LCCI International Qualifications

Certificate in Marketing
Level 3

Model Answers
Series 4 2009 (3025)

For further Tel. +44 (0) 8707 202909

information Email. enquiries@ediplc.com
contact us: www.lcci.org.uk
Certificate in Marketing Level 3
Series 4 2009

How to use this booklet

Model Answers have been developed by EDI to offer additional information and guidance to Centres,
teachers and candidates as they prepare for LCCI International Qualifications. The contents of this
booklet are divided into 3 elements:

(1) Questions – reproduced from the printed examination paper

(2) Model Answers – summary of the main points that the Chief Examiner expected to see in
the answers to each question in the examination paper, plus a fully
worked example or sample answer (where applicable)

(3) Helpful Hints – where appropriate, additional guidance relating to individual questions
or to examination technique

Teachers and candidates should find this booklet an invaluable teaching tool and an aid to success.

EDI provides Model Answers to help candidates gain a general understanding of the standard required.
The general standard of model answers is one that would achieve a Distinction grade. EDI accepts that
candidates may offer other answers that could be equally valid.

© Education Development International plc 2009

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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without prior written permission of the Publisher. The book may not be lent, resold, hired out or
otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover, other than that in which it is
published, without the prior consent of the Publisher

Page 1 of 24
QUESTION 1 COMPULSORY

A close friend has bought an existing restaurant business in your capital city. Although a fully qualified
chef, your friend has little knowledge of marketing. Your friend has asked you for advice to promote the
business. Using any five elements of the marketing mix, prepare a marketing plan for this restaurant for
the next 2 years.

(i) Outline your proposed strategy for the next 2 years. (10 marks)

(ii) Give your tactics for carrying out these strategies. (10 marks)

Present your answers in bullet point format using the 5 x 2 ten cell matrix. Your tactics must be
relevant to the strategies you propose.

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 2 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 1
Marketing Element Strategy
 to have the reputation for the
best staff within 2 years
People  to ensure total customer
satisfaction in all aspects of
our service within 2 years
 to ensure the fastest service
operation possible by June
2011
Process  to enable customer payments
by whatever means the
customer wishes to use by
Dec 2011
 to create 100% awareness of
the restaurant within the local
area by June 2011
Promotion  to create a customer loyalty
programme by Nov 2010
 to use penetration pricing for
the first 6 months and then
move to competitive pricing
Price  obtain a ROI of 20% by 2011
 create the most relaxing
environment for eating by Dec
2010
 create a recognised corporate
Physical evidence identity by Dec 2011
3025/4/09/MA Page 3 of 24
Tactics
 to recruit the most qualified and
experienced staff available during
2010
 introduce vocational qualification
training courses for all staff during
2010
 introduce hand held psalm pads
for instant ordering direct to the
kitchen during 2010
 arrange for credit/debit card
facilities during 2010
 periodic advertising in local media
during 2010
 introduce customer discount
cards for regular customers
during 2010
 undercut local competitors by
10% on prices for first 6 months
 introduce activity based costing to
ensure all costs are known and
reduced
 introduce the appropriate seating,
décor, lighting, carpeting and
back ground music during 2010
 introduce a standardised house
colour scheme which will be
reflected in décor, uniforms, all
printed items and advertising
QUESTION 2

(a) Sales promotion is one element of the marketing communications mix. Identify two others.
(2 marks)
(b) Outline the six steps of the planning process for a typical sales promotion.
(12 marks)

(c) Give three advantages and three disadvantages of using a sales promotion for a product or
service.
(6 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 4 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 2

(a) Two other elements of the marketing communications mix are:

Advertising: this is paid for (often known as above the line) media space/time, eg TV
advert, advert in a magazine, bus shelter advert, etc.

Public Relations: this is a non paid for (often known as below the line) means of
communicating with a target market. PR involves the organisation trying to
obtain free media space, for example by providing the press with stories of
interest or providing media with samples of the organisation‟s products to
use in photo shoots.

(b) The planning process for a typical sales promotion:

Set objectives. Examples of sales promotion objectives would be to encourage purchase/trial,

increase revenue, attracting new customers/switching. Measurable objectives should be set in
order that evaluation can be made at the end of the promotion.

Select an appropriate promotional tool. Examples of sales promotional tools would be to

encourage purchase by offering discount, increase revenue by offering larger packs at discounts,
attracting new customers/switching by providing free samples.

Develop the sales promotion programme. Organisations must consider various aspects of the
sales promotion, such as educating distribution channels, ensuring promotion does not damage
brand image, whether to control the promotion, i.e. offer to everyone or a controlled group,
duration period, budget to ensure the promotion generates more revenue and profit, timing, i.e.
does not clash with competitor‟s promotion.

Pre-test the sales promotion – in a controlled target market or geographical area to measure
success.

Implement – attention must be given to distribution channels to ensure staff are trained/aware of
promotion; point of sale material is in place, etc.

Evaluation – research should be undertaken to ensure the objectives set in step one have been
reached, one of the advantages of sales promotion as a marketing communications tool is that it is
often relatively easy to measure.

(c) Advantages of sales promotion: (from)

 immediate increase in revenue
 motivates customers/sales people/distribution channels to take a desired action
 immediate increase in demand and therefore market share
 easy to evaluate/measure success
 encourages first time purchase or trial of product
 good for stock clearance.

Disadvantages of sales promotion: (from)

 negative effect on brand image, for example discounting may damage perceived value of a
brand
 short term growth with revenues returning to normal at end of promotional period
 needs support from other elements of marketing mix to be successful, eg advertising
 competitors may respond quickly to counteract benefits of the promotion.

3025/4/09/MA Page 5 of 24
QUESTION 3

Draw a separate distribution diagram for each of the following. Briefly explain the process of each
channel.

(a) A physiotherapist who deals with sports injuries.

(5 marks)

(b) A pineapple plantation that exports its entire production.

(5 marks)

(c) A manufacturer of toothpaste.

(5 marks)

(d) A manufacturer of industrial tools.

(5 marks)

(2 marks are awarded for the diagram and 3 marks for the explanation)
(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 6 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 3

(a) A physiotherapist who deals with sports injuries.

Physiotherapist Patient

A physiotherapist giving treatment for sport injuries is offering a personal service which requires direct
(face to face) contact with the patient. This is the only possible channel of distribution.
(5 marks)

(b) A pineapple plantation that exports its entire production.

Export Import
Plantation Wholesaler Retailer
agent agent

Customer
Retailer
st
Two alternatives are illustrated, in both cases the use of agents is required, it is possible in the 21
century that one of the agents may be missing, either the import or export. I will also accept the removal
of the wholesaler in the supply chain Plantation is responsible for growing and requires the services of
an agent to move the goods onwards. Once in the country of destination they may be handled by another
agent who may ship to a warehouse or direct to the retailers depot. The retailer will then sell on to the
customer

(c) A manufacturer of toothpaste.

Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer

Customer

Retailer

The conventional channel is manufacturer supplies in bulk to the wholesaler who breaks bulk. Retailers
obtain stocks from the wholesaler and then sell on to the customer. However now a days many retailers
are so large they also order in large bulk quantities to be delivered to their own depots which then
transfer the stock to the retail outlets for sale.

(d) A manufacturer of industrial tools.

Manufacturer Agent
Customer
Distributor

Any of the above are now acceptable. Diagram is self explanatory, mark in line with answer given.

3025/4/09/MA Page 7 of 24
QUESTION 4

(a) What is meant by “marketing orientation”?

(4 marks)

(b) What is the main difference between product and marketing orientations?
(5 marks)

(c) How does marketing orientation differ from sales orientation?

(5 marks)

(d) Explain the three principles that sales orientated businesses should focus on and why?
(6 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 8 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 4

(a) Marketing orientation refers to the way an organisation develops its strategy. Marketing is the
management process for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs profitably.
Therefore an organisation that is marketing orientated will put the customer at the core of any
decisions it makes. A marketing orientated organisation will use marketing research to try to
understand the needs of its target market. Once these needs are understood the marketing mix
(price, product, promotion, place) provides organisations with a tool kit to develop strategies to
meet customer needs.

(b) A product orientated organisation focuses on the product it produces, with product decisions being
at the core of strategy development. Product orientation can be successful for completely new and
innovative products. Product orientated organizations focus on manufacturing efficiencies to
produce as high a profit margin as possible.

(c) A sales orientated organisation focuses on volume of sales. This is often a transition for a product
orientated organisation, where competitors have entered the market. The focus will be on
achieving as high a volume of sales as possible using strategies like price and discounts, the focus
is not always on building long term relationships with customers but is on achieving the highest
sales volume.

(d) The three principles a sales orientated business should focus on are:

 Demand/market size. Sales orientation relies on volume of sales and therefore it is

important that the market size can provide the necessary volume of demand.

 Sales force. A sales orientated organisation is often reliant on its sales force to generate
sales, the sales force will therefore need to be given incentives to generate as high volume
of sales as possible this is often done by paying commission on sales. Where an
organisation does not use a sales force, strategies, such as sales promotion, will be used to
generate sales, eg discounts, buy one get one free deals, etc.

 Customer relationships. A sales orientated business will wish to retain as many customers
as possible and therefore it will be important to develop a strong customer relationship to
stop customers switching to competitors in the market, this is often done via the use of sales
people or by promotional incentives, such as loyalty cards, etc.

3025/4/09/MA Page 9 of 24
QUESTION 5

Write a report to your Managing Director:

(i) briefly explaining what a marketing audit is (3 marks)

(ii) identifying and briefly explaining any five of the 7 stages of a marketing audit. (15 marks)

(Candidates are awarded 2 marks for the correct report format and layout) (2 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 10 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 5

To: Managing Director

From: A. Candidate
rd
Date: 3 November 2009
Subject: A marketing Audit

1.0 Definition of a Marketing Audit

1.1 A comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of an organisations
marketing environment, objectives, strategies and activities
1.2 Conducted with a view to determining problem areas and opportunities
1.3 Recommending a plan of action to improve the company‟s marketing performance”

2.0 Stages of a Marketing Audit

2.1 The Macro and Micro environment:
 a detailed STEEPLE analysis of the external forces
 a detailed SWOT analysis of the organisation

2.2 The Task environment:

2.2 examination of the market
 its current size
 its growth potential
 profit levels being obtained
 identifying the major segments
2.2.2 customers
 what are their current needs and buying methods
 how do they make their buying decisions
 how do they position the organisation and its products against competitors
2.2.3 competitors
 who are the major competitors
 how do they compete, price, promotions, innovations
 what are their strategies, tactics, strengths , weaknesses, size, market shares
2.2.4 distributors and dealers
 what are the main trade channels
 is this method growing or shrinking
 how efficient are the channel members
2.2.5 suppliers
 availability of key resources
 how secure is this supply
 can any future trends be identified
2.2.6 agencies
 availability for warehousing and distribution
 effectiveness of agencies currently used
2.2.7 publics
 have the publics who offer opportunities or those that may pose problems for the
organisation been identified
 what is the organisation doing to deal with or exploit these

3. The Strategy environment:

3.1 the mission statement: is it clearly stated and relevant
3.2 objectives and goals: appropriate for the organisations resources and capabilities. Clearly
defined and fully understood to guide planning and allow measurement.
3.3 Strategy: is it appropriate, is the right marketing mix being employed, the correct segments
identified, measured and targeted.
3.4 Sufficient resources being allocated to mix to be effective.

4. The Marketing department

4.1 the structure
 levels of authority defined
 how are activities planned, by products, brands, regions, segments
4.2 efficiency
 communications and relations between organisational departments
 areas of training, motivation, supervision identified

3025/4/09/MA Page 11 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 5 CONTINUED

5.0 Marketing systems:

5.1 marketing information system:
 is there one
 how accurate is it
 how timely is the information
 who uses it and how is the information used.
5.2 planning system:
 who is involved
 how does it operate
5.3 control system:
 does it provide accurate measurement and results
 allow for continuous monitoring
5.4 new product development:
 how does it gather and screen new ideas
 does it follow the recognised development methods

6 Productivity:
6.1 how is it analysed:
 by product, ranges, regions, segments or channels
6.2 cost effectiveness:
 are marketing activities costed correctly

7. Marketing Mix:
7.1 product:
 product line objectives
 does range need to be expanded or contracted
 are objectives in respect of market share and sales being attained
 positioning of products
 brands and brand strengths
7.2 price
 what are the pricing objectives
 how is pricing set, by cost, demand, by competitors
7.3 place:
 what channels are used
 how effective are they
 is there sufficient market coverage
 are their changes happening in the channels
7.4 promotion
 what are the advertising objectives, are they being reached
 correct choice of agencies and media
 are budgets adequate to achieve objectives
 is Public Relations being used effectively
 sufficient use of database, direct and on-line marketing
 sales force objectives clearly defined
 sales force size and organisation adequate for objectives
7.5 people
 correct type of staff employed
 knowledgeable, customer orientated and well trained
7.6 process
 designed to provide the best service
 adequate resource provided
 clearly understood and easy to operate systems
7.8 physical evidence
 do the buildings, offices, retail outlets have the right ambience and atmosphere
 do staff have uniforms, badges, qualifications
 is full use of the corporate identity being fully exploited.

3025/4/09/MA Page 12 of 24
QUESTION 6

Write a report to your Financial Director explaining:

(i) the principles of market „skimming‟ and market „penetration‟ pricing strategies. (6 marks)

(ii) the commercial and market circumstances under which each of these pricing
strategies is most likely to be used. (12 marks)

(Candidates are awarded 2 marks for the correct report format and layout) (2 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 13 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 6

To; Financial Director

From: A. Candidate
rd
Date: 3 November 2009
Subject: Market penetration and skimming pricing

1. Price skimming
1.1 There are two general marketing pricing strategies to which reference is frequently made
These two strategies represent two extremes. These strategies are market penetration
and market skimming.
1.2 It is at the start of a product‟s life cycle that such pricing decisions should be taken, for
that decision will help determine the volume of sales for that product over its life.
1.3 Often, for new products marketing management will try to recoup their investment costs
as quickly as possible by „creaming‟ or „skimming‟ the best prices they can get from those
customers who are willing to pay a premium price to possess the new product.
1.4 The firm then lowers the price to penetrate the mass of the market.

2. Market penetration
2.1 This relies on economies of large-scale production
2.2 This allows the product to be introduced to the market at a price low enough to attract a
large number of buyers as quickly as possible.
2.3 This will tend to constrain possible competitors by creating a low price as a barrier to
market entry.
2.4 If product design and manufacture are costly to set up and operate and are also
conducted on a large scale, then this too will deter competitors.
2.5 The aim is to attain a high or even total, initial market share and keep this share high
during the later stages of the product‟s life cycle.

3. Pricing in detail:

The figure below explains this idea, and it can be seen that the product is introduced at an
attractively low „penetration‟ price at the beginning of its life cycle. As a result, demand for the
product is high in the early stages, whereas the product life cycle concept suggests a slowly
rising trend at the beginning which only begins to rise substantially during the growth phase.
This policy is suitable for products that have high demand elasticity and where reductions in unit
costs can be attained through large-scale operations. Here, a large volume of sales is essential
from the outset to keep production levels high, as high production is a function of the
manufacturing process.

Penetration Pricing

Sales

Low initial

Price Time

3025/4/09/MA Page 14 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 6 CONTINUED

To be able to reach a wider group of customers once innovators and early adopters have purchased,
the company reduces its prices progressively, thus skimming the most advantageous prices from each
successive adopter group. Price reductions are successively brought in as sales slow at each phase,
until the product has reached all of the target market. The figure shown below illustrates market
skimming and here it can be seen that individual „skims‟ have been taken at certain times.

Market Skimming

In the figure above the new product is introduced at time T1 at a high initial price P1. The product is
meant to appeal to the AB social grades at this stage. They make their first purchases and the market
then begins to tail off, so prices are reduced to P2 which brings in C1 social classes at time T2. The
same thing happens again at time T3 when C2 social classes are brought in by bringing down the
price to P3. The final skim is price P4 at time T4 which brings in the DE social grades and this is when
the product has left growth and reached its maturity phase.

4. Summary
4.1 Market penetration
 is invariably used for the launch of FMCG products
 it may also be used in technology markets which are well established with many
competitors already present.

4.2 Market skimming

 is frequently used in markets that are driven by continuous innovation
 where by manufacturers try to recoup development costs as quickly as possible
 skimming pricing is also a feature of luxury markets where it is intended to maintain
a premium pricing policy

3025/4/09/MA Page 15 of 24
QUESTION 7

(a) Draw a correctly labelled diagram to show the BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Matrix.
(6 marks)

(b) Draw a correctly labelled diagram to show the PLC (Product Life Cycle).
(6 marks)

(c) Explain how the two diagrams are related in respect of the information they provide.
(8 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 16 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 7

(a) The BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Matrix.

Market Share

high low

Question Marks/
high Stars Problem Child

Market
Growth

Cash Cows Dogs

low

(b) The PLC (Product Life Cycle)

1. Launch
2. Growth
3. Maturity
4. Decline

Sales 1 2 3 4
Or
Revenue

Time

3025/4/09/MA Page 17 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 7 CONTINUED

(c) The Launch stage = the problem child. A product in its early days that has little growth (sales)
and minimal market share. This product has an uncertain future at the moment – it may be
successful or fail.

The Growth stage = the star. A product that has emerged from the launch stage and is now
showing increased sales and is gaining market share. Still has an uncertain future but is likely to
become an established product.

Maturity = cash cow. This is a product that has become established in the market place and
enjoys a relatively high market share with steady sales over time. Market growth is now low but
sales are consistently high.

Decline = Dogs. These are products that are reaching the end of their effective life. Market
share is now low and sales are falling. Market growth is nil.

3025/4/09/MA Page 18 of 24
QUESTION 8

Briefly explain the following terms that are used in marketing:

(a) a la carte agency (2 marks)

(b) MOST (2 marks)
(c) psychological pricing (2 marks)
(d) press release (2 marks)
(e) geo-demographics (2 marks)
(f) USP (2 marks)
(g) positioning (2 marks)
(h) fixed costs (2 marks)
(i) consumer panel (2 marks)
(j) above-the-line (2 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 19 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 8

(a) a la carte agency

This is an agency that will provide a full range of services for advertising and promotions. The
client can choose to take all of their services or be selective and choose various elements of the
services that are offered.

(b) MOST
This is the acronym that stands for the 4 key elements of a business‟s operation.
M = mission statement, O = objectives, S = strategy, and T = tactics.

(c) Psychological pricing

This is a pricing strategy that attempts to make a price look actually cheaper than it is. For
example £9.99 looks and sounds cheaper than £10.

(d) Press release

This is information of news worthy value that is issued by an organisation to the media in the hope
that it will be published.

(e) Geo-demographic
This is a method that can be used to segment markets and uses a combination of demographics
such as income, occupation, education, etc, combined with where a person lives. The most
popular method used is ACORN.

(f) USP
This refers to Unique Selling Point (or Proposition) and it is some element or part of a product
service offering that tries to differentiate it to that of the other competitors in the market. USP might
be price, size, durability, ease of use, etc.

(g) Positioning
Positioning is the place a product or service occupies within the customer‟s or consumer‟s mind
compared to similar products or services offered by competitors.

(h) Fixed costs

These are the costs incurred by an organisation that do not change in proportion to the level of
production or activity. Examples are rent, rates, insurance, etc.

(i) Consumer panel

A consumer panel is a collection of targeted publics who are assembled for the purposes of testing
a product or service that an organisation might be developing, modifying or launching into the
market. They may even assess the effectiveness of an advert.

(j) Above–the–line
This refers to any communications with a target audience that is paid for by direct fees charged to
the client (advertising is the perfect example).

3025/4/09/MA Page 20 of 24
QUESTION 9

Write a report to your Marketing Director explaining 9 different ways in which the organisation‟s website
can be advertised to attract the maximum number of visitors.
(18 marks)

(Candidates are awarded 2 marks for the correct report format and layout) (2 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 21 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 9

To: Marketing Director

From: A. Candidate
rd
Date: 3 November 2009
Subject: Advertising a website

1. Conventional media advertising

1.1 promoting the website using the national media of TV and press

2. Additional advertising
2.1 website promoted using billboards
2.2 inclusion of the website address in all written communications from the organisation
2.3 inclusion of the website address in any corporate publications

3 Registration with all major search engines

3.2 liberal use of keywords to assist search by customers
3.3 possible purchase of premium “keywords”
3.4 use of metatags ( statements written in HTML language that describe a websites contents.
Such statements allow search engines to identify sites relevant to the enquiries made)

4 Banner advertising
4.2 placing of banner adverts in related and complementary sites

5 Use of hyperlinks
5.2 insertion of hyperlinks on related or complementary pages or websites

6 Use of infomediaries and meta-mediaries

6.2 registering with the relevant Internet “information” channels for the organisation‟s products

7 Direct marketing
7.2 use of personalised e-mail to target relevant segments (from own or bought in database)

8 Public Relations events

8.2 ensuring the web site address is featured in press releases
8.3 promotion of the web site address at shows and exhibitions
8.4 web site address featured during any sponsorship activity.

9 Use of TV information channels

9.3 Web site address featured in the likes of “Oracle” or “Teletext (or the international
equivalents obviously)

3025/4/09/MA Page 22 of 24
QUESTION 10

(a) Briefly explain, using bullet point answers, 6 reasons why an organisation might consider entering
international markets.
(12 marks)

(b) Describe 4 different ways a service organisation might enter into international markets.
(8 marks)

(Total 20 marks)

3025/4/09/MA Page 23 of 24
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 10

(a)
 changes in the home or international economic environment
 opportunities to create demand abroad for products and/or services
 strategically planned organisational growth
 to exploit the life of the PLC
 intense competition in the home market
 surplus capacity available within the organisation
 retaliation to a foreign competitor who is a threat in the domestic market
 potential purchasing power of a foreign market
 geographic diversification

(b) The question clearly states it is a service organisation so the only realistic answers can be:

Franchising:
 introduction of an established and proven business concept to small independents
 gives the right to use the company name and all that is identifiable with the parent company
 may also include a management agreement during the early stages
 purchase fee to set up and then ongoing royalties and/or commission

Management Contracts:
 the transfer of company specific knowledge and experience
 usually for a fixed period
 predominantly in the service industries

Strategic Alliance:
 when two or more companies agree to co-operate together
 each company retains its own identity and trading operations
 is usually for a specific project or period of time.
 each member of the alliance will contribute some specific resources or expertise

Joint venture:
 two or more companies come together to form another independent company
 the parent companies will retain their own identities and trading operations
 the joint venture (third) company will be operated by both companies as detailed in a
contractual agreement
 there is no fixed time period or specific project involved as the joint venture company is set
up as a long term trading venture.

Wholly Owned Subsidiary:

 when a company seeks to establish a full trading operation in an international market.
 will be responsible for all its own distribution, marketing, personnel and finances.
 production may be supplied form the home country but is more likely to take place in the
international market.

However if the service is in anyway related to information about people, investment, insurance or
financial, or the provision of digital products such as music, films or photographs then it would be
possible to do so by:

On-line eCommerce marketing

 company offers global access via an established website
 has full facilities for eCommerce transactions

3025/4/09/MA Page 24 of 24
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