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    A method is presented for optimization of the reinforcement required to resist arbitrary internal forces in reinforced concrete shells and slabs. The internal forces include normal and shear forces and bending and twisting moments. The design criteria correspond to the ultimate limit state.

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    A method is presented for optimization of the reinforcement required to resist arbitrary internal forces in reinforced concrete shells and slabs. The internal forces include normal and shear forces and bending and twisting moments. The design criteria correspond to the ultimate limit state.

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    75 views15 pages

    Abk r044

    Uploaded by

    saif.mulla
    A method is presented for optimization of the reinforcement required to resist arbitrary internal forces in reinforced concrete shells and slabs. The internal forces include normal and shear forces and bending and twisting moments. The design criteria correspond to the ultimate limit state.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    ~~! AFDELINGEN FOR BAERENDE KONSTRUKTIONER DANMARKS TEKNISKE H@JSKOLE STRUCTURAL RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK Troels Brondum-Nielsen OPTIMUM DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS AND SLABS RAPPORT NR. R 44 1974 OPTIMUM DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS AND SLABS Troels Bréndum-Nielsen Structural Research Laboratory ‘Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark ABSTRACT In this paper a method is presented for optimization of the reinforcement required to resist arbitrary internal forces in reinforced concrete shells. As the design principles suggested are applicable to shells of arbitrary shape, including slabs, subjected to all types of loading, the method is of a general nature. The procedure also indicates ‘whether the thickness and strength of the concrete shell are sufficient to ensure a statically admissible stress field in the shell. The internal forces include normal and shear forces and bending and twisting moments. The design criteria correspond to the ultimate limit state. SYNOPSIS ‘The-paper deals with the optimum design of reinforced concrete shells of arbitrary shape subjected to an arbitrary load. The shape of the shell is assumed to be given. The investigation thus applies to shells, plates, folded plates, and slabs. The thickness of the shell, which may be nonuniform, is assumed to be given. The load of the shells assumed to be given. Ih the general case, the reinforcement is assumed to consist of one or two parallel layers of orthogonal reinforcing net. The directions of the bars are referred to as the x-and y-directions. In case of two layers, these irections will be assumed to be common for the layers. ‘The position of the reinforcement relative to the middle surface of the shell is assumed to be given. This position is usually governed by the requirements to concrete cover. ‘The internal forces in any section of the shell are assumed to be known. These include the normal forces Ny and Nyg» the shear force Nyygy the bending moments M, and M,, and the twisting moments My. ‘The method is an ultimate limit design method. The bearing capacity of the shell has thus been adopted as the basic design criterion. The problem of buckling of the shell or slab is not discussed in this paper. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected. The normal sections of the concrete are assumed to be cracked except where compressive stresses occur. ‘The concrete stresses are assumed to be uniformly distributed in the compression zone. Compressive reinforcement has not been considered. The method can easily be extended to include this, but in ‘that case, the problem of buckling of the compressed reinforcing bars will have to be taken into account, ‘The design strengths, o., in the reinforcement and oj, in the concrete, are essumed to be specified. The problem to be solved is as follows: 1. Check if the thicknesss and strength of the coherete are suffi i at all points of the shell, 2. Calculate the minimum necessary cross-sectional areas of the reinforcement at any point of the shell surface. In the general case, this covers four quantities corresponding to two layers with two directions in each layer. 190 If the corresponding reinforcement is provided, it will be possible to indicate a statically admissible stress field in the shell ‘The problem is of a general character. The method was first adopted for cylindrical shell caissons for Han- stholm Harbor, Denmark (Fig. 1), and later applied to similar structures in Africa and the United Kingdom, In Fig, 2 an infinitesimal element of the shell has been isolated between consecu- tive sections parallel to the x- and y- directions. The lengths dx and dy of the sides of this element are taken as equal to unity. All normal forces and normal stresses are taken as positive corresponding to ten- sion. In Fig. 2 the intemal forces and moments per unit length of the shell are indicated. The orthogonal x- and y-axes are Fig.2. Internal Forces located in the middle surface of the shell, and the zaxis is perpendicular to this surface. For the present analysis, a corresponding sandwich element is substituted for the shell element proper. This element is shown in Fig. 3(a-d). The sandwich element consists of three layers. If their thicknesses are given, the geometry of the sandwich shell element is known. The question of the geometry of the sandwich shell will be discussed in a later section of this paper. For the present discussion, the geometry is assumed to be known, All forces and moments in the shell element (Fig. 2) may thus be resolved into membrane forces located at the middle surfaces of the top and bottom sandwich clement, as illustrated in Fig. Bad). LIMIT ANALYSIS OF MEMBRANE SHELLS A limit analysis of each of the outer sandwich layers of the shell (Fig. 3) may be carried out as suggested in O). 191 In Fig. 4, an element of a membrane shell has been isolated. The two sides are parallel to the orthogonal x- and y-directions, The third side represents a crack in the shell. ‘The length of this side has been taken as equal to unity. The angle between the crack and the x-axis is denoted v.-The inclination of the crack indicated in Fig, 4 corresponds to Nyy20. In Fig. 5, the corresponding situation is shown for Nyy <0. Nyq and Ny, denote the forces in the reinforce- ment in the x- and y-directions per unit length of these directions, respectively In both cases, equilibrium in the x-and y-direetions requires N, ca cot w Fig. 4 Case 1: Reinforcement Requiced in Both ‘| Directions. Nyy>0 Nya = Ny [Nag] anv @ Ne |S IF both Nyg and Ny, ate postive, the necessary tsinoreementb foporiongio Nec Ny Minimum of = reinforcement thus corresponds to v= 45 ton if Consequently : gl sin Nya * Nxt [May] % Nao Nyt Mol ) Equations (3) and (4) are only valid as long as both Ng and Nyy ate positive, This requires, N >. Ny The above situation (v= 455 i illustrated in Fig. 6. The principal, compressive membrane force Ny in the concrete occurs in sections perpendicular to the crack, for instance, in the section along the line of symmet of Fig 6. Te part below this line has been folate in Fig 7. Equilibrium ofthis element requies hy | Fig. 5 Caso 1: Reinforcement Required in Both Directions. Ny 0, i. for N,Ny

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