Statistics

Statistics involves use of sample data to predict, estimate and finally used in
managerial decisions. It refers to scientific methods by which the data are
collected, organized, presented and analysed.

Quantitative variable

A quantitative variable is a numerical datum or observation that represents an

amount or quantity. The quantity can be discrete or continuous.

Example of quantitative variable:

1. Earnings of fishermen in Terengganu

2. The number of fishermen in Terengganu.
3. The number of Proton Wira cars in the parking lot.
4. The number of wau ordered.
5. The area or size of IIUM’s campus in Gombak.

Discrete and continuous variables

A discrete is a countable number of values. The values are generally

expressed as integers or whole numbers.

A continuous variable is a number that can assume all of the infinitely many
values corresponding to a line interval.

Qualitative variable

A qualitative variable is a non-numerical observation that represents a

category of data.

Example of qualitative:

1. Colour.
2. Gender, i.e. male or female.
3. Marital status, i.e. single, married, divorced or separated.
Frequency distribution

Frequency distribution is a table that contains of data values and its frequency
is the number of times a value occurs.

Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a
frequency distribution.

Grouped frequency distribution

Grouped frequency distribution is displays the data in class intervals and the
number of data (frequency) that is included in each class.

Cumulative frequency

Cumulative frequency is the total number of data that is less than a particular
value (usually the upper class boundary)

Mean, median and mode is statistic

Mean

Mean is the sum of the data in a frequency distribution divided by the

number of data elements.

Median

The value of the middle element when the size is odd(or the average
value of the two middle elements when the sample size is even)in a
frequency distribution. To find the median, the data elements must be
in order.

Mode

The most frequently occurring value in frequency distribution.

 TYPES OF HAND PHONE USED BY PPISMP SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS IN
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PERLIS.

No Class Sony Ericsson Nokia CSL Samsung LG Other

1 Pemulihan B /
2 Pemulihan B /
3 Pemulihan B /
4 Pemulihan B /
5 Pemulihan B /
6 Pemulihan B /
7 Pemulihan B /
8 Pemulihan A /
9 Pemulihan A /
10 Pemulihan B /
11 Pemulihan B /
12 Pemulihan B /
13 Pemulihan B /
14 Pemulihan B /
15 Pemulihan B /
16 Pemulihan B /
17 Pemulihan B /
18 Pemulihan B /
19 TESL D /
20 TESL D /
21 TESL D /
22 TESL D /
23 TESL D /
24 TESL D /
25 TESL D /
26 TESL D /
27 TESL D / /
28 TESL D /
29 TESL D /
30 TESL D /
31 TESL D /
32 Pendidikan Jasmani /
33 Pendidikan Jasmani /
34 Pendidikan Jasmani /
35 Pendidikan Jasmani /
36 Pendidikan Jasmani /
37 Pendidikan Jasmani
38 Pendidikan Jasmani /
39 Pendidikan Jasmani /
40 Pendidikan Jasmani /
41 Pendidikan Jasmani /
42 TESL B /
43 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
44 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
45 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
46 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
47 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
48 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
49 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
50 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
51 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
52 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
53 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
54 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
55 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
56 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
57 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
58 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
59 PJ SEMESTER 3 /
60 PJ SEMESTER 3 /

Method used in collecting data

1. Observation

Our group prepare paper or form to classes and told them to fill
the form. That is how our group gather the data. We observe
each class by giving them a form to fill.

Frequency distribution

Types of Hand Phone Tally Frequency

Sony Ericsson llll llll llll llll llll llll 29
Nokia llll llll llll llll llll 25
CSL lll 3
Samsung 0
LG l 1
Other ll 2
Sum 60

Qualitative Data

Types of hand phone Frequency

Sony Ericsson 29
Nokia 25
CSL 3
Samsung 0
LG 1
 Other 2
Sum 60

ANSWER FOR MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE:

a) Mean = x
n
= 29 + 25 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 2
6
= 60/6
Mean = 10

b) Rearrange the numbers in ascending order:

0 1 2 3 25 29

Median = 2 + 3
2
Median = 2.5

c) Mode = 29
Bar Chart

Types of hand phone Frequency

Sony Ericsson 29
Nokia 25
CSL 3
Samsung 0
LG 1
Other 2
Sum 60

Pie Chart
WEIGHT(KG) OF PPISMP SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS IN INSTITUTE PENDIDIKAN
GURU KAMPUS PERLIS

No Class Weight (kg)

1 Pemulihan B 45
2 Pemulihan B 40
3 Pemulihan B 48
4 Pemulihan B 45
5 Pemulihan B 79
6 Pemulihan B 75
7 Pemulihan B 46
8 Pemulihan B 46
9 Pemulihan B 52
10 Pemulihan B 60
11 Pemulihan B 77
12 Pemulihan B 62
13 Pemulihan B 63
14 Pemulihan B 85
15 Pemulihan B 65
16 Pemulihan B 52
17 Pemulihan B 44
18 Pemulihan A 62
19 Pemulihan B 38
20 Pemulihan B 43
21 Pemulihan B 38
22 TESL D 52
23 TESL D 43
24 TESL D 60
25 TESL D 52
26 TESL D 43
27 TESL D 54
28 TESL D 68
29 TESL D 47
30 TESL D 43
31 TESL D 46
32 TESL D 59
33 TESL D 47
34 TESL D 70
35 TESL D 71
36 TESL D 87
37 TESL D 70
38 TESL D 58
39 TESL D 67
40 Pendidikan Jasmani 49
41 Pendidikan Jasmani 43
42 Pendidikan Jasmani 65
43 Pendidikan Jasmani 59
44 Pendidikan Jasmani 37
45 Pendidikan Jasmani 46
46 Pendidikan Jasmani 55
47 Pendidikan Jasmani 61
48 TESL B 55
49 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 51
50 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 52
 51 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 60
52 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 57
53 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 57
54 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 60
55 Pendidikan Jasmani Semester 3 55
56 Pengajian Agama Semester 3 50
57 Bahasa Melayu Semester 3 62
58 Bahasa Melayu Semester 3 59
59 Bahasa Cina Semester 3 57
60 Bahasa Cina Semester 3 69

Frequency distribution

Weight (kg) Tally Frequency

30 – 39 III 3
40 – 49 IIII IIII IIII II 17
50 – 59 IIII IIII IIII III 18
60 – 69 IIII IIII IIII 14
70 – 79 IIII I 6
80 – 89 II 2
sum 60

Quantitative data

Weight (kg) Frequency

30 – 39 3
40 – 49 17
50 – 59 18
60 – 69 14
70 – 79 6
80 – 89 2
 sum 60

Relative Frequency

Weight (kg) Frequency Relative Frequency ( f / f)

30 – 39 3 0.05
40 – 49 17 0.28
50 – 59 18 0.30
60 – 69 14 0.23
70 – 79 6 0.10
80 – 89 2 0.03
sum 60

Lower Boundary and Upper Boundary

Weight (kg) Lower Boundary Upper Boundary

30 – 39 29.5 39.5
40 – 49 39.5 49.5
50 – 59 49.5 59.5
60 – 69 59.5 69.5
70 – 79 69.5 79.5
80 – 89 79.5 89.5

Midpoint

Weight (kg) Midpoint

30 – 39 34.5
40 – 49 44.5
50 – 59 54.5
60 – 69 64.5
 70 – 79 74.5
80 – 89 84.5

Cumulative Relative Frequency

Weight L/B U/B frequency Relative Midpoint Cumulative

(kg) frequency frequency
30 – 39 29.5 39.5 3 0.05 34.5 3
40 – 49 39.5 49.5 17 0.28 44.5 20
50 – 59 49.5 59.5 18 0.30 54.5 38
60 – 69 59.5 69.5 14 0.23 64.5 52
70 – 79 69.5 79.5 6 0.10 74.5 58
80 – 89 79.5 89.5 2 0.03 84.5 60

ANSWER FOR MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE:

a) Mean = x = ∑fx∑f

Mean = Sum of (midpoint × frequency)

Sum of frequency

= 3(34.5) + 17(44.5) + 18(54.5) + 14(64.5) + 6(74.5) + 2(84.5)

60

= 3360
60

= 56

b) Median = LB + N2-ffm c
 Median class = 50 – 59

= 49.5 + 602-201810

= 49.5 + (0.56 x 10)

= 49.5 + 5.6

= 55.1

c) Mode class = 50 – 59

Bar Chart

Weight L/B U/B frequency Relative Midpoint Cumulative

(kg) frequency frequency
30 – 39 29.5 39.5 3 0.05 34.5 3
40 – 49 39.5 49.5 17 0.28 44.5 20
50 – 59 49.5 59.5 18 0.30 54.5 38
60 – 69 59.5 69.5 14 0.23 64.5 52
70 – 79 69.5 79.5 6 0.10 74.5 58
80 – 89 79.5 89.5 2 0.03 84.5 60
Ogive