‫ا‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪(1-1 (1‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪:‬‬

‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ (2-1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪c1 .V‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪c1 .V − x‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫‪c1 .V − x‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ (-1-3‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪= C1 .V‬‬ ‫⇐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪C1 .V − x max = 0‬‬
‫‪x f = n( H 3O + ) = H 3 O + .V‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫=‪τ‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪[H O ].V = [H O ] = 10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪− pH‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪10 −3,01‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪= 0,0977 = 9,77 × 10 −2 :‬‬
‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪C1 .V‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪10 −2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫‪ τ < 1‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪Qr‬‬ ‫=‬
‫] ‪[C H O ]× [H O‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ (4-1‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫] ‪[C 6 H 8O6‬‬
‫‪[H O ] = [C H O ] = xV‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪= 10 − pH‬‬
‫‪c1 .V − x f‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬
‫= ] ‪[C 6 H 8 O6‬‬ ‫‪= c1 −‬‬ ‫‪= c1 − 10 − pH‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫= ‪Qr‬‬
‫] ‪[C H O ]× [H O‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪(10 − pH ) 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪(10 −3, 01 ) 2‬‬
‫‪= 1,058 × 10 − 4 ≈ 1,06 × 10 − 4‬‬
‫] ‪[C 6 H 8O6‬‬ ‫‪c1 − 10‬‬ ‫‪− pH‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪10 − 10‬‬ ‫‪−3, 01‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪. K = Qr ,éq = 1,06 × 10 −4 :‬‬

‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪C 6 H 8 O6 + HO − → C 6 H 7 O6 + H 2 O‬‬ ‫‪(1-2 (2‬‬
‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪(l‬‬

‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫⇐‬ ‫‪C A .V A = C B .VBE‬‬ ‫‪ (2-2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪C B .V BE 1,5 × 10 × 9,5‬‬
‫= ‪CA‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1,425 × 10 − 2 mol / L‬‬
‫‪VA‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ (3-2‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪n = c A .V = 14,25 × 10 −3 mol / L × 0,2 L = 2,85 × 10 −3 mol‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ‪ C 500‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺮﺹ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪m = M .n = 176 g / mol × 2,85 × 10 −3 mol ≈ 0,5 g = 500mg‬‬
 ‫‪ 500mg‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪C 6 H 8 O6 + C 6 H 5 COO − ⇔ C 6 H 7 O6 + C 6 H 5 COOH‬‬ ‫‪(1-3 (3‬‬
‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫) ‪K A (C 6 H 8 O6 / C 6 H 7 O6‬‬ ‫‪K A1 10 − pkA1‬‬
‫= ‪Qr‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= − pkA2 = 10 pkA2− pkA1 = 10 4, 2− 4,04 ≈ 1,41‬‬
‫‪K A (C 6 H 5 COOH / C 6 H 5 COO ) K A 2 10‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪(2-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻷﻥ ‪. Qr ≈ K :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫‪RC‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬

‫‪(1‬‬
‫‪uc + u R = U‬‬ ‫‪ (1-1‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪di‬‬ ‫‪d 2u‬‬ ‫) ‪dq d (c.u c‬‬ ‫‪du‬‬ ‫‪di‬‬
‫⇐ ‪= c. 2 c‬‬ ‫=‪i‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻭ‪= c. c :‬‬ ‫‪u R = R.i = R.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪d 2uc‬‬ ‫‪d 2 uc‬‬
‫‪u c + R.c 2 = U‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‪u R = R.c 2 :‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪d 2uc‬‬
‫‪uc + τ‬‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ τ = R.c :‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪= U :‬‬
‫‪dt 2‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪u c ( t ) = U (1 − e‬‬ ‫‪τ‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪(2-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪d uc‬‬ ‫‪du c U −τ‬‬
‫‪τ.‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪= e :‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪dt 2‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪U −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ τ e τ + U (1 − e τ ) = Ue τ + U − Ue τ = U‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪ u c ( t ) = U (1 − e τ ) :‬ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ‪τ = R.C‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪u c = U = 300V‬‬ ‫‪ (3-1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪Ec‬‬ ‫‪cU 2 = × 120 × 10 − 6 × (300) 2 = 5,4 J (4-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ (5-1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻣﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Eo = 1,5V :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪Ec‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ‪cE O = × 120 × 10 −6 (1,5) 2 = 0,135. × 10 −3 J < 5 J :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﺎﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪(1-2‬‬

‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
 ‫‪ (2-2‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪. τ = 1,2ms‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪τ‬‬ ‫‪1,2 × 10 −3 s‬‬
‫=‪r‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10Ω‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪rc = τ (3-2‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪120 × 10 − 6 F‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪(1‬‬
‫‪(1-1‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪
Vox = Vo. cos α‬‬
‫‪VO‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﻴﻦ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪( t = o‬‬
‫‪Voy = Vo. sin α‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﻮﺯﻧﻬﺎ ‪ P‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫
‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪P = m.aG :‬‬
‫
‬ ‫
‬

‫‪dv x‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ‪v x‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪ ox‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪0 = m.a x :‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫⇐ ‪ v x = C te‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪Vx = Vo. cos α :‬‬
‫‪dv y‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻝ‪v y :‬‬ ‫‪= −g‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪⇐ aY = − g‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪ oy‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪− P = m.a x :‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ V y = − g .t + C ' :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪C ' = Vo. sin α ⇐ v y = Vo. sin α : t = 0‬‬
‫‪V y = − g .t + Vo. sin α‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(2-1‬‬
‫‪ x = Vo.(cos α ).t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪y = − g. 2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪+ x.tgα :‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬
‫‪2 Vo . cos 2 α‬‬ ‫‪ y = − 2 g .t + Vo.(sin α ).t‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ (3-1‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ x B = 15m‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪: y B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪xB‬‬ ‫‪(15) 2‬‬
‫‪y B = − g. 2‬‬ ‫‪+ x B .tgα = −0,5 × 10 × 2‬‬ ‫‪+ 15.tg 20 = −0,796 + 5,459 = 4,66m < 5m‬‬
‫‪2 Vo . cos 2 α‬‬ ‫‪40 . cos 2 20‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺳﺘﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪(4-1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ α = 24°‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﺓ ‪ Q‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ x = OQ = 120m‬ﻭ ‪y = y Q = 0‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪86272.5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪120 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 53,43‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪0 = − 10. 2‬‬ ‫‪+ 120.tg 24‬‬
‫‪VO‬‬ ‫‪2 Vo . cos 2 24‬‬
‫‪VO = 40,2m / s‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
 ‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪ (1-2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ R‬ﻭﻟﻮﺯﻧﻬﺎ ‪. P‬‬
‫
‬ ‫
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪P + R = m.aG :‬‬
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‫‪d 2x‬‬
‫‪ m‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪ ox‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 0 − f = ma x :‬ﺃﻱ‪+ f = 0 :‬‬
‫‪dt 2‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪− f‬‬ ‫‪− 2,25 × 10 −2‬‬
‫= ‪ a x‬ﺃﺫﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪(2-2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪= −0,5m / s 2 :‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪45 × 10‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ (3-2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪v = at + v1 :‬‬
‫‪0 = −0,5.(4) + V1‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻝ‪4 s :‬‬
‫‪. V1 = 2m / s‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪ : 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1-1‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪Z =7‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪A = 14‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C → −10 e+ ZAX‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C → −10 e+ 147N‬‬
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‫‪(2-1‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆E = ∆m.c 2 = [m( N ) + m(e) − m(C )].c 2 = [14,0076 + 0,00055 − 14,0111].c 2 = −0,00295u.c 2‬‬
‫‪= −0,00295 × 931,5( MeV / c 2 ) × c 2 = −2,7479 MeV ≈ −2,75MeV‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3,39 × 10 −7 Jours −1‬‬ ‫‪(1-2 (2‬‬
‫‪t1 / 2 5600 × 365 Jours‬‬
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‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪ln‬‬ ‫‪= −λ .t‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪= e −λ .t‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪ (2-2‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪a = a o .e − λ .t :‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬ ‫‪ao‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ao‬‬ ‫‪28,7‬‬
‫‪− ln‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬ ‫‪ln‬‬
‫‪ao‬‬ ‫= ‪a‬‬ ‫‪21,8‬‬
‫=‪t‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 811171,5427 Jours ≈ 2222ans + 141,5 jours‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪3,39 × 10 −6‬‬
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‫‪(3-2‬ﻏﺮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪222‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ‪.‬‬
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