af}4frfo{ gfufh'{gsf] rt'isf]l6 l;4fGt

The Four Point Analysis of Buddhist Acarya Nagarjuna

ldng zfSo
lzIfs, af}4 ljefu,
kf6g ;+o'Qm SofDk;

dWod k|ltkbfsf] bz{g cyf{t dfWolds bz{gnfO{ slxn]sfxL dxfofg af}4wd{sf] s]lGb|o bz{gsf
¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . cem o;nfO{ t ;Dk"0f{ a'4wd{s} s]lGb|o bz{gsf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 .
o;sf] sltsf] dxTj /x]5 eGg] s'/f o;}n] klg bzf{pF5 . dfWolds bz{g! z"Gotf jf
lgM:jefjtfnfO{ JofVof ug]{ bz{gsf ¿kdf k|rlnt 5 . cyjf efjfefj jf ;Qf / c;Qfsf]
dWodf l:yt x'g' g} dfWolds zAbsf] cy{ xf] . csf]{ zAbdf ;a} wd{ k/dfy{tM -jf:tljs¿kdf_
;t\ xf]Ogg\ t/ ;+j[lttM -Jojxfl/s¿kn]_ c;t\ klg xf]Ogg\ – o:tf] bz{gnfO{ …dfWoldsÚ elgG5 .@
o; bz{gsf k|ltkfbs bf];|f] ;tflAbsf dxfg af}4frfo{ tyf l;4 gfufh'{g x'g\ . gfufh'{gsf] hGd
blIf0f ef/tdf j|fXd0f s'ndf ePsf] lyof] . ltAatL >f]tsf cg';f/ pgL afNosfnd} cfˆgf
dftflktfnfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg afWo ePsf lyP . lsgls gfufh'{gsf] d[To' & jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d} x'g]
s'/fsf] eljiojf0fL Hof]ltifLx¿n] u/]sf lyP . t/ gfufh'{gn] af}4frfo{ /fx'neb|# sf] lzioTj u|x0f
u/]/ pgs} cfb]zdf ckl/ldtfo'wf{/0fLsf] dGq hk / cEof; ubf{ub}{ d[To'sf] ;+s6 t/]/ uof] .
kl5 pgL a'4wd{df k|j|lht eP/ ulx/f] cEof; ug{ yfn] . kl5 gfufh'{gn] gfunf]sdf uP/
zt;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf ;"q lnP/ cfP . cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] To;} k|1fkf/ldtf ;"qdf cfwfl/t
eO{ dfWolds bz{gsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{eof] h;sf] d"n u|Gy d"ndWodssfl/sf$ xf] h;sf] d"n
p2]Zo xf] k|1fkf/ldtf ;"qdf JofVof ul/Pem}+ ;+;f/ / lgjf{0fsf ;a} wd{x¿nfO{ lgM:jefj l;4
ug'{ xf] . eGg'sf] cy{ dg / hutsf s'g} klg rLhsf] cfˆg} gLlh :jefj x'Fb}g . o;}nfO{ k/dfy{
;To klg elgG5 . t/ cfˆgf] lglh :jefj gePtfklg k|tLTo ;d'Tkfbsf sf/0f tL xfd|f]
OlGb|osf] ;fd' b]vf kb{5g\ . To;nfO{ ;+j[lt ;To elgG5 . o;/L k/dfy{ ;To / ;+j[lt;Tosf]
o'ug4tfnfO{ bzf{pgsf lgldQ g} k|1fkf/ldtf Åbo;"qdf ¿kd\ z"Gotf z"Got}j ¿kd\ . ¿kfGg
k[yu\ z"Gotf . z"Gotfof+ g k[yu\ ¿kd\ % cyf{t ¿k z"Gotf xf] / z"Gotf g} ¿k xf] ¿kaf6
z"Gotf cnu 5}g / z"Gotfaf6 klg ¿k cnu 5}g elgPsf] xf] . a'4 wd{sf] l;4fGt cg';f/
;+;f/sf ;a} j:t'x¿ k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5g\ x]t' k|Toojf6 pTkGg ePsf x'g . h'g k|tLTo;d'TkGg
5g\ tL z"Gotf :jefjsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] rt':tjM eGg] u|Gydf gfufh'{g n]Vg'x'G5, æoM
k|tLTo;d'TkfbM z"Gotf ;}j t] dtf . efjM :jtGqtf] gf:tLlt l;+gfb:tjf:t'nM .. @@ ..Æ^ cyf{t\
h'g k|tLTo;d'Tkfb xf] z"Gotf klg ToxL xf] eGg] eujfg\ a'4sf] dt 5 . s'g} klg wd{ jf kbfy{ -
efj_ :jtGq cyf{t x]t'k|Toolg/k]If 5}g . o:tf] eujfg\ a'4sf] c;fwf/0f l;x+gfb xf] . d"n
dWodssfl/sfsf] d+unfr/0fd} cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] o:tf] n]Vg'ePsf] 5 M clg/f]wdg'Tkfb–
dg'R5]bdzfZjtd\ . cg]sfy{dgfgfy{dgfuddlgu{dd . oM k|tLTo;d'Tkfb+ k|k~rf]k;d+ lzjd\ .

1
b]zofdf; ;Da'4:t+ jGb] jbtf+ j/d\ . & cyf{t\ h'g j:t' k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5 To;sf] pTklQ x'Gg,
lg/f]w x'Gg, zfZjt, pR5]b klg x'Gg, km/s / ;dfg klg x'Gg cfjfudg OToflb klg x'Gg . of] g}
;a} ljsNk / k|k~reGbf k/ /x]sf] pkzd jf lgjf{0f xf] . o:tf] wd{b]zgf ug'{x'g] zf:tf eujfg\
a'4nfO{ gfufh'{gn] jGbgf ug'{ePsf] 5 . To;}n] @& j6f k/LIff ePsf] d"ndWodssfl/sfn] ;a}
caf}4 tyf cGo af}4 bz{gnfO{ v08g ub}{ dfly pNn]lvt cf7 k|sf/sf cGtx¿af6 d'Qm ePsf]
k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] bz{gnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . cf7j6f cGtdWo] Pp6f cGt xf] pTkfb jf pTklQ
. k|foM caf}4 bz{gx¿ h:t} h}g bz{g, rf/jfs nufot if8\bz{g j:t'sf] pTklQnfO{ of t :jtM
pTklQ ePsf] dfG5g\ jf O{Zj/sf] ;[li6 jf ljgf sf/0f dfGb5g\ h'g eujfg\ a'4n] b]vfpg'ePsf]
tTj cyf{t, ;j{wd{ lgM:jefjtf jf z"Gotf ;Dos 1fgbz{gsf] lj/f]wL xf] . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4sf
k|tLTo;d'Tkfb bz{gsf] cfwf/df gfufh'{gn] rt'isf]l6 ljZn]if0fsf] cf>o lnP/ oL pTkfbsf
l;4fGtx¿nfO v08g ug'{ePsf] 5 / o;/L ;a} wd{sf] :jefjz"GotfnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ePsf] 5 .
To;}n] o;nfO{ pTkfb l;4fGt (Production theory) sf] v08g klg elgG5 . gfufh'{gn]
d"ndfWoldssfl/sf df lgDg Znf]s n]Vg'ePsf] 5 M

g :jtf] gflk k/tf] g åfEof+ gfKox]t'tM .

pTkGgf hft' ljBGt] efjfM Sjrg s]rg .. ! .. -d"ndWodssfl/sM k|Took/LIff, Znf]s !_*

efjfy{ M :jtM, c¿af6, :jtM / c¿ b'j}af6 / ljgf x]t' . o;/L sxLklg / slxn]klg pTkGg
eP/ s'g} klg wd{ ljBdfg x'g ;Sb}g .

o;nfO{ rt'isf]l6 elgG5 / o;sf rf/ lgif]wgLo a+'bfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!= :jtM (Self Produced)

@= k/tM (Production from others)
#= peotM (both, self-produced and production from others)
$= cx]t'tM (Production without cause)

!= :jtM (Self Produced or originated) M ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdL :jtM pTklQsf] af/]df g} rrf{ u/f}+ .
cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] ;f+Vo j}z]lifs OToflbx¿nfO{ v08g ug{ of] ts{ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . h;
cg';f/ oxfF s'g} klg wd{ jf j:t' :jtM jf cfkm;] cfkm pTkGg x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f oxfF b]vfpg
vf]lhPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] pTkGg jf Produced eGg] zAbsf] cy{ hfGg' k5{ . s]xL gePsf]
:yfg jf j:t'jf6 XjfQ k}bf x'g' jf b]vfkg'{nfO{ pTkGg x'g' jf Originated elgG5 .

2
To;}n] oxfF Pp6f k|Zg cfpF5 M hxfF ;Dd pTkGg x'g] s'/fsf] ;jfn 5, gePsf] :yfg jf
rLhaf6 pTkGg ePsf] ls ePsf] rLhaf6 <

olb gePsf] rLhaf6 pTkGg ePsf] eg' eg] cfsfzdf km"n km'n]sf] eg] em} jf afFemsf] 5f]/f5f]/L
jf v/fof]sf] l;Ë eg] h:t} x'G5 . s'g} klg rLh lkmNddf b]vfPem}F xft dfly p7fP/ tyf:t' eGg]
ljltSs} PSsf;L sxfF sxfFaf6 pTkGg u/fP/ j/bfg lbP h:tf] of] jf:tljs hut 5}g . To;df
s'g} sf/0f g} rflxPg . To;}n] of] cfhsfn sf] lj1fgn] klg dfGb}g . ;a} :jtM g} x'g]eP
lj1fgsf] ljsf;sf] s]xL cy{ /xFb}g . t/ of] ;+;f/df ldx]gt ug'{k5{, s7f]/ kl/>d u/]kl5 dfq
s'g} kmn kfOG5 . ;f+Von] eg] h:t} sf/0fd} kmn lglxt x'g] xf]Og, olb sf/0fd} kmn x'g] eP cfn"
sf+r} vfP eOxfNYof] lsg pdfNg'kg]{, sf/0f / kmn Pp6} xf] eg] vfgf / dn klg Pp6} x'g'kYof]{,
dflg;n] dn vfg yfNy] xf]nf . To;}n] of] sbflk ;Dej 5}g .

To;f] eP s'g} j:t' klxn] ePsf] rLhaf6 pTkGg ePsf] dfGg] t< ePsf] rLhaf6 pTkGg x'g] eg]
s'/f cfpFb}g, h'g rLh klxn]b]lv ljBdfg 5 To;nfO{ km]l/ pTkGg eof] eGg ldNb}g To;nfO{
k'g?TklQsf] bf]if elgG5 . lsgsL Tof] t x]t'–k|Toon] ubf{ ¿k km]l/Psf] dfq xf] h'g lj1fgn] klg
dfg]sf] 5 . pTkGg x'gnfO{ t s'g} gePsf] j:t'af6 b]vfk/]sf] x'g'k5{ Tof] t cl3 g} v08g
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . To;}n] wd{ g t gePsf] j:t'af6 pTkGg x'G5 g t ePsf] cyf{t :jtM pTkGg
x'G5 Tof] t x]t' k|Toojf6 dfq pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] cfrfo{ a'4kflnt eGg'x'G5,

s'g} klg wd{ :jtM pTkGg x'Fb}gg\ lsgeg] :jtM pTkGg x'g' ljlw;+ut 5}g / To;f]
eGg' xf:of:kb klg xf] . klxNo} ePsf] rLhaf6 pTkGg x'g' klg ljlw;+ut 5}g
lsgeg] To;df k'g?TklQsf] bf]if nfU5 .(

@= k/tM (Production) M To;f] eP k/tM xf] t cyjf x]t' cnu} / kmn cnu} xf] t < Tof] klg
xf]Og . olb o:t} xf] eg] cf+ksf] lap /f]k]/ ;'Gtnfsf] kmn lgsfNg ;Sg' kg]{ xf] t/ To;f] t x'Fb}g
. of] a'Fbf ljz]ifu/L j]b jf O{Zj/ dfGg]x¿;+u ;DalGwt 5 . ltgLx¿ O{Zj/ -x]t'_ n] k|f0fL nufot
;a}yf]s -kmn_ sf] ;[li6 u/]sf] dfG5g\ . olb k/tM jf c¿af6 ;a}yf]s pTkGg x'g] xf] eg] oxfF
klg Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 < ;a}nfO{ pTkGg u/fpg] rfFlx s;/L pTkGg eof] < Tof]
k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5 ls 5}g < ;a}nfO{ pTkGg ug]{ cfkm} pTkGg eof] eGg ldNb}g of] t dfly g}
v08g ul/;Sof] . cfkm" g} :jo+ pTkGg x'g g;Sg]n] c?nfO{ s;/L :jo+ pTkGg unf{ < To;}n]
oxfF klg k|tLTo;d'Tkfb nfu' x'g] eof] . xfdL ;a}nfO{ agfpg] egfpFbf O{Zj/nfO{ xfdLnfO{
agfpg x]t'k|Too sf] ;xf/f g} lng'kg]{ eP lsg O{Zj/nfO{ dfq ;[li6stf{ eGg'kg]{, xfdL klg t xf}F
;[li6stf{ < o;/L O{Zj/af6 dfq lsg h;af6 klg jf h'g;'s} rLhaf6 klg h];'s} pTkGg x'g]
eof] To;f]eP < k/tM pTkGg x'G5 eGg] s'/} xf:of:kb x'g hfG5 .

3
#= peotM (Production from both self and others) M of] h}g wd{sf] dtnfO{ v08g ug]{ a+'bf xf] .
hasL :jtM / k/tM b'j} v08g eO;Sof] eg] :jtM klg pTkGg x'g] / k/tM klg pTkGg x'g] s'/f
plts} xf:of:kb 5 . of] t ;fwf/0f k|f0fLn] klg x'g} g;Sg] 36gfsf ¿kdf a'‰b5 . To;}n]
o;nfO{ JofVof ul//xg' g} kb}{g . To;}n] klg ;a}yf]s k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5g\ .

$= cx]t'tM (Without cause) M of] rf/jfs bz{gtkm{ nlIft 5 . ef}ltsjfbL / rf/jfs bz{g dfGg]
dflg;x¿ sd{kmnsf] s'/f dfGb}g . To;}n] kfk} u/]klg k'0o} u/]klg s]xL kmn kfOGg . hlt klg
;'v 5g\ oxL hLjgdf dfq 5g\, k"j{ / k'gh{Gd eg] rLh x'Fb} x'Fb}g . To;}n] x]t' kmn jf sfo{sf/0f
/ k|tLTo;d'Tkfb klg x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f]df ljZjf; u5{g . To;}n] a8f] cg}lts 9Ën] pgLx¿ eG5g\
M ofjHhLj]T;'v+ hLj]b\ C0f+ s[Tjf w[t+ lkj]t\ . e:dLe"t:o b]x:o k'g/fudg+ s't .. & ..!) cyf{t\
hlt lhGbuL 5 ;'vL ;fy lhcf}F, csf{;+u C0f lnP/ /fd|f] vfP/ /fd|f] nfP/ -3[t+ lkj]t_ lhcf}+ .
d/]kl5 s]xL klg 5}g, dl/;s]kl5 b]vf hfPuf, C0f klg ltg'{kb}{g .Ú o;/L ePlbP ;+;f/df
ck/fw} ck/fw a9\y] . ;j} j:t'x? ljgf sf/0f pTkGg x'G5g\ x]t'sf] cfjZostf grflxg] JofVof
u5{g pgLx¿ . of] t k|fs[lts lgods} lj?4 x'g] eof]] . sf/0fljgf ?vaf6 kft klg v:b}g .
To;}n] logLx¿ k|fs[lts lgodnfO{ dfGb}g h'g x]t' k|Too l;4fGt xf], h'g sfo{ sf/0fsf] l;4fGt,
of] hLjg klg s'g} k"j{hGdsf] x]t'ljgf g} rt'{dxfe"taf6 cx]t'tM ag]sf] xf] eG7fG5g\ h'g s'/fsf]
v08g dfly g} eO;Sof] . o;/L o; ;+;f/df s'g} klg rLh cx]t'tM jf ljgf sf/0f x'g ;Sb}g
To;f] x'Fbf] xf] t clxn] j}1flgs jf cfWoflTds ljsf; h'g clxn] eO/x]5 Tof] s'g} klg ;Dej
x'g]lyPg xf]nf .

rt'isf]l6/lxt k|tLTo;d'TkGg tTj

o;/L cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] ljleGg ts{ / pkdfsf] k|of]u u/]/ pTkfb l;4fGtsf] v08g u/]/ eujfg\
a'4sf] k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] pkb]znfO{ :yflkt ug'{ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ;a} wd{ k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf]
cwLgdf 5g\ . h'g wd{ k|tLTo;d'TkGg x'G5g\ To;sf] cfˆg} lglh :jefj x'Fb}g . csf]{ zAbdf
eGg'kbf{ s'g} klg j:t' -wd{_ 5}g hf] k|tLTo;d'TkGg gxf];\ / To;sf/0f s'g} klg wd{ To:tf] 5}g
hf] z"Go jf lgM:jefj gxf];\ .!! lglh :jefj x'gsf nflu p;sf] cnu} cl:tTj x'g'k5{ . t/
To;f] t x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fgf] ePkl5 jf ;fk]Ifdf dfq 7"nf]sf] cl:tTj /xg cfpF5 .
s'g} klg cfˆg} lx;fjn] 7"nf] / ;fgf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] cfrfo{ efjljj]s eGg'x'G5, æo] k|tLTo
;d'TkGgf:t]iff+ efjf] g sZrg . o] lgM:jefjf:t]iff~r g s'qflk ;d'b\ej .Æ!@ efjfy{M h'g
k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5 To;df efj -Self existence: :jefj _ sxfF 5 . h'g lgM:jefj 5 Tof] sxfF
pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] olb wd{x¿sf cfˆg} lglh ;Qf -jf :jnIf0f;Qf_ x'Fbf] xf] t tL wd{x¿

4
dfly lbPsf rt'isf]l6 dWo] s'g} Pp6f sf]l6af6 pTkGg x'g'kYof]{ t/ k|ltj]If0ff ul/ x]bf{ tL
rf/j6f sf]l6dWo] s'g}af6 klg wd{sf] pTklQ ePsf] kfOg]5}g . t;y{ ;a} wd{ lgM:jefj 5g\ . of]
rt'isf]l6 bz{g ;a} rLhsf] cfˆg} :jefj 5 eg]/ cfTdfsf] cl:tTj, k/dfTdfsf] cl:tTj
dfGg]x¿sf nflu 7"nf] hjfkm xf] . To;}n] dfWolds bz{gsf u'?x¿n] t™j -Reality_ rt'isf]l6af6
ljd'Qm 5g\ eg]/ a'em]sf 5g\, æg ;Ggf;Gg ;b;Gg rfKog'eofTsd\ . rt'isf]l6ljlgd'{Qm+ tTj+
dfWoldsf ljb'M .Æ!# w]/}n] dfWolds bz{gnfO{ z"Gojfb -Philosophy of Emptiness_ / pR5]bjfb
bz{g -Nihilistic Philosophy_ sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . rt'isf]l6sf] pkb]z /fd|/L a'lemPdf To:tf]
unt a'emfO{ x'g] lyPg . dfWolds bz{g jf dWods k|ltkbf ;a} efj, cefj, Zff:jt, pR5]b,
;t\ c;t\ h:tf ljsNk / åofTds l;4fGt / k|k~reGbf -Dualistic Concepts, Theories,
!$
Philosophies_ eGbf dfly 5 . Tof] 1fg g} lgjf{0f xf] . To;}n] af]lwrof{jtf/sf] k|1fkf/ldtf
cWofosf] l6sfdf cfrfo{ k|1fs/dlt n]Vg'x'G5, ært'isf]l6ljlgd'{QmdflbzfGtdg'TkGgflg?4fg'–
R5]bfzfZjtflb:jefjtof lgik|k~rTjfbfsfzjbf;Ëfgfdgf:kbdz]if+ ljZjd'TkZofd Olt .!% cyf{t\
dfly JofVof ul/Psf] rt'isf]l6/lxt cflb sfnb]lv cg'TkGg, clg?4, zfZjt pR5]b/lxt,
ljkof{;/lxt cfsfz;dfg s'g}klg j:t'df g6fl:;g], lgik|k~r, cåosf ¿kdf o; ljZjnfO{ -
hutnfO{_ x]g'{k5{ .

pk;+xf/

af}4 bz{g eg]/ rf/j6f qmda4¿kn] cWoog ul/g'kg]{ bz{gx¿nfO{ lnOG5 . tL x'g\ M j}eflifs,
;f}qflGts, of]ufrf/ tyf dfWolds . j}eflifs / ;f}qflGts >fjsofgleq kb{5 eg] of]ufrf/ /
dfWolds dxfofgleq kb{5 . k|1fsf lx;fjn] oL rf/}j6f bz{g cnu cnu bz{g geP/ oyfe"t
bz{gsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ;f]kfg xf] . j}eflifs bz{gn] jfXo wd{x¿sf] cl:tTj :jLsfb{5 To;}n]
To;nfO{ ;jf{l:tjfbL bz{g elgG5 / o;n] clewd{nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbG5 . ;f}qflGts bz{gn]
q}sflns cl:tTjnfO{ gdfgL s]jn jt{dfg If0fe+Ë'/tfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbG5g\ . o;n] clewd{nfO{
eGbf ;"qnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbG5 . To:t} of]ufrf/ bz{gn] ;a} afXofy{ kl/slNkt dfq xf] /
cfnolj1fg -lrQ_ g} k/dfy{ ;To xf] egL dfG5 . t/ dfWoldsn] k/dfy{;Todf ;a} afXofy{ /
lrQ lgM:jefj 5g\ / ;a} afXo / r}tl;s k|ltef; k|tLTo;d'Tkfbn] jf x]t'k|Toon] ubf{ dfq
;t\ 5g\ / :jKg;/L e|fds 5g\ eGg] / cflv/ bz{g / l;4fGt cfkm} åofGtdWo] Pp6f cGtdf
km;fpg] rLh xf] egL dfGb5g\ . To;}n] oL rf/j6f bz{gdWo] k|f;+lus dfWolds bz{g ;a}eGbf
pRr bz{g xf] . o;sf k|0f]tf cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] k|1fkf/ldtf ;"qsf] cfwf/df ;j{wd{
lgM:jeftfsf] pkb]znfO{ Psbd Jofks¿kdf dfWolds bz{gsf] gfdn] k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{eof] .
pxfFn] n]Vg'ePsf w]/} u|Gyx¿dWo] d"ndWodssfl/sf g} To:tf] u|Gy lyof] h;df pxfFn] ;a}
cfTdf jf k/dfTdfnfO{ jf gfl:ts ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf bz{gx¿sf] j]hf]8 lsl;dn] v08g ub}{ ;a}

5
wd{ cg'TkGg 5g\ lgM:jefj 5g\ eGg] oyfe"t bz{gnfO{ /fd|/L :yflkt ug'{ePsf] 5 . x'g t
d"ndWodssfl/sfdf hDdf @& j6f kl/R5]bx¿ 5g\ . tL dWo] klxnf] kl/R5]b k|Too k/LIffaf6
d}n] rt'isf]l6nfO{ o; n]vsf] ljifoj:t' agfPsf] 5' . lsgsL gfufh'{gn] h'g e"tsf]l6sf] pNn]v
d"ndWodssfl/sfsf] ;'?sf] d+unfr/0fd} ug'{ePsf] 5 h:t} clg/f]w+ cg'Tkfb+====. To;sf] :ki6
JofVof rt'isf]l6df ul/Psf] 5 . h'g j:t' cg'Tkfb -Unproduced_ x'G5 Tof] j:t'sf] lg/f]w klg
x'Fb}g OToflb======, ;a} jf:tjdf k|tLTo;d'TkGg dfq x'g\ . of] 1fg g} z"Gotf jf
;j{wd{lgM:jefjtfsf] 1fg xf] / oxL wd{sfo xf] .

ejt' ;j{ dËnd\

l6Kk0fL tyf ;Gbe{x¿M

!= dfWolds bz{gsf] b'O{6f e]b 5g\ M :jftlGqs dfWolds / k|f;lËs dfWolds . :jftlGqs
dfWoldssf k|0f]tf efjljj]s lyP eg] k|f;+lËs dfWoldssf k|0f]tf a'4kflnt lyP . kl5 cfrfo{
gfufh'{gsf] dfWolds bz{gnfO{ cfrfo{ cfo{b]j x'Fb} oxL+ :jftlGqs / k|f;+lËs¿kdf ljleGg
cfrfo{x¿ h:t} zfGt/lIft, sdnzLn, rGb|sLlt{, zflGtb]j cflbn] lj:tf/ u/] . kl5 ltAatdf
klg o;sf] Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ eof] . ltAatdf ljz]if u/]/ k|f;+lus dfWoldssf] cWoog
cWofkg ul/G5 .
@= /fd z+s/ lqkf7L, af}4 bz{g k|:yfg -;f/gfyM s]lGb|o pRr ltAatL lzIff ;+:yfg, !((&_, k[=
!(!=
#= /fx'neb|nfO{ s'g} s'g} u|Gydf ;/xkf klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . t/ gfufh'{gsf u'? ;/xkf *$
l;4dWo] Ps l;4 ;/xkf x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ Tof] lglZrt 5}g . lsgsL b'j}sf] ltlyldltdf 7"nf] cGt/
5 . b'j} qmdzM bf];|f] / ;ftf}–cf7f} ;tfAbLsf JolQmTjx¿ lyP .
$= d"ndWodssfl/sfafx]s gfufh'{gn] cg]s u|Gyx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ h:t} lju|xJofjt{gL,
o'lQmifli6sf, z"Gotf;Ktlt, /TgfjnL, j}bNo;"q, ;'ÅNn]v, rt':tj, ;"q;d'Rro OToflb . cfrfo{
gfufh'{gsf ;Dk"0f{ s[ltx¿sf] ;"rLsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M k"jf]Qm kfbl6Kk0fL g= @, k[= #$)–#$@ . t/
tL u|Gyx¿dWo] bz{gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] d"ndWodssfl/sf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy xf] / cGo
bfz{lgs u|Gyx¿ h:t} lju|xJofjt{gL, o'lQmifli6sf, z"Gotf;Ktlt OToflb To;sf cjoj dflgG5 .
gfufh'{gn] d"ndWodssfl/sfsf] cs'tf]eof gfds j[lQ klg n]v]sf lyP . d"n dWodssfl/sfdf
hDdf @& k/LIffx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . b]xfoadf]lhd k/LIffx¿sf] ;"rL ;+:s[t u|Gy gfufh'{gLof
d"ndfWoldssfl/sf k|1f gfd af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . dWodszf:q -d=zf_ df ePsf s]xL
cGt/ ;d]t o;df ;d]l6Psf] 5 M != k|Took/LIff, @= utfutuDodfgk/LIff, #= cfotgk/LIff, $=
:sGwk/LIff, %= wft'k/LIff, ^= /fu/Qmk/LIff, &= pTkfbl:ylteËk/LIff -d=zf=M ;+:s[tk/LIff_, *=

6
sd{sf/sk/LIff, (= pkbfq'kfbfgk/LIff -d=zf=M k"j{k/LIff_, !)= cUgLGwgk/LIff, !!= ;+;f/k/LIff -
d=zf=M k"jf{k/sf]l6k/LIff_, !@= b'Mvk/LIff, !#= tTjk/LIff -d=zf=M ;+:sf/k/LIff_, !$= ;+;u{k/LIff,
!%= efjfefjk/LIff -d=zf=M :jefjk/LIff_, !^= aGwgdf]Ifk/LIff, !&= sd{kmnk/LIff, !*=
cfTdwd{k/LIff, !(= sfnk/LIff, @)= x]t'k/LIff, @!= ;+ejljejk/LIff, @@= tyfutk/LIff, @#=
ljkof{;k/LIff, @$= cfo{;Tok/LIff, @%= lgjf{0fk/LIff, @^= åfb;fËk/LIff, @&= b[li6k/LIff .
d"ndWodssfl/sfsf] w]/} kl5sf dfWolds cfrfo{x¿n] l6sf n]v]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] cfrfo{
a'4kflntsf] a'4kflntj[lt, cfrfo{ rGb|sLlt{sf] k|;Ggkbf, cfrfo{ efjljj]ssf] k|1fk|bLk,
dWodsÅbo, ts{Hjfnf u|Gyx¿ k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} u|Gyx¿nfO{ dWods zf:q df
;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
%= lk= Pn= j}B -;+=_, …k|1fkf/ldtfÅbo;"qd\ M lj:t/dft[sfÚ, dxfofg;"q;+u|xM -b/e+ufM
ldlynfljBfkL7, !(^!_, k[= (*–((
^= 1n5]g gd8f]n -;+_, cfrfo{gfufh'{glj/lrt rt'M:tjM -;f/gfyM s]Gb|Lo pRr ltAatL lzIff
;+:yfg, @))!_, k[= !$ . gfufh'{gn] n]Vg'ePsf] rt':tjM cGtu{t nf]sftLt:tjM, lg/f}kDo:tjM,
clrGTo:tjM / k/dfy{:tjM kb{5 .
&= h]= 8ANo' hf]ª\ -;+=_, gfufh'{gLof d"ndWodssfl/sf k|1f gfd -r]GgO{M lb cb\o/ nfOj]|/L P08
l/;r{ ;]G6/, !(&&_, k[= @ .
*= P]hg\
(= /3'gfy kf08]o -;+_, dWodszf:qd\ k|yd efu -lbNnLM df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;, !(**_, k[= !#=
cfrfo{a'4kflnt:Tjfx – g :jt pTkBGt] efjfM tb'Tkfbj}oYof{ cltk|;Ëbf]iffRr . g lx :jfTdgf
ljBdfgfgf+ kbfyf{gf+ k'g?Tkfb] k|of]hgdl:t . cy ;Gglk hfo]t g sbflrGg hfo]t .
!)= ;jf{gGb kf7s, rfjf{s bz{gsL zf:qLo ;dLIff -lbNnLM rf}vDaf ljBfejg, !(()_, k[= !(( .
rfjf{s bz{gnfO{ nf]sfot dt klg elgG5 .
!!= k"jf]{Qm kfbl6Kk0fL g= &, k[= &% . ck|tLTo;d'TkGgf] wd{M slZrGg ljBt] . o:dfQ:dfbz"Gof]
lx wd{M slZrGg ljBt] .. @$M!( .. -cfo{;Tok/LIffM d"ndWodssfl/sf_
!@= k"jf]{Qm kfbl6Kk0fL g+= (, k[= !@* .
!#= lk= Pn= j}B -;+=_, zflGtb]jlj/lrtM af]lwrof{jtf/M . k|1fs/dltlj/lrtof kl~hsfVo–
JofVoof ;+jlntM -b/e+ufM ldlynfljBfkL7, !(^)_, k[= !&$ .
!$= s'g} klg bz{g jf l;4fGt /fVg' cfkm} ljsNk / åo xf] h;af6 t™j bz{g x'Gg eGg] s'/fsf]
1fgn] ubf{ dfWoldsx¿ s'g} l;4fGt / bz{gsf] k|ltkfbg ub}{gg\ a? csf{sf] bz{gdf ePsf q'l6
sdhf]/Lx¿sf] v08g ub{5g\ / tTjtkm{ kmsf{pg] sf]l;; ub{5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ k|;+ujfb klg
elgG5 -reductio ad absurdum_ . o;}af6 dfWolds bz{gsf] b'O{ e]b dWo] k|f;+lus dfWoldssf]
gfd /xg uPsf] xf] / k|f;+lus dfWoldsnfO{ ;a}eGbf pRr af}4 bz{gsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
!%= k"jf]{Qm kfbl6Kk0fL g+= !# .