doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.032 \par } {\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi232 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 Since the method of producing renewable diesel through the \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 hydrotreatment process is recently introduced there is an increas- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 ing interest in and tackling with this subject. Krause et al.{\cf2 [4-7] } \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 have studied the reaction of hydrodeoxygenation of model com- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 pounds resembling the ester group containing compounds of \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 wood- derived bio-oil as aliphatic esters and acids. Similar tests \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 have been performed by Laurent and Delmon{\cf2 [8,9],} who focused \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 on the catalytic performance of CoMo sulfide catalysts of various \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 supports for the hydrodeoxygenation of oxygen-containing mole- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 cules{\cf2 [10-12]. } \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi232 Murzin et al.{\cf2 [13],} by using a variety of model compounds \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 resembling vegetable oils investigated the performance of a num- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 ber of catalysts for the production of renewable diesel. According \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 to their results, Pd supported on active carbon catalysts displayed \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 superior deoxygenation properties, yielding diesel-like hydrocar- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 bons. A reaction mechanism and kinetic modeling was also exam- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 ined{\cf2 [14-17].} Beside model compounds, the use of vegetable oils \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 either neat or as a mixture with heavy vacuum oil was examined \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 by Corma et al. as feedstock at standard hydrotreating conditions \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-234 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 with conventional hydrotreating sulphided NiMo/Al {\dn006 \fs10 2}O {\dn006 \fs10 3} catalyst. \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-182 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 Their results are satisfactory as concerns the production of die- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 sel- like-hydrocarbons{\cf2 [18]. } \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi232 Many companies investigate and plan to apply hydrotreatment \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 technologies for the production of renewable diesel fuel from veg- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 etable oils and animal fats. They either take advantage of existing \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 plants (oil refineries) by hydroconverting in HDT units blends of \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 triglyceride-containing material with diesel streams derived from \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 the various units of a refinery (atmospheric distillation, FCC, de- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-208 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 layed coker, etc.){\cf2 [19,20],} or construct new plants for the produc- \par}{\phpg\posx6230\pvpg\posy8337\absw5022\absh5603 \sl-209 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 tion of neat renewable diesel fuel blending stock which can be \par } \sect\sectd\pard\plain \pgwsxn11905\pghsxn15874 {\phpg\posx0\pvpg\posy0\absw11900\absh15880 \overlay {\*\shppict {\pict\jpegblip\picw595 \pich794 \picwgoal11900 \pichgoal15880 \picscalex100 \picscaley100 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a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28 a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00 28a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a 28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00fffd9 }}\par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy957\absw229\absh114 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 146 \par } {\phpg\posx4729\pvpg\posy957\absw2251\absh114 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 I. Sebos et al. / Fuel 88 (2009) 145-149 \par } {\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1541\absw1100\absh143 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 Nomenclature \par } {\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 a \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-199 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 C } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-198 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 k } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-199 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 m } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-199 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 m } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-143 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \fi46 {\fs14 _ } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-216 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 r } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-198 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 R}{\fs9 2 } \par}{\phpg\posx853\pvpg\posy1940\absw174\absh1406 \sl-199 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs14 x }\par } {\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 activity coefficient \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 concentration \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 reaction rate constant \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 mass quantity \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 mass feed rate \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 reaction rate \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 degree of explanation \par}{\phpg\posx1570\pvpg\posy1949\absw1627\absh1398 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ester conversion \par } {\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 Subscripts \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 cat \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 est \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 exp \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 HDO \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 i \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy1949\absw706\absh1219 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 o \par } {\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 catalyst \par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 estimated \par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 experimental \par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 hydrodeoxygenation \par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \sl-199 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 current value \par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy2148\absw1516\absh1039 \sl-198 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 reference value \par } {\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 used as cetane number improver of mineral diesel{\cf2 [21-23].} One of \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 the major concerns for the application of the hydro-conversion \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 process is the extent of the vegetable oil conversion at conven- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tional hydroprocessing conditions. Blending of the hydrodesulphu- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 rized diesel with vegetable oils or fats and a subsequent \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 hydrotreatment of the blend would offer {\f63 \u64258\'3f}exibility in the produc- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tion scheme and a very good alternative to produce a mixture of \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 petro diesel with renewable diesel. In this case among the most \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 important parameters for the application of this process is the oil \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 conversion, the stability of commercial catalysts as well as the \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 product quality. \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 The scope of the present work is the evaluation of the perfor- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-235 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 mance of a commercial HDS (hydrodesulphurization) CoMo/Al {\dn006 \fs9 2}O{\dn006 \fs9 3 } \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-183 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 catalyst in hydrotreating a mixture of cottonseed oil with desul- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 phurized diesel for the production of a diesel fuel with enhanced \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 cetane number. Experiments were conducted in a bench-scale \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 trickle-bed reactor and the oil conversion was monitored. The \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 deactivation of the catalyst was determined and considered in \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh3532 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 the study of reaction kinetics. \par } {\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 2. Experimental \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \par\f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 Experiments were carried out in an integral, isothermal, labora- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tory bench-scale trickle-bed reactor. The inner diameter of the \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 reactor tube was 2.54 cm and its total length 47.5 cm. The temper- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ature of the catalyst bed was monitored and controlled via five \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 thermocouples placed inside a thermowell with an external diam- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 eter of 4 mm. The control of the temperature within �1 �C was \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 accomplished by software proportional-integral-derivative (PID) \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 controllers, which, through a system of solid-state relays, supply \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 with the appropriate energy every single of the four resistors that \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ''embrace" the reactor tube. \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 A piston-bearing pump drives the liquid at the top of the cata- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 lyst bed where it is mixed with the gas and they {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow co-currently \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 downward in the reactor. The whole unit resembles commercial \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ones, as it is semi-automated with the operating parameters being \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 controlled from a main personal computer equipped with a data \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 acquisition card to digitalize analogue signals, which have been \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 collected and intensified by a multiplexer card. User-friendly soft- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ware allows the easy handling of the signals for either their sur- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 veillance or control. \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 The experiments were conducted at temperatures in the range \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 of 305- 345 �C and total pressure of 30 bar. The minimum mass li- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 quid {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow rate was 25 g/h and the maximum was 125 g/h, corre- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-137 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi4820 {\f0\fs12 \bullet }{\f10 \fs9 }{\fs9 1 } \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-143 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 sponding to weight hourly space velocities (WHSV) of 5-25 h . \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 The {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow rate of the hydrogen feed was 23-24 Nl/h while the gas \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-235 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 {\f63 \u64258\'3f}owing through the reactor was a 1 vol% H{\dn006 \fs9 2}S/H{\dn006 \fs9 2} mixture. The par- \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tial pressure of H{\dn006 \fs9 2}S was achieved by adding the respective quantity \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-182 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 of DMDS in the liquid feed. The liquid feed was a mixture of 10 wt% \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 of refined cottonseed oil in desulphurized diesel (S < 50 ppm). The \par}{\phpg\posx654\pvpg\posy8659\absw5022\absh5842 \sl-235 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 catalyst used was a commercial CoMo/Al {\dn006 \fs9 2}O {\dn006 \fs9 3} in cylindrical form \par } {\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 with a mean diameter of 1.4 mm which is mainly suggested by \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 the vendors for the production of ultra deep desulphurized diesel \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 oil. The diluted catalytic bed was 6.1 cm long and consisted of \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 5 g of catalyst and 36.2 g of inert carborundum (SiC) particles with \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 a mean diameter of 0.25 mm. Before and after the catalyst bed, two \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 impeded zones, one from glass spheres of 3 mm in diameter and \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 another of 4 mm, secured uniform liquid distribution and sup- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ported the catalyst bed. The loading of the bed was dense as por- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tions of catalyst and diluent carborundum were sequentially \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 added in the continuously shaken reactor. \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 The catalyst was dehumidified under hydrogen with a {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow of \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 15 Nl/h for 2 h at 100 �C. The sulphided catalyst was prepared \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 in situ by raising the temperature to 340 �C at a rate of 20 �C per \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-235 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 hour with a gas {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow of 15 Nl/h H {\dn006 \fs9 2} and a liquid {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow of 20 g/h of \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-182 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 diesel. DMDS was added so that S concentration in liquid feed \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 was 1 wt%. Presulphidation was continued for 4 h at 340 �C. \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 After activating the catalyst, experiments for 43 days lasting for \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 10-12 h per day were conducted. Deactivation was followed by \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 repetition of standard experiments. In the beginning of each exper- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 iment, high liquid and gas {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow rates were used to wet the catalyst \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 bed and avoid liquid maldistribution during operation. The steady \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 state of each experiment was achieved after 4-6 h of continuous \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 operation depending on liquid and gas {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow rates. In between the \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 daily experimental intervals of 10-12 h, the reactor was cooled \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 down smoothly under hydrogen {\f63 \u64258\'3f}ow and kept under 30 bar pres- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 sure overnight at room temperature. \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \fi232 In{\cf2 Table}{\cf2 1,} the composition of cottonseed oil used is shown. The \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 liquid product of the reaction was collected and its saponification \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 number was determined according to ASTM D94-02. By comparing \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 it with the respective number of the feed, we calculate the conver- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 sion of the saponifiable material present in the feed. Since the die- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 sel used was desulphurized, the only saponifiable material of the \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 feed was the fatty triglycerides of the cottonseed oil that has been \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 verified experimentally. Thus, the relative change of the saponifica- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 tion number can be used as a measure of the conversion of the es- \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 ter group containing material that comes from the triglycerides of \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-208 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 the feedstock and can also be mono- and di-esters in the partly \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy4355\absw5022\absh7110 \sl-209 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 converted oils. \par } {\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 Table 1 \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-171 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 Composition of cottonseed oil \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-142 \par\f20 \fs11 \cf0 Fatty acids type \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-126 \par\f20 \fs11 \cf0 Palmitic \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-172 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 Palmitoleic \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-171 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 Stearic \par}{\phpg\posx6034\pvpg\posy12946\absw1779\absh1833 \sl-171 \f20 \fs11 \cf0 Oleic