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Narayana Swamy.
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Dept of ECE/TCE
T.John Institute Of Technology
10/26/2009
Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]
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! " 8 !C # / - 6 0 9 8! ! 9/ ! 0A
* " C E < () )B (( ( B (. . B( =C
C E <C $( =
- <( $) =
C E< )B - ( B( . B = <C $ (-=
C E C $ (-
C E <C $ (-= <( $) = E 0 !0 /! ! ! ! " 8 ! C*1
- M
Z !0 E <0 !" 0 H! $ # 0 != > .
$ - M
!" 0 H! E ? 0 ! $ & 1 # !"0

Z !0 E <0 !" 0 H! $ # 0 != > .
!" # $ % & ' !(

, # M '0 + +
& !/ # 0 !"0 E ( N . E (- N . E . 0 !"0
C E< )B - ( B( . B = <C $ (-=
C* E C > & 1 # 0 !"0 $(- C E !#!/! !8 !E C
C* E O .$(- E 1( C 0 !" 0 H!
C E O . $(- E )1.( C > 0 !" 0 H!
Tabular Column
, ( ,# 8 4- # - 4- 9 #
;-
,% , , , $ 9 - 9 -
. . .C E 1( .C E 1(
( . (C E 1-. (C E 1-.
) . . )C E 1 ( )C E 1 (
- . -C E 1 )) -C E 1 ))
. . C E 1. - C E 1. -
. . C E .1( C E .1(
, . . . ,C E .1- ,C E .1-
. C E .1 C E .1
4 . . 4C E .1 , 4C E .1 ,
. . . . C E (1 . C E (1
.. . . . ..C E (1(4 ..C E (1(4
.( . . .(C E (1 .(C E (1
.) . . . .)C E (1, .)C E (1,
.- . . . .-C E (14. .-C E (14.
. . . . . . C E )1.( . C E )1.(
Procedure: Two
! / 0 N( 77!/ ! 9 /2 7 *" N " 8 !? 9!/1

0/ 7 N . <. = !/ 0 0 ! 2! ,-4)1
% "" ; 2 " 0!0 ; " 0 <.-= 7 /! /7 ! 0!: ! ! # 1
' "" ; <0 ; . RGH= 2 7 0!/8! ! 0 / 0! *$' 9 8!# / ! *1
) 2! ! $' 7 *$' 9 8!# / D/ " 0 !!
!" # $ % & ' ! (,

G - M
Staircase out to CRO
D0 D1 D2
D3
12 9 8 11
1 7493N
14 10 5 2 3
CLK vcc
1 KHz
Output
Specimen graph
Analog
o/p
voltage
Staircase O/P
0000 0001 0010 Digital

inputs
" 2 #/!: ! ; E # 0 !" 9 7 E E .$#
Result
$ # # # $ #
!" # $ % & ' !(

/ & .2 898&+ + 2 8 G 8 ))) 8. +
, # 0 (- 0 - # 8 ))) ( # = #
6M
;- 1 :"> $ ) -1 1 1((
;- 1 :"> $ /) - 1 1 1((
(4 ;- 4( + ;-
(4 9 - A1
!/ .
" /0 1. +# 1 .+# .B.
1 23 .
% !0 0 /0
)1)23 .
' 7! .&- , .
) ! 5 /!0 .
* ! 6 /7 (
/ * '/ !0 )
$ 1
0 ! 8 / / #! !7 #/!! / 8 / / 0 /! /
5 8! ! !/ / 2! ! 0 ! 8 / / 0 / 7 !0
/!: /! !> !/ / !/ ! !0 ! # ! " ! ! ! ! #/!!
/ 1 G 9!8!/ ! ! 7 / 9 ! " 0 ! !/ / 9 0
7! !/ !7 ; ! 9 /!0 0 /0 7 " /0 9 /! ! !7 !> !/ ;1
- 4
? 90 ! 0 !/ ! !7 0 0 ! 8 /
/1 ;9 !
! " 0 " / 0 / 0 9 /70 C / 7 61 G 9!8!/ 0
0 08 ! / 00 ! " / !: 0 ($) C " / /N . / !/0 ! # "
# " 7 ! " 09 !0 91 & 9 " / 0 /070 / / 6
7 / 0 0 / @.1 5 ! !8 ! / 00 !: 0 .$) C " / /I0 "
/ !/0 ! # " # " 7 " !0 1 ! ! ; ! /!"! 0 ! "
8 ! 7 " /8 ! 9 8!# / 00 9 # 1
! !7 / 9 ! " / / !0 #/ .$) C 0 !: ! ! !
" 0 7 0 8! ;A
E 1 4< B 6= 1
!" # $ % & ' ! (4

/; ! !7 / 9 ! " / 7 0 / !0 #/ ($) C .$) C

0 !: ! ! ! " 0 9 7 0 8! ;A
7 E 1 4 < 6= 1
0 ! "!/ 7 # ! " 9 8!# / 0

E B 7E 1 4< B( 6=
! #/!: ! ; # *0 0 8! ;A
? E .1-- $ < B ( 6=1

5 !/! 7 6 0 * 0 7 ? / 70 7 0 7!"! 7! #
"" ; 8 !C 1
44 M
.1 D! !/ 0: /! 9 8! 0 /
(1 ?/!! / / " ! !/ /1
C!/ #; ! " ! 0 7 9 /!0 9 ! !/ !; /! 7 7 1

! ! 0 ! 8 / / / 0 !/ 0 0 9 # 1
% 9 ! " 9!/ 0 "" ; C E B .( C
' * 0!/8! ! " 9 8!# / " ) *1
) ! 0 /! ! " " 0! " 7!1
* * 0!/8! ! " / 8 ! 9 8!# / " 7 ! 0 /! !
> 7 8 ! !8! 01 C!/ #; CM E ($) C 7C E
.$) C 1
/ " /! ! " / 8 ! C 9 *$' 9 8!# / C* 7 !
" / / !0 7 C / 0!0 !>" ! ; 9 ! " 0 1 !
" / 7 0 / !0 / 6 7 7 0 / !0 ! / 0 0 / 7 C # 0
!>" ! ;9 ! " 0 91
3 ! ! ; ; ! [7I " #/!: ! ; [#I 7 8!/ #;1
M 0 ! N8 / / 0 !/ " 9 8!# /
9 G Q / E 0 " 7 ; ; ! Z1
7 / 0 ! 8! ! !7 0 2! 0 9 # (1
? /0 E E 61 /
% !8 ! 0 ! 0! ! !7 # / 1
' ; ; ! [7I E Z / [7I E 1
C!/ #; 9 ! !/ ! ! /! 8 !0 /! 9 "/ 8 !0 7
0!/8! ! " 01
, #
!" # $ % & ' !)

1((
86 + < +& < +! $ "< < * %+

< :">! ,- 1 1 ! < )
E .$# E .$ . 2GH E . 0E< G B =
; ; ! E G$ E 1
"E 1 E 1 X. 0E 1 0
"E 1 0
E < N G= E . N 1
E 1 0
" E 1 4)
E. ?
+ E " $ * % E 1 0 $ < 1 4) > 1. #=
0! + < * 3 =C
2 1((
< :">! ,- 1 1 ! < /)
E .$# E.$ . 2GH E . 0 E < G B =

; ; ! E G$ E 1,
" E 1, E 1, X . 0 E 1, 0
" E 1, 0
E < N G= E . N 1,
E 1( 0
E 1 4) 6
E. ?
+& E $ 1 4) E 1( 0$ < 1 4)> 1. #= E % * =C
" E 1 4) 1. #= E . 1 ( 23
+ E . 1 ( 23 N )1 23 E / :C
+ < * 3 :C +& < % % :C
Schematic Symbol of 555 Timers
!" # $ % & ' ! ).

- , # (
1((
6.8k
6.8k
2 1((
!" # $ % & ' ! )(

- 4-
1((
+ -
$ 0 (- 0 - $ 0 6 6 0 $ 1(( -
1(( #
!" # $ % & ' ! ))

3 . &
, # ( 0 (- 0 - # 8 ))) ( 6 # 4-
$ 5
(4 ;- 4( + ;-
(4 9 - A1
!/ .
" /0 1 . +# 1 .+# .B.
- 1- 23 .
% !0 0 /0
. 3 .
' ! 5 /!0 .
) ! 6 /7 (
* * '/ !0 )
$ 1
0 ! 8 / /< C= # ! !7 !0 8 / / 0 " 0!
! !/ / / 9 ! 7 / # ! " 0! 0 7! !/ !7 ; !
! 9 /2 ! !7 !> !/ ; ! !/1 0 8 / / ! 0 ! #
" 00 !9 ! ! !/ 0 : 0 0 !< 0 !=1 ? / / !/ #
" #/ : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! ! !/ ; 0 0 /!7 ; !> !/ ;
! !7 " / /!#!/! ! !8! 1 ! ! 2! 0 / ! 7! !/ !0 !
" 0! 9 7 1 ! / 0 # " #/ 0 ! 0 ! : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0
" 0 !7 ; !> !/ / !/ 1
. 0 .- 0 -
' . 0 / 7!71 / !/ " 0 "" !7 " (1 : !0 ! 7 # " 0

" 0 2!" BC 1 / 0 # " #/ 0 !0 ! : 0 0 !0 !
! 8! " 0! # // 9 9 7 < 9 7 0 !/ !>"! !7 " 0! 9 7 #
" 9 8!# / = 7 " 7! # /! !/ B ($) C 0 "" !7 " (1 * " 0
2! #/ " )1 ' - 0 0 ; ! !7 BC 8 7 7! /!0! 1 ' 0
/ 7!7 / 1 . ? " / 8 7 0! "/ ! 1 ' < /!0 7= 0 0 / !7
" ,1 /!0 0 / 0 ! !7 ! 9!! " 0 7 1 " 0, 70 / ! " / 0
! !7 9 ! " 0 ! !7 0 "" ; C 1
!" # $ % & ' ! )-

))) 8 . 0 .- 0 4
? / !>" ! "!/ # !/ 0 0 ! 8 / / ! !00 /; !/

/ /; 9 !> !/ ! 0 /! 0 9 # /!1
$ 4 6 $ - ?4 0 M
; 9 ! ! " " ) 0 9 1!1 ! / 0 0 !0 ! ! / 00 / 0

7 " / 0 0 / !7 / 71 5 ! ! 8! " 0! 0 "" !7 " ( ! / !/
" # 0 ! 9 B.$) C ! " # " / / !0 9 /!0! 0 ! # " # " 7
0!: ! ; ! / 0 0 / / 0 ## 7 ! " " ) !0 1 0 0 ! / 0
# ! " #/ 0 ! : 0 0 !0 ! 00 9 # /!1 0 ! 7 0 / ! / 0 0 /
0 ## ! " / ! 0 / 9 /7 BC / /!0 0 ! 9 !
0 !: 15 ! ! /! 0 " /8 ! ! !0 0 ; /! !/
B($) C ! " # " / / . !0 9 0! 0 ! # " # "1 ! / 0 0 / !0
0 / !/! ; 7 0 / ! " / 7 ! " # ! !/ !0 9 0
0 / !7 # /!1 0 ! " /! / 0 2 0 ! 0 ! #/ : 0 0 ! 0 !1 !
" # ! 0 ! 8 / / /! 0 9 / !/ " 0! 0 "" !71
! ! ; ! /!"! 01 / !/ " " 8 ! 7 " /8 ! 9 8!# / 0 /!
0 9 # /!1
. 0 .- 0 , # 2 # ))) ( 8
The capacitor C has to charge through resistance RA. The larger the time constant RAC, the longer
it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC. In other words, the RC time constant controls
the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as
tp = 1.0986 RAC
Where RA is in ohms and C is in farads.
So pulse width, tP = 1.1 RAC
The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds.
!" # $ % & ' !)

- , # (
- 4-
+ -
0 ( 0 - 4- $ 4- $ < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
!" # $ % & ' !)

+ . ,2 8
Aim
- ?4 ( # . # - # ( - 6
6 < ')) ="> 6( < ="> $ 6 ( - #
(4 - - ( - ?
Components And Equipments Required
? ? ? ! !/ /0 . $6? .4- / 00 / !0 0 /0 " /0

" 9!/ 0 "" ; 7 *1
Theory
? 1< = 0 90 ! 0 / # / 6% 7 /1 0 " 9!/ 00 " # !/

9 !8! 7 /01 ! 7 / 0 ! / " 9!/ " # !/ 2!0 !
9 !8! 7 0 7 " # !0 " 9!/ !8! 1 ! 7
" 0 0 " !7 / 7 / 0# / !/ . ! 00 " # !/1
! 0! 7 /; 9 7 # ! 7 / 0# / !/ 0 ! !7 0!/ !0 9 !
! / 0 "" ; 8 ! C # ! 00 " # !/1 0 ! 0 7
0 0 "" !7 0!/ !0 9 ! ! / " 9!/ 0 "" ; 8 ! # ! 00
" # !/ "" ; ! / 7 1 ! 0! ! # 7 " 0
!/! 9 ! H!/ 7 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; # .1 !/!# /! !
! / 0 "" ; 8 !9 ! "" !7 7 /! ; ! 00 " # !/ ! !/
//! " 0!0 # !: " 7! 7 ! " # ! !7 / 9 ! 0 ! 7;
0 ! 9 8!1 5 ! ! 7 0 /0 ! 1 1 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; #
! 7 / 0# / !/ 9 ! 77!7 7 0 / !7 #/ ! ! / 0 "" ;
8 !1 0 8 /; 0 "" ; 8 ! 0 ! "" !7 ! 00 " # !/ /!0
8 / 0 ! " 7! # ! // !/ 0 ! 9 8! /7 ! 9 !
7 !7 0 1 ! 0 " 7! # ! //! " 0!0 0 8 /; /7 !
9 ! 7 0 1 ! !7 / ! 8!/ 0 ! //! " 0!0
" 7! 7 !7 9 8! 0 0 9 ? 1 < =1
!" # $ % & ' ! ),

Circuit Diagram
0- -(
9( # . -
(4 - ! 9( ? 9( ?
( P
.1 -1 .1( 1
1- )1( (1- 1.-(
)1 .1- 14)
!" # $ % & ' !)

Procedure
! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1
? 0 !7 ; ! ! 9!! 0 ! !/ / 7 * 9 C.E(C<" "=
8 /; #/!: ! ; # 0 ! !/ / 0 > $" 0 !71
% 6 0 / 00 ! 0 00 "!/ 1
' 2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / < =1
) 9 ## ! ? < 7 " = # 7 0 1 ? / // !/ #/!: ! ;
[# I <#/ !0 0 0= # 7 0 1 7J 0 ! // !/ #/!: ! ; !
> *$'1 <G!/! # ! ! !0 =1
* 9 ! 7 0 7 7J 0 " 7! C ' 'V ?/!: ! ; .
( 2GH 7 7 0 / !7 " 7! 7 !7 $"1
/ ?!!7 " P " !0 7 7 0 O " !0 # *1 *
/ "!H 7 " !/ 0 0 0 9 1
3 R!!" // !/ " 7! 0 1 C /; 7 8 ! < " 7!= 0 !"0
7 ! 0 /! C > 7 C 7 ! 7 7!>1
' ! / " 7 0 8!/0 0 7 7!>1
- 4- 5 6 (
Modulation Index (µ) = (Vmax – Vmin ) / (Vmax + Vmin)

Vm = (Vmax – Vmin ) / 2
Vmin Vmax
Trapezoidal Waveform
Result
0 . 6 66 ( - ?
!" # $ % & ' ! )4

2 . 8 2, . ,2 8
Aim
- ?4 ( # . # # -
( - $ . # $ 6 (
Components and Equipments Required
(4 9 - 2 A1
. $
/ 00 /
6? .4- . .
. 23 . .
(( 23 ( .
!0 0 /0
3 - .
-1,23 ) .
% " /0 1.+# . )
' 7! * ,4 . .
' ! 5 /!0 .
) ! 6 /7 .
* * '/ !0 )
Theory
4- (4 - ( - . ! " 7! # ! " 0! 0 " ! 0

"/ " / ! " 7! # ! !00 !0 ! ! #0 " 1 !
' 0 / !/ ! !00 !0 0 / 0 !7 /! ! 8!/1
!' /! ! 8!/ 7! 7 !0 </! 0/ 0 / /! 8!/0= ! ' 0 !
/ !00 ! 0 1
9 78 !0 # / 0 ' 0 0 / !/ "!! 0 0
/!A
• # !7 / # !' " 0! 0 0 ! ! !/ ; /!: /!7 / 0 !
" 0!0 0 !00 ! ! !/ ; /!: /!7 / 0 ! 0 1
• ! ! !/8 ! 9!! ! ' " 0!0 ; ! # !7 9 0 " !0 #
!/ !00 !0 9 90 0!8!/ !00 !0 ! / 0 !7
0 ! 0; ! !V 0 ! : ! 0 !7 (
(- 4 ? # ,. 1
7! 7 ! !' 0 ! / !00 ! 0 !' 0

0 ! # / !7 ; 0 " ! " 0! #/!: ! ; <#0= 0 ! /! !/ ! &;: 0
/ !1 #0 S ( > #
!" # $ % & ' !-

Circuit Diagram
. - , ( -
, #
, ( - M
6 SS B + # /# E. 2 H 7 E 1.+# + E .$ <. R H > 1.+#= E *3 C
Procedure
6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 20 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / 1
% ! ! // !/ " 7! / 7 (C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ; !/ ! # 2GH
. 2GH1
' ! !0 " 7! / 7 . C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ; ( 2GH1
) ! ! * !! !/ # ! / 0 0 / 7 0!/8! ! ' 9 8!# / 1
* & 9 8!/ #; 0 " ! /! 2!!" ! 7 0 #/!: ! ; 0 ;(
2GH 7 ! // !/ #/!: ! ; 9 ! # 7 0 #/!: ! ; 7
0!/8! ! $" 9 8!# / 1 ! 0 $" ! 7! 7 / / 7
0!/8! ! 0 # !0 9 ! 7 0 ! 0 " ! /!
0 8!/ # !71
/ ! 2 ! 7! 7 !7 $" # / 7 ##!/! #/!: ! !0 # // !/ 9 8!1
Output
. -
, ( -
Result
$ - (4 - ( - ( - - 6- 1
-
!" # $ % & ' ! -.
2 58, " . ,2 8 , 2 8 8 . ,2 8
Aim
- ?4 ( # . # 6 4- $ P
6 # ( - # #
(4 9 - 2 A1
,-. *" " (
!/ .
. 23 . ( ) -
!0 0 /0
. 23 - .
% " /0 . # . ( ) )
' 7! .&- , . .
) ! 5 /!0 .
* ! 6 /7 .
/ * '/ !0 )
Theory
' 0! 9 7 7 0 0 2 9 0 " 0! 7 / 7 ' 1

5. 0 0 /; " 7! < 0 ; 9 !8! 0=1 ! 9 7 /7 /
# ! " 0!0 8 / !0 /7 ! " 7! # ! 0 A 9
8 !0 ! " 0!0 /! // 9V ! !/ " 7!0 ! " 0!0 ! 9 7!/ 0
0 9 # 1 1 ! 0 ! 0 " 9!/ # ! / 0 !/ 8 / !0 9 9 7 #
" 0!01 ? 70 "" / / 9 !/! ! 0"!!7 # ! / 0
"/ " / ! " 0! 9 7 1
. ! " 0!0 ! " 0 /7 ! " 7! # !

0 1 ! " 0!0 /! 8!/; // 9 0 0 9 # 1 1 ! 0 ! 0 " 9!/ #
/ 0 !/ /! 0 0 9 97 # " 0!01 0 7 0 78 ! 0 ! !!7
# / / 0 !/ /! ! 8!/ 0; / H # / "/ "!/ "!/ 1
!" # $ % & ' ! -(

Circuit Diagram
Output
!" # $ % & ' ! -)

Design
- $ .1.=
+ < 3 =C
Procedure
6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / 1
% ! ! // !/ " 7! / 7 - C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; S . 2GH1
' ! !0 " 7! / 7 ( C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; Q. 2GH1
) * 0!/8! ! " 0 " 1 # 0! 7 " " 7 0 0!/8! !
8 / " 0! 9 7 ; 8 /; ! 7 0 " 7!1
* / 9 '5 9 8!# / 1
/ # !/ 0!/8 '5 " ! '5 $" ! '' / 0 " 7
0!/8! ! '' $" " !/ [)I # !/ 1
3 * 0!/8! ! 8 / #/!: ! ; 7 0 " 0! 9 7 1
/ 9 '' 9 8!# / 01
Result
0 5. 6 ( 6
- $ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\ 6 ;- 1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
0 . 6 ( 6
- $ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\ 6 ;- 1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
!" # $ % & ' ! --

;- 1. -
Aim
, # - - 0 ?4 ( # . - #8
3 %3 $ ( - ? TUV $ 0 $ 6 4 T& V
4 1 $ 6 (
(4 9 - 2 A1
5 8!# / D! !/ / ) .
. 23 . - )
((23 ) .
!0 0 /0
-,23 ( .
(23 .
. # . .
% " /0
. # ( .
' ! 5 /!0 .
) ! 6 /7 .
* * '/ !0 )
Theory
!" # $ % & ' !-

Circuit Diagram
Procedure
6!# /! 9 / ! / 0 ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 /
% "" ; B 8! <B .(C= 7 N 8! < .( C= 8 !0 ! 0 C < < = *??=1
' 7 0!/8! ! 9 8!# / " 14 ) 7 ( * 0 0: /! / /
7 0 ! 9 8! /!0"! 8! ;1
) ! 0 /! 0 ! 9 8! " 7! 7 #/!: ! ;1 9 ! ! #/!: ! ; # // !/
9 8!1
* 9 !# ! !/ / 7 "" ; 7 0 # C <" "= E ( C
<' '= 7 #/!: ! ; !/ ! # . 2GH . 2GH / / 00 9 1
/ * 0!/8! ? 9 8! " " (1 / 9 " 9 8!# / 7 ! 7 9
# > 7# 1
3 ! 7 7!> ] 7 / 0 00 79 7 6 1
!" # $ % & ' !-

Design
For RA = RB = R,
1. The circuit operates at a frequency given by = 0.3 / RC

2. The pk-pk amplitude of symmetrical triangular wave = 0.33 x ( Vcc on pin3)
3. The pk-pk amplitude of square wave = Vcc on pin 9
4. The pk-pk amplitude of sine wave = 0.22 x (Vcc on pin2)
Let R = 10 K and F = 30 KHz
C = 0.3 / (F x R)
= 0.3 / (30 K X 10 K)
C = 1nf
FM is called narrow band if NN 0 6 U SS
To calculate modulation index ]

f = (fmax – fmin ) / 2 = _______________Hz
For fm = 5 KHz
] = f / fm = _____________
Transmission Bandwidth
BT = 2 ( f + fm) = ______________
Output
Am
Message
Signal
Ac
Carrier
Signal
FM Ac
Signal
Fmin Fmax
Result
0 .5 - ]E\\\\\\\\\\\\ & < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ">
!" # $ % & ' ! -,

% " 65 + 6
Aim
# 0 $ 6 4 6 - # 2 /' 4
(4 0 $ 6 $
Components & Equipments Required
(4 9 - 2 A1
*" " + ,-. *" " .
!0 0 /0 . 23 # . (
% 7! .&- , . ( (
% ! 5 /!0
' ! 6 /7 .
) * '/ !0 )
Theory
+ 6 /! # ! !7 ! 0 /! 0 0 /! 1 /! # !/ 0
!! / 7!8 ! !/ //! /! //!
, "/ !00 2 9 0 6 ! 0!/ !0 7 7! 0 ! 00
/! # !/ Y /! #; 0 0 0 !/ 0 9 # /9 /7 8 ! 1,C
/!0 7< 8 ! # 7 7!= 9 0 ! 8!/ ! !# /! ""/! !
7 /01 !/!# /! 8! 0 /!0 7 9! 8!
9 < 9 7 9, 6 9 W 9,
9 < 9 6 9 X 9,
! 0 " # 8! /! # !/ 0 7 0 / !7 0 0 9 !#
! 9
6 9 # ; / !>"! !7 " 7! ! 0 9 0. C^ *" "0 !

/!0 !1 $ -4 4 6 ( #
6 0 # / !7 9 "!/ " # !/ /7!/
8! / ! 8 2! 7! 7 7! / /! # !/1 '/! 0 /! # !/ 0
" ! ! !7 0 " " 7 7!0 ! $ 6 0 = 4
! /!0 7 8 ! 0 7 8 7!7 ; ! "! " # ! " # !/1 5 !
/!0 7 8 / ;! !7 0 " 00 ! /! #; 8 0 01
!" # $ % & ' !-

# M
! 0!# # / "/! 0 0 "/ !00 1 0 / 0 !

! !# ! " " !8!/ !0 0 / 0 ! ; ##!
0 #/!: ! ; /!0" 0! 0 ! " # 7 ! 79 7
"/ 7 1
! 78 ! # " " / 0 !0 !/ ; "! 0 ! # /
! / 7!8 !0 ! #!!7 2 "1 ! /! #; #
7 7! 9 ! / ; # " " 0 / /! !0 "/! 0
/! # !/1
'/! 0 /! # !/0 /! /! 9 !/! !/! 0 0 ! 7! /!! # " 0
"/ !00 !!7!7 #!!7 ! 0 7! # "/!00 /0 7 !/0 /
7/ 8! 7 ! !/01
( M
! ! 0 0"!!7 9 9 /2 9! 9 #/!: ! ; 0 01
" ( ( M
! !0 #/!: ! ; "!/# / ! <. RGH /!= /!: /!0

8!/; # 0 " " 7 /!7 !0 ! /!0 0 / 8 !01 5 ! ! 0! # 2;
< / !/ = 7 7!0 9 "/ 8! 9 !8! 7$ / #/!: ! ;
"!/# / ! 0 /! 0 ! !>"! "!/#! ! / ; #/ ;
/! # !/ / !> /! ! ; 9 !8! 01
Circuit Diagram
R1
RF
Note:
If you want to keep the positive-going portion of the input signal instead of the negative-
going portion, simply reverse the two diodes. The result will be a negative-going copy of the
positive part of the input signal.
!" # $ % & ' ! -4

Working
/ ! ! 8! # ; ! # 0 ! 9 8! " ! " 0 7 !
" 0 8!1 / ! " 0 8! # ; ! ! " 0 7 ! H!/ 1 ! /
" 0 !0 0 H #! 20 2! ! 8!/ " # !/ 9
" ! # 7 7!0 77!71 5 ; 9 ^ * ; ! ; 7 !0 ! /! #; 1
! !/ 0 " ; 2!!"0 ! " " / 9 ! !0 " 70
H!/ 1 ? / ! ! 8! # ; ! " ! " " " !0 " 0 8! # /
. / *& 7 ( 0 *??1
D1 OFF
D2
20 7 0 J 0 2! ! 8!/ " # !/ !> !" # / 7 7! 0!/ !0

9 ! " "Y0 " " 16 !!7 9 //; ! " " 7J 0 0 0! #
!/ < ; ! 7 7!Y0 # /9 /7 8 ! 1 C= ! !/ 8 !
! C 1 ! 00 8!/ !: "" !01
9 < + B+ Y9
? / .E (E. 2 7C E .C ! " 0 C E . 2 $ . 2 > . E B. C1 !

//! / / . 7 ( 0 E C $ . E . $. 2 E 1. 1 7
2! ! 00 8!/ " # !/ ! " " 70 ! ! 8! " C C
<8 / / 7=1 ? / ! " 0 8! # ; ! " ! " " " !0
! 8! # / ( / *& 7 . 0 *??1
D1
D2 OFF
! # /0 : !0 02 0 9 0 ! " 8 !C ^ ! /
20 !0 / ! ! " ;0 0 C1 0 0 ! 0! ! " "
0 7 !0 0 J # 7 C C1 7 ! 0! !/!Y0 //! / (
; ! C EC E C1 ! ; !# /! 2 9 0 ! //! /
/ . EC $ . E B. $ . 2 E 1. 1 / 0 # ; ! ! "
"Y0 " 09 0 ! 8! / .! " 1. / !
7 7!1
!" # $ % & ' !

Procedure
1. Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter.
2. Make the connection as shown in the diagram.
3. Set the signal generator (input voltage) amplitude 0.5V peak to peak sine wave.
4. Observe the input and rectified output signal waveform on the CRO.
5. Plot the waveform.
Design
$ +6 <+ < =C 4 <
# C E 1 C"2 "2
C E # $ . <C =
C E 1 C"2 "2
Output
Transfer Characteristics
Result
" 6 4 6 # - # 4 (4 $ 6
$ 4
!" # $ % & ' ! .

' - 5 + 6
Aim
# 0 6- 4 6 - # 2 /' 4
(4 0 $ 6 $
Components & Equipments Required
(4 9 - 2 A1
*' ' + ,-. *' ' (
!0 0 /0 . 23 . ( ) - -
% 7! .&- , . ( (
% ! 5 /!0
' ! 6 /7 .
) * '/ !0 )
Theory
! # 9 8! /! # !/ 2!" ; 0! " / 0 # ! / " 0

9!/! " 0 8! < / ! 8!=1 0 !/! 9 ; 2!!" 8!0 # ! "
0 7 ;! /! 7!/ ! 9 !0 ! " " / ;^ 0 0 !
! 8 / # # 9 8! /! # !/ ! 0! ! " 8 ! 0 9 ;0 " 0 8!
/! /7 !00 # 9 ! !/ ! " 0 0 " 0 8! / ! 8! ! # 9 8!
/! # !/ 0 0 !7 0 - - - 1 ! " 8 ! 9 !
! !/A
9 < : F9 F
9 < : F9 F
!"! 7 ! 7 /! # 7 7!0 9 ! / 1
! # 9 8! /! # !/ 7!"! 70 !# ! # 9 8! /! # !/ 7
! 0 " # !/ /! "/! 0 / 01 "!/ !0 ; "/ 7
8!/ !7 # 9 8! /! # !7 0 7 ! 77 0 7 !
" 7! ! / 0 !0 " # !/1
9 < 9 K 9 < 9
! /!0 0 /!8!/0 # ! 0! ! !7 " / ; # ! " 0 1 ! /!0 0 /
8 !0 0 9 /! /! 0 !V ! /!0 0 /0 ! 0! 8!0 0 ! #
"/! 0 /7!/ 2!!" ! /! # "/ !00 / !1 # # / 0 ! /! 0
; 0 70 / 9 7 ##!/! 0! # /!0 0 ! 8 !0 ; 0
! 7 !7 (A. /!0 0 !/ 7; 0 0 0! "/! 0
/!0 0 /0 /7!/ / ! /!0 01
!" # $ % & ' ! (

Circuit Diagram
Design
0! + < + <+%<+'< =C 9 < F9 F
Procedure
6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 00 9 !7 / 1
% ! !0 ! !/ / < " 8 != " 7! 1 C"2 "2 0 ! 9 8!1
' * 0!/8! ! " 7 /! # !7 " 0 9 8!# / ! *1
) ' ! 9 8!# / 1
Output
vout
vin
Result
- 4 6 # - # 4 (4 $ 6
$ 4
!" # $ % & ' ! )

Analog Communication Lab Manual VTU

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Analog Communication Lab Manual VTU

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Narayana Swamy.

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