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20 &mpk acwfaESmif;ynma&; ynm&Sif rkdufu,f 'AvsLtyfyJvf
(1942 - ) rdwfquf odef;Edkif

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(rkdufu,f 'AvsLtyfyJvf Michael W. Apple Remembering Capital)

rkdufu,f 'AvsLtyfyJvf Michael W.


Apple rSm 21 &mpk rsufarSmufacwf\ ynma&;
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148 ZGefv? 2010


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bJGU&&SdcJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&½IyfaxG; avhvmjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0befjcif;? qef;ppfavhvm

ZGefv? 2010 149


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150 ZGefv? 2010


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152 ZGefv? 2010


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cs,fp&m vrf;r&Sdawmhaom ausmif;om;rsm;t a&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m ar;cGef;wpfavSBuD;udk &if

ZGefv? 2010 153


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tay:wGifom tm½HkpdkufvmNyD; todynm jyefYaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ arSsmfrSef;csufESihf ydkrdk
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rnf/}} jcif;}} yifjzpf\/ ydkif;jcm;a0bef qef;ppfrI&Sdaom
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ESihf ywfoufí ol\ vufcH ,HkMunfcsufudk aqG; a&;udk 'Drdkua&pDjyKjcif;\ toD;tyGifhESihf ausmif;
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154 ZGefv? 2010


oDtkd&Dorm;rsm;? ynma&; yk*¾dKvfrsm;xJwGif EkdifiHa&; abm*aA'wGif olrwlaom tawG;tjrif
aygvkdza&;? vif'g 'gvif- [rfrGef? rufpdef; *&if;? jzihf wifjyEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? þpmtkyfrSm &Sif;vif;pGmjzihf
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yDwm rufvm&ef? [if e&D *Da&mufpf? aygvf ynm&Sif yDwmrufvm&ifrS ]]jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;p&m y
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ynm&yfpmapmif? *sme,frsm;ESihf tjcm;aom ]]w&m;0iftodynm official knowl-
ta&;BuD;onfh a&;om; xkwfa0rIrsm;wGifvnf; edge}} pmtkyfESihfywfoufí a0zefcsufrsm; a&;
aqG;aEG; Mu&onf/ 1999 ckESpf 'DZifbmv om;&mwGif olESihf acwfNydKif ynma&; ynm&Sifrsm;
]]ynma&; oDwif;ywf Education Week}} pmpOf jzpfMuonfh ayg0Dvpf? rufZif;*&if;ESihf aygvdk
(tar&duefwGif txif&Sm;qHk;aom ynma&; za&;wdkYrS tJyfyJvf\ twk,l pHjy vuf&mtaejzihf
owif;pOf) wGif 1979 ckESpfu ola&; wifpm;cJhMuonf/ ynm&Sif0DvpfrS ]]yGifhvif;aom?
om;xkwfa0cJhonfh ]]oabmw&m;ESihfoif½dk;nTef; yk*¾vtjrifjzpfaom? xkwfazmf jyo0Hhaom? xdkYt
wrf;}} pmtkyfudk &mpkESpftwGuf pmtkyfpm&if; jyif EkdifiHa&;qefNyD; jrifuGif;us,f ½Ijrif oHk;oyfrI
wGif xnfhoGif; azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ 1991 ckESpf wdkYjzihf}} uREkfyfwdkY\ vufawGYt"du ynma&;
'DZifbmvxkwf ]]ynma&; tawG;tjrif*sme,f}} acwfumvwGif ]]vlom;qefaom pmwrf;wpf
wGif ol\ avhvma&;om;csufrsm;udk ]vlxkausmif; apmif}}[kwifjycJhonf/ *&if;rSvnf; ]]auseyfaysmf
ynma&; oif½dk;nTef;wrf; a&;qGJ&mwGif wm0ef&Sd &TifpGmESihf pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGm þpmtkyfudk zwf½IcJhyg
olrsm;? txl;ojzihf Oya'jyKolrsm;ESihf ausmif;bkwf aMumif;}} aMunmcJhonf/ ynm&Sif aygvdkza&;rS
tzGJY0ifrsm;taejzihf rzwfrae& avhvm&ef vdk þodkY axmufcH ajymqdkcJhygonf/ ]]w&m;0if tod
tyfonf}} [lí aMunm ay;cJh&onf/ ynm}} pmtkyfrS axmufcHxm;&Sdonfh twkdif;yif
1995 ckESpfwGif ynm&Sif ]]*Ref*sL0D vuf rdkufu,ftJyfyJvfrSm qef;ppfawG;ac:rIESihf 'Drkdu
csm}} twGuf tyfyJudk a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ þvuf a&pDynma&; wnfaqmufrI awmfvSefwdkufyGJwGif
csmoifMum;rI aemufqufwGJ taejzihf ]],Ofaus;rI yg0if ywfoufaeolrsm;xJwGif txl;jcm;qHk;aom
EkdifiHa&;ESihf ynma&;}} pmtkyfudk xkwfa0EdkifcJhjyef ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfygaMumif;/}}
onf/ twGJvdkufa&;om;cJhonfh ]]ynma&;ESifh tm odef;Edkif
Pm}} (1982 ckESpfa&;? 1995 ckESpfwGif jyefwnf; udk;um;pm&if;
jzwf) udk [m;Awfynma&;&DAsL;rS ]]tvGefta&; (1) Fifty modern thinkers on Education

BuD;aom avhvmcsuf? ar;cGef;rsm;? avhvmoHk;oyf (2) Michael W.Apple, Education and Power, New York:

csufrsm;ESihf t"dyÜg,fzGihfqdkrIrsm; yg&Sdaom pmtkyf}} Routledge, p.21, 1982.

[lí wifpm;cJhonf/ ]]pmMunfhwdkuf*sme,f}} wGif (3) Michael W.Apple, Cultural Politics and Education,

]]awG;ac:rI euf½dIif;NyD;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwHk chap. 4, with Christopher Zenk, New York: Teachers

w&m;vnf;ygaom? qGJaqmifrI&SdvSaom pmtkyf College Press, Columbia University, p.99, 1996.

tjzpf}} todtrSwf jyKcJhonf/ ]]q&mrsm;ESihf zwf (4) M.W.Apple and N.R.King, ‘What do Schools Teach?’,

pmrsm;}} ynma&;wGif vlwef;pm;ESihf vdifquf in A.Molnar and J A. Zahorik (eds), Curriculum Theo-

EG,frI EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'” pmtkyfwGif ynm&Sif ry, Washington, DC: The Association for Supervision

*Da&mh Giroux rS tyfyJvfonf ausmif;ynma&;\ and Curriculum Development, pp.108–26, 1977.

ZGefv? 2010 155

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