26 TDMA Frames
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 =
1 Traffic Multi-frame
A (SACCH)
This contains the control signaling, an example of this is in order to change output power.
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Frame F D
S D
B D
B D
B D
B D
Air Interface
GSM Overview
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T
I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T
T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T
T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T
T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T
T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T
T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T
T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Offset
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2
2 e.g. TCH 51 1 Super frame = 51 TCH Multi frames
1 TCH Multi frame = 26 TDMA Frames 1 BCCH Multi frame = 51 TDMA Frames
1 2
2 e.g. TCH 26 1
1 2 e.g. BCCH 51
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Structur
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25 e
Normal burst of TDMA
156.25 bits in 577 m Sec
Air Interface Scan RF Channel and measure signal
Strength for 3 – 5 sec
GSM Overview
MeasurementTunereceived
to the RF channel with the highest
average signal strength
in idle mode Determine if it is a BCCH carrier by Tune to the RF Channel with the highest
searching for frequency correction bursts signal strength not already used
Is it No
a BCCH
carrier?
Yes
Does the
No
carrier belong to the
wanted PLMN
Yes
Yes
Is the cell
Barred for
C1 ( Path Loss Criterion access ?
Parameter) is a parameter
Yes
used to make sure that the No
MS camps on the cell with the Is C1>=0?
highest probability of Yes
successful communication on
Camp on this cell
the uplink and downlink
Air Interface
GSM Overview
Offset
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The mobile is informed on the SACCH channel which BCCH frequencies to be measured.
The mobile will try to measure the signal strength of these carriers one by one during the time
between transmission and reception of the allocated traffic channel: the mobile transmits,
measures and then receives, and so on.
To make sure that the measured carriers do not belong to co-channel cells, the mobile will have to
check the identity of the adjacent cells by reading the BSIC value sent on the SCH of each cell.
This will take place during the idle frame number 26.
The signal strength of the serving cell is measured during reception of the allocated traffic
channel. Then the mobile will make a list of the strongest six carriers and their BSIC values along
with the signal strength of its cell, and reports this list to the BSC via the uplink SACCH channel
which is repeated once every 26 frames.
Questions ?
Chapter 7 : Traffic Cases
Communicate Anywhere
Traffic Cases
GSM Overview
Location Update
Actually, the location update process is invited in aim to exactly identify your
location within the network so that any incoming call goes directly to the called
subscriber.
To fulfill this aim, one can say that we may update the system with the cell ID
each time the subscriber changes his serving cell.
The MSC/VLR will now know the exact cell you are roaming in.
This will result in a huge amount of location update messages.
Location Area
Location area is a part of the MSC/VLR coverage area. Each group of adjacent cells is
assigned a universal unique location area identity.
The mobile subscriber is only required to update the network with its new location every time it
changes its Location Area.
602 02 1607
Updates
4 LA Record 1. The Mobile sends an allocation request
message to the BTS
MSC/VLR
2. The BTS responds with the allocation
message
IMSI Attach
BSC MSC/VLR
2 3
4
Traffic Cases
GSM Overview
IMSI Detach
1. At power off, the MS asks for a signaling channel.
2. The MS uses this signaling channel to send the IMSI detach message to the
MSC/VLR.
3. In the VLR, an IMSI detach flag is set for the subscriber. This is used to
reject incoming calls to the MS.
Traffic Cases
GSM Overview
Handover
Types of Handover
3. Inter MSC
When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the different BSC
and different MSC.
Traffic Cases
GSM Overview
1
HLR
PSTN
3
5
2
6 4
+2010…. MSC/VLR
Originating Leg
Terminating Leg
Attached
VLR ADD=
HLR xyz
GWMSC
Traffic Cases
GSM Overview
MSC/VLR
Roaming Call
Forwarding Leg
Roaming Call
Forwarding Leg
HLR
GWMSC
Questions ?
GSM Overview
Chapter 8 : GSM Services
Introduction
Fax calls
Data calls
Supported by :
Information sent at call setup from ISDN or GSM on “how” the service will
be performed, is called Bearer Capabilities (BC).
PSTN can not provide this type of information during call setup, so it can
not distinguish between a telephony call and a fax or data call.
For an MSC to be able to handle fax or data calls, it should be provided with a
Data Transmission Interface (DTI) which is used for :
rate adaptation.
Protocol conversion.
Providing modems.
such that Fax , Data calls are to be established to/from mobile subscribers.
The High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) uses 4 time slots to
perform a data call thus increasing the rate into 57.6 KB/S
GSM Services
GSM Overview
AMSISDN
PSTN
GWMSC MSC/VLR
DTI
GSM Services
GSM Overview
PSTN
MSC
DTI
GSM Services
GSM Overview
Further Enhancements
GSM Evolution
UMTS
Functionality capable systems
& capabilities
WCDMA
2 Mbps
EDGE/IS-136
384 kbps
GPRS
115 kbps
Packet Switched
HSCSD
57.6 kbps
Circuit Switched
Circuit data
<9.6 kbps
Speech
Time
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
GSM Services
GSM Overview
The Short Message Service (SMS) allows a mobile subscriber to send and
receive text messages composed of 160 characters at most.
The short messages sent or received are handled by the Short Message
Service Center ( SMSC ), which consists of three parts :
SC
MSC1 MSC2
HLR
MO MT
GSM Services
GSM Overview
SC
Pending
Message
MSC1 MSC2 Flag
HLR
Waiting
Message
Data
MO MT
GSM Services
GSM Overview
SC
Alert:
The MS is
present
SMS - IWMSC SMS - GMSC
Alert:
The MS is
present Alert:
The MS is
MSC1 MSC3 present
HLR
Attach
Alert :
The MS is
present
MO MT
Questions ?
GSM Overview
Thank You