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Long hair, big black boots, ripped jeans, a leather belt with studs and spikes, a t-
shirt with the logo of a band of his choice and an electric guitar hanging around his torso.
This has been the image of Heavy Metal for decades. It is the image of the rebellious man
who empowers himself by breaking the norms of society, a man who dictates dominance
by releasing his anger and angst. Yet, it is only an image and attitude that society could
accept in a man. It is harder to see, and more so to understand how and where women
come to play in this culture of loud music, polemic ideas and unorthodox fashions;
especially taking into account that this culture is predominantly male. However, the
question does not lie in whether females are part of this culture or not, for it is quite
obvious that they are in some way or another. The question lies in whether Heavy Metal
is a culture where females will not find themselves as victims of sexual objectification
and misogyny.
lens, it is perhaps necessary to explain the culture and give a brief history of it. It is
debated who was the first person to have coined the term “Heavy Metal” in the first place
(Dunn, Konow xi), and the discussion of which band was the first to be defined by this
term rages on and on among generations of Metal listeners. Many people point towards
British Blues Rock bands of the late 60’s that began incorporating heavier elements into
their sound (Dunn). Hundreds of sources claim that it all began with a four-man band
from Birmingham belonging to this movement. They were called Earth, a name that
would eventually be changed to Black Sabbath. (Konow 3, Dunn). The end of the 60’s
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marked the end of a hopeful era for the Western World and the death of the peace-and-
love generation; there were the grisly “Manson slayings and the threat of Vietnam [that]
proved how inhumane the world can be” (Konow 3). Black Sabbath’s music, as well as
that of some of their contemporaries, was a reflection of the dark and morbid world we
live in, and therefore “was far removed from the feelings of hope and promise of the
1960s. […] There was nothing peaceful or flowery about their music” (Konow 3).
The “evil” in this music was easily recognizable by the sound of a certain note.
Perhaps the first Heavy Metal song, titled Black Sabbath and performed by the
eponymous band had extensive use of the diminished fifth, a note in a scale that was
considered “The Devil’s Note” in the Middle Ages (Dunn). The sound of a diminished
fifth often creates an eerie, dark and twisted (almost dissonant) tone, perfectly fitting the
reflection of the inhumane realities of life that the original Heavy Metal musicians used
Black Sabbath was among the many bands that rose from working-class roots.
Like many bands also associated with the early Heavy Metal movement, such as Deep
Purple and Led Zeppelin, “these people were not of affluent backgrounds” (Dunn). They
religious conservative ideas, if not both (Dunn, Konow 4). Tony Iommi, legendary
guitarist from Black Sabbath regards the industrial town of Aston, Birmingham, the place
create a strong personality and a sort of return to primordial survival instincts. According
to Konow “it is not surprising heavy metal was born in a working-class environment.
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Heavy metal often carries the message of standing up for yourself, standing strong
It is also not surprising that Heavy Metal, like many other current forms of music,
has many of its roots coming from Blues (Konow x). As Malcolm Dome mentions in
music”, music for the working-class that wanted “the energy to come out in a different
way, and an entertainment form that was theirs and theirs alone”. Another important
musical ancestor, according to this same source, is one that many of the virtuosic Metal
performers found inspiration in: dark and heavy Classical Music, such as Wagnerian
Opera. Dome himself believes that had they been contemporaries “Richard Wagner
would be in Deep Purple [and] Beethoven would have been happy to be in Led
Zeppelin”. The history of Classical Music to some extent followed a similar theme of
self-determination and standing up for oneself. Sure, many composers were educated, but
a large number of virtuosic performers such as Bach and Mozart never went to university
and were among the top performers of their time, much like innovative and gifted Metal
musicians such as the late-70’s guitar hero Eddie Van Halen (Dunn).
Thus, it can clearly be seen that from its earliest steps into existence, Heavy Metal
held a certain group of ideologies and a psychology of its own. Much in the fashion of
Karl Marx, this type of music is proof that “the history of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggles” (Marx 1). Heavy Metal is far from being an aristocratic or
bourgeois form of music. Judging from its roots, both musically speaking and in terms of
musicians’ environments, Heavy Metal is the music of the proletariat. The “slaves of the
bourgeois class and of the bourgeois State” (Marx 6) are as Marx states in his Communist
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Manifesto in an eternal struggle against their enslavers. This triggers a rather aggressive
behavior, which reflects in Heavy Metal culture. Heavy Metal music cannot be “cute and
soft” (Dunn), for that would contradict its purposes of speaking out for the oppressed and
Aggression is a common feature in nature and human societies, for struggle has
been the history of the human race, and the struggle for survival, the history of nature.
(aggression within the same species) has certain biological functions that ultimately help
animals of the same species over the available environment, [select] the strongest
[individuals] by rival fights and [defend] the young [from intra-specific risks]” (43).
Interestingly, these functions are, perhaps with the exception of protecting the young,
traditionally seen as goals to be fulfilled by the males of the species. The human race is
not the exception. Heavy Metal’s aggressive nature thus makes it appealing to male
audiences, as it is part of their biology to be aggressive. One can go as far as saying that
“as long as there [are] pissed-off, adolescent, white males, there [is] a need for heavy
metal” (Konow xii). However, this raises the question of why the human male creates or
enjoys this type of music rather than going out on a killing spree. There is no definite
answer to this mystery of the human psyche, but there are certain things to be considered
to attempt to explain it. Perhaps the largest consideration to be done is the fact that it is
impossible to release all aggressive feelings and desires through actual aggression against
members of one’s own species. To deal with these primordial needs, nature has devised
something Lorenz calls “redirection of the attack” (57). It is described as “nature’s most
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ingenious expedient for guiding aggression into harmless channels” (Lorenz, 57). This
basically refers to channeling all the need to harm, so to speak, into “symbolic rituals”
that release this necessity without dealing damage or killing other members of one’s own
species (Lorenz 58). It can be considered that music and most other forms of
entertainment are some of these “symbolic rituals”. Indeed, for music is considered, at
least in the dogma of Plato as “the barbarous expression of the soul” (Campbell).
However, intra-specific aggression and aggressive symbolic rituals are not always
performed by males. Lorenz brings up a particular example among ducks where two
couples (a male and a female in each) perform such a ritual, but it is the females that
actually execute the aggressive movements against each other rather than the males,
which stand stoically, almost as if to defend the females if things got nasty (59-66). This
could perhaps bring through the idea that it is not a biological factor what makes males
aggressive, but rather the context of males in the societies created by the human species,
upon which they are placed. Ferdinand de Saussure, a structuralist theorist of the early
20th Century argues that it is language what defines the ideas within the human mind and
thus triggers certain behaviors. Our thoughts are but “a vague uncharted nebula”
Saussure states that at its most basic level, the joining of language and thought
appears in the form of signifier, a symbol, word or drawing; and signified, the meaning
behind the signifier (106). With our topic at hand, it can be argued that a long-haired man
wearing leather is a signifier of Heavy Metal; but delving into an even deeper level,
individual. This joint of meanings however, is fully arbitrary (Saussure 109), for the
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words Heavy Metal might as well be interpreted as signifiers alluding to their “literal”
meanings, speaking of metallic chemical elements with large masses; and the long-haired
homosexuality. Yet, the arbitrary nature of language goes even further; there is no
physical bond between the word “man” or “leather” to what they signify, no connection
at all but the idea that “this means that”. To a complete outsider to the English language
the word “man” can mean what we call “hockey mask”, and the word “leather” can mean
“amplification”. For that matter, there is not even a connection between the letters and the
sound we designate them to represent. The letter “t” could be interpreted as the sound
English speakers designate to the letter “p” (Saussure 110). Therefore, the different
perceptions of individuals allow different interpretations and the only universality for
meaning lies in an arbitrary measure that can be described as “it means this, not that”.
This leads up to Saussure’s idea that the complex system of language, where the
mind knows that a certain signifier refers to a certain signified, is only created through a
system of differences. “The most precise characteristic is in being what the others are
not” (Saussure 109). We only know that the man has long hair because he does not have
short hair, and we only know the music he listens to is heavy because it is not light or
soft. Much in the fashion of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, we see
that the signifiers and the respective signified of each are like the “diverse aspects” that
take part in creating an object within the human mind. In Hegel’s Phenomenology of the
Mind, he describes that “consciousness puts [these diverse aspects] to its side of the
account […] each by itself as it appears to the universal medium, specifically determined.
White is only in opposition to black, and so on, and the thing is a “one” just by the fact
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that it is opposed to other things” (Ф120). Based on these arguments, it can be said that
the human mind views the world around it as an intertwined never-ending system of
“opposing, relative and negative entities” (Saussure 110); binaries, solely built upon
comparisons.
goes even further as to analyzing the interdependent system of thought and language by
attempting to place which one came first. While this definitely seems the kind of question
inevitably leading to a catch twenty-two, sort of like the classic “which came first, the
chicken or the egg?”, Saussure coherently explains the void left by the previous “this
means that” statement. “If words stood for pre-existing concepts, they would all have
exact equivalents in meaning from one language to the next; but this is not true”
(Saussure 108), thus implying that language existing before the birth and learning of an
individual generates the ideas of the psyche of the individual in question. As coherent as
this sounds however, the catch twenty-two remains. What creates the language that
shapes the thoughts? The answer tells us it’s the thoughts of another individual using
language, which are in turn, shaped by language itself. For the sake of simplicity, let us
place this in layman’s terms as “we think what we think because we have been told to
think so”.
Therefore, perhaps it is not biology what makes a male aggressive, but rather the
social context of the male, telling the male that it is his duty to enter into aggressive
behaviors if necessary and that being idle and submissive is not. Or looking at the subject
superficially, the male only enjoys Heavy Metal because he is told it is acceptable to have
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such a behavior. And perhaps it’s the same with ducks. The society created by the
population of ducks tells the females about the nature of the ritual they execute and that it
is them, and not the males who are to perform the aggressive and intimidating moves.
Jacques Lacan, a French structuralist of the early 20th Century, built upon the
Phallus. According to Lacan, gender is a binary product of the concept of the phallus in
human societies. It is necessary to point out however, that Lacan does not refer to the
anatomical male reproductive organ when speaking of the phallus, but to the social
construct that defines gender. The human female is “castrated, in the sense of deprived of
the phallus” (Lacan 132) from the moment of coming into existence. But it is not mere
biology what allows this “castration” to occur, but rather language (Lechte), meaning
basically that the idea of one’s own gender is merely created by what the world around
them tells them what they are. One can be born bearing a penis, but be raised in a manner
one becomes identified with the female gender, effectively being castrated of one’s own
phallus. In Saussurian and Hegelian fashion, Lacan reinforces the idea of binaries by
creating the idea that a male is male for the fact that he is not a female, and a female is a
But what specifically is the phallus? It is not “an imaginary effect. Nor is it an
object […] in the sense that this term tends to accentuate the reality pertaining in a
relation” (Lacan 134). Lacan states that the phallus is, above all, a “signifier intended to
designate as a whole the effects of the signified, in that the signifier conditions them by
its presence as a signifier” (134). The signified of the phallus is dominance over the
Other. In the case of Lacan’s analysis, this Other is man’s antithesis, woman. There is no
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equilibrium between the sexes for this purpose; man is “the embodiment of humanity,
while woman is his correlative negation” (Peel 1). Men represent the “essential and all
that is positive and neutral” while women “are inessential, the incidental and thus
not make sense. Females in their task of child-bearing are among the most important
features in a species, and is required for the species in question to perpetuate its existence.
Consider two populations of mammals, one where there is a single male and an abundant
number of females, and another where there is a single female and an abundant number
of males. Not much reasoning is required to realize that the former population will
succeed to procreate a large number of offspring and place itself in the next generation,
while the latter will find itself at an enormous difficulty of surviving, as intra-specific
aggression and the long periods of gestation will make the population dwindle and barely
make it to the next generation, if at all. Yet despite the essential necessity for females in
the biological sense, the dominance of the male is maintained through the existence of the
phallus.
desire in the form of a demand. “Demand in itself bears on something other than the
meaning that we only want objects around us due to the fact that these objects are absent
in ourselves. Thus Lacan places desire as “neither the appetite for satisfaction, nor
demand for love, but the difference that results from the subtraction of the first from the
second” (135). What maintains the phallus in place as the one and only symbol of
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dominance is the demand the woman has for it, as she in a sense envies man, who
possesses the phallus almost in a natural manner. The phallus is displayed however, not
only to females as a sign of being subdued, but also to other males as sign of superiority.
Perhaps this explains why a rather large amount of edifices and buildings that the human
psyche associates with glory and power (obelisks, skyscrapers) have a phallic shape, or
why Heavy Metal musicians raise their guitars and basses in an almost phallic fashion
Whatever the cause of the existing dichotomy in gender, the fact that the audience
reflected in Heavy Metal fandom by the fact that this music displays ideas of struggle,
rebellion (a voice of dissent that maintains the struggle alive) and a facing of humanity’s
fear of the unknown; these being ever-present ideas throughout the history of the human
race. However a fascinating, and almost surprising thing occurs when looking at the
context of Heavy Metal in current Western society. Rather than being praised by the
masses of critics, connoisseurs and even other young people belonging to other cultures,
what we rather ignore, it celebrates what we often deny, it indulges in what we fear most,
and that’s why Metal will always be a culture of outsiders” (Dunn). In the short
publication The Death of Satan it is mentioned that Metal listeners found the “meaning
[to life] antithetically, and sought "God" […] by exploring his/her/its opposite”
(Campbell). They found “Prometheus”, the spirit of rebellion and self-discovery through
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this music. “Heavy metal supplied [them] with the dualism [they] required to […] reduce
(Campbell). Heavy Metal culture strongly emphasizes in this binary, because of its often
nonconformist and rebellious attitude. The aggression against a society one dislikes
channeled into a harmless medium is the method through which the message “I’m
At this point, this leads up to the question of why females did not “properly” fit
in, so to speak, in Heavy Metal culture. If women are the absolute Other, as certain
sources point out, then this culture of outsiders should not only embrace them, but praise
and celebrate them as the ultimate form of rebellion. Taking into account the attitudes
makes the point that “it wasn’t sympathetic towards getting a female audience”. On top of
the hostile-sounding music and attitude, there were certain other aspects that language
links traditionally with males and links directly against women. One of them is “using
tools very effectively […], part of this working-class ethos” (Dunn), this referring to the
guitar and bass instrumentation of Heavy Metal, often being complex and challenging to
play. As Geddy Lee, bass player of the Canadian band Rush places it, “an urge of teenage
angst combined with desire to be a good player” was the main trigger to the creation of
“blitzkrieg guitar solos”, the effective usage of these tools. And this was represented in an
audience that was largely male (Dunn). This effective employ of tools is perhaps another
Interestingly enough, the idea of gender was sort of subverted and largely ignored
throughout much of the history of Heavy Metal, at least on stage. “[There was] not an
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issue with how to deal with relationships between men and women, there just [weren’t]
any”. What the culture ends up being is a sort of “heroic, male-only world where men
band together and do the job”, in a sense “thinking about gender by not thinking about
Off the stage however, it was common to hear about the debaucheries of bands,
displeasing the conservative population, especially by their sexual activities with local
girls. Vanilla Fudge drummer Carmine Appice mentions that in their tour with Led
Zeppelin “[they] had a great time. [They] were wrecking hotel rooms, abusing girls,
probably all the same stuff Mike Tyson got arrested for” (Konow 22). In the 80’s, there
was a considerable amount of bands and musicians that only played with sex as the focus,
rather than the music, using the latter as a vehicle to obtain their ultimate goal. Such was
the case of Vince Neil, lead singer of Mötley Crüe, whose “main priorities were getting
paid and getting laid” (Konow 155). Women were groupies in this specific time, and
most throughout the history of Heavy Metal. According to former groupie Pamela Des
Barres “A groupie is a girl, usually, who wants to hang around with the groups. That’s
where the word comes from” (Dunn). Yet this “hanging around” became obviously more
than just sitting down for a talk with the musicians. It often became sexual encounters,
such as a case of a Led Zeppelin concert during John Bonham’s drum solo in the song
‘Moby Dick’, where the rest of the band had a groupie in their dressing room. “As
[Bonham] took control of the crowd she was performing oral sex on the rest of the band”
(Konow 23). This, and many other well-documented occurrences, as well as the posters
of “Heavy Metallers and the occasional half-dressed groupie” (Dunn) lead to the thought
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that Heavy Metal fosters a culture of misogyny, powerlessness and sexual objectification
of women. Des Barres however argues that groupies are “exactly where they want to be.
Women that are hanging out with bands are not dragged […] into a band’s bedrooms or
backstage. […] They want to be there. They make every effort in the world to get where
they can be with these bands and they’re doing exactly what they want to do” (Dunn).
In the Lacanian context however, this idea of “wanting” to be with the bands
directly contradicts the notion that men’s desires must often go alienated. The Other,
woman, represses man’s desire of sexual activity (Lacan 134) and thus the man must
often go “incomplete” and with this natural desire to procreate unfulfilled. Yet Lacan
makes an interesting point of “the phallus as a signifier [that] gives the ratio of desire”
(Lacan 136). Therefore the display of dominance often shown by members of Heavy
Metal bands, through aggressive hyper-masculine attitudes and tone, phallic electric
guitar raising and challenging guitar solos “enlarge” the phallus of these musicians and
therefore make them more desirable to women, or more enviable to them at the very least.
Therefore this want, this desire to be with the bands is arguably a way in which the deep-
certain women. And as Freud mentions in his Slips of the Tongue the subconscious is
often displayed unintentionally and unknowingly, such as in the ordinary ‘slips of the
Females however, did not remain as groupies all the way between the late 60’s
and today. Up until recently, it was truthful to say that a large amount of women in Heavy
Metal culture were part of the sexual indulgences of the artists performing this kind of
music. But Heavy Metal has opened some space for female performers over the past few
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decades. It is said that it all began with an all-female British band called Girlschool, and
ever since “women have become much more visible in Metal, […] fronting some of the
world’s biggest Metal bands” (Dunn). According to Jackie Chambers and Kim
McAuliffe, members of Girlschool, “it totally created an element of respect”. To gain this
respect however, members of Girlschool were often faced with certain patronizing,
condescending comments such as if they were tuning the instruments for their boyfriends.
This only occurred because “you don’t expect a female to get up and play guitar” (Dunn).
The perception created by language has told people that it is unacceptable for human
females to be aggressive and rebellious. It has told them that it is expected of women to
be submissive and to exist only relative to males. At any rate, the rebellious nature of
Heavy Metal surfaced in this manner among females, by destroying some the ideas of
gender roles.
But at the same time, the Otherness of females in Heavy Metal is often denoted by
the very idea of labeling a band as all-female or female-fronted. As Peel mentions, “those
that hold the position of the Other are appreciated and celebrated, but always in light of
their difference” (2). Girlschool, as well as Doro, Nightiwish, Astarte and Epica only
became appreciated because they were different from the all-male, testosterone-filled
Heavy Metal that had traditionally been heard since the days of Black Sabbath. Yet in a
certain sense, Heavy Metal as a whole is only celebrated by its fans because of its
Otherness. “It’s outsider music, it’s outsider topics […] it’s like all the weird kids in one
place” (Dunn). It is not soft Pop music that attracts the casual listener and speaks of the
most mundane things. It transgresses some social norms, and is often followed by a base
of hardcore listeners that make Heavy Metal something larger-than-life. As musician Rob
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Zombie puts it “it’s like a lifestyle. […] No one goes ‘Yeah I was really big into Slayer…
one summer’ […] I haven’t met that guy, I’ve only met the guy that has Slayer carved
1980’s, a large dichotomy of styles appeared in the scene. It can be said that there are two
polar opposites in terms of appearance and tone, that despite the fact of the large
Heavy Metal is represented. One such is the more traditional looks of working-class
clothes, as well as the leather, studs and spikes look currently associated with the Hard
Rock, Metal and Punk movements. The Thrash Metal band Metallica in its early days
“weren’t larger-than-life icons […] Metallica wore basic t-shirts and jeans on stage, and
had no “image” to speak of” (Konow 149), but less than conformists, they were
rebellious musicians that released their anger and dislike towards society. This was part
of their working-class, “Average Joe” appearance as the first publicity photo Elektra
Records had of them proves. “Cliff [Burton, the bass player,] wore a FUCK YOU T-
Just as fascinating as the dichotomy of styles, the leather and studs look holds a
very interesting story behind it. Introduced by Judas Priest in the 1970’s, it was viewed as
ultra-masculine, just as much as Metallica’s working-class outfits. Little did fans know
that it was really “basic leather-bar gay clothing”; despite this, “straight fans saw it as
straighter than anybody, the furthest you could get from gay, when in fact it was coming
right out of the club” (Dunn). Rob Halford, the lead singer of Judas Priest was
homosexual, and through the “tough, angry, aggressive and extreme” looks of the leather
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and spikes, not only did he create the looks to express the type of music he played, he
“blatantly expressed his sexuality without ever saying it” (Konow 137). From this point
on, much like the stigmatization of the Swastika or the Sowilo Rune due to their use by
Nazi Germany, the leather and studs, signifiers of gay culture became the signifiers of
The dichotomy however, is not complete without peeking into the other side of
the spectrum of Heavy Metal. Perhaps viewable as an antithesis to the “macho” working-
class looks and attitude of Classic/Thrash Metal, there is the Hair/Glam Metal scene,
“another part of this culture where the guys actually look like girls” (Dunn). It was “hard
rock and heavy metal [becoming] clogged with hairspray and makeup” (Konow 150). A
band belonging to this movement was the extremely popular Los Angeles-based Mötley
Crüe. Largely influenced by the British band Sweet, part of the “glitter/glam period of the
‘70s” (Konow 156), Mötley Crüe was all about sex, drugs and Rock’n’Roll. But at the
same time it was all about “trying to look good” as Vince Neil, Mötley’s vocalist, puts it
(Dunn).
Glam Metal bands often sported looks that could be described as feminine and
unmanly. They clung to symbols often associated with women, such as colorful clothing
and makeup. It was the way in which the hyper-masculine attitude came out by having a
look that was unmanly as possible (Dunn). Another Los Angeles band, Poison, gave their
photographer covers of magazines like Elle and Vogue saying that’s what they wanted to
look like on the cover of their first album (Dunn). Essentially, Poison got what they
wanted, for the final outcome had them look “very feminine, and many couldn’t tell from
photographs if they were male or female” (Konow 265). One reviewer went as far as
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saying “Anyone who dares to claim that his first reaction to the cover of Poison’s debut
wasn’t ‘Whoa! These chicks are hot!” is a lying sack of shit” (Konow 265).
Men in a sense embraced the Otherness of women in the Glam Metal scene. It
was rebellion against the norms placed by language to males. “What are you going to do
if you want to rebel as a man? Get an even more severe suit than your dad? You can’t go
that direction, but you can gender-bend […] Being feminine is the most masculine thing
that you can do” (Dunn). It was a way of subverting gender and displaying the essential
struggle of society by celebrating the absolute Other, almost having oneself become the
absolute Other. The characteristics language has attributed to human females were
embraced by men, thus deceiving the predisposed perception in the human psyche. As
placed in Metal: A Headbanger’s Journey, Glam managed to “[show] the many things
that we think to be natural and unchanging. [But that] just the way things are is not just
the way things are” (Dunn). This further fortifies the idea of arbitrary signifiers proposed
and rebellion.
Heavy Metal, Glam Metal bands garnered a greater female audience than any Metal act
before them. “Even for bands that drew a large percentage of women, Poison attracted
two to three times more females to their shows” (Konow 270). Whether it was the
makeup or the more “female-friendly” sound of Glam, it was definite that it became an
extremely popular type of music. To this very day, the notion that Glam Metal musicians
were the ones that got most sex in the history of Heavy Metal still circulates. Did one
“enlarge” one’s own phallus by acting feminine? Perhaps, because it takes (quite a lot of)
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“guts to be Glam” (Dunn); one displayed domination over the predisposed ideas of
society by transgressing them. In this case, it was one of the most essential building
blocks of Western society that was being bashed. It was the furthest transgression Heavy
Metal had committed at that time, with the exception perhaps of a drunk Ozzy Osbourne
At the same time as females began opening up more to Heavy Metal, the current
television giant MTV was developing, and with it, broadcast skyrocketed the sales for
bands of all Metal subgenres that got airplay. Thanks to MTV, Poison became the
commercial success it was. In fact, even the makeup-free Metalheads were thankful to
MTV to some extent, as it not only increased album sales, but also garnered a greater
female audience for them. Jason Newsted, former bassist of Metallica states that “once
[Metallica] was on MTV, better-looking girls started coming to the shows, just
However, this popularization led to the birth of many bands that current
the mid-80’s after the success of Poison, but as Ron Quintana points out “most of those
hair bands [were] followers, and they [would] follow any trend if the trend is against
them” (Konow 374). At this point, Heavy Metal began suffering a decline that would be
consummated in the decade to follow by many factors. The excesses of the 80’s, Beavis
& Butthead, disastrous band reunions, together with the Seattle explosion of the early
90’s (with acts such as Nirvana, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains) were the causes to the
“death” of Heavy Metal in the United States (Konow 380-385). The late 90’s and the
2000’s proved to be an era of resurrection for Heavy Metal, with the birth of sub-genres
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such as Nu Metal (Konow 385-386), the New Wave of American Metal, a large revival of
classic Heavy Metal bands (Dunn), and of course the European Metal scene where “the
hardcore metal fans […] didn’t like the hairspray and pop sensibilities” (Konow 288).
And interestingly enough, this era gave birth to many of the current female-fronted Metal
So after this rather long discussion and exposition of facts, the question of
misogyny and sexual objectification still remains. From all the different perspectives that
it can be seen, a definite answer to this enquiry will probably never surface from under
the pile of leather and studs bracelets, electric guitars and hairspray cans. The perception
of Heavy Metal has changed throughout the past 40 years in ways that their original
pioneers never imagined. From working class men who needed to release their anger and
proletarian social frustration out came a movement that would end in being represented
by aggressive long haired hyper-masculine individuals that either looked like women or
like tough leather-bar gay culture followers. But perhaps this movement transmuted too
At the same time as the perception of the music changed, the perception of
women changed as well. In the classic age of Heavy Metal, women were not active as
musicians, but rather as groupies, the sexual indulgences of the males that played this
loud unorthodox music. But why did these women go backstage and engage in sexual
acts with Heavy Metallers? At a superficial level it can be said that it was their desire to
do so. At a deeper level however, this desire is a way of subconscious submission to the
Lacanian concept of the phallus, kept strong by the fact it is reinforced by language.
Objectification would of course perhaps occur at this point, but who is it to blame if the
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language-shaped subconscious of these women dictates them to “praise the phallus” and
As Heavy Metal performers, women remained and to a certain extent, still remain
a minority that is only praised due to their Otherness. Whether it is the language of
human societies, or the biology of the human species, it seems as if were dictated that
aggressive attitudes, a key component to Heavy Metal, are a male-only attribute and that
it is unacceptable to have a female following such ideas. The fact that society does not
expect or accept the idea of females performing this rebellious style of music has shun
them away from it for a long time, effectively making Heavy Metal “a boys’ club”
(Dunn).
But for those women that do perform, they are symbols of strength and self-
determination for their fans (Dunn). These are women that display the very essence of
Heavy Metal by perhaps straying from the traditional gender role dictated by society. But
in an era where the abolishment of gender roles and the idea of gender equality have
become a reality, at least for the greater part of the Western World, it should not be
surprising to see women taking up the reins of a once male-dominated style of music.
Heavy Metal, at its very essence is freedom, an empowering source of entertainment and
mode of expression. Women have been repressed throughout the ages, existing only
relative to men. Much like the proletarian working-class men that began the Heavy Metal
movement, women were part of the lower strata of society and have had a long history of
struggle against the norms of society that tied them down. Rebellion by channeling the
joining men at places and concepts once considered male-only. Heavy Metal may have
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had a history of sexual deprivation throughout its existence, but women have empowered
themselves and will continue to empower themselves within it; thus perhaps redeeming
the culture initiated by the playing of a chord with the Devil’s Note through a distorted
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Works Cited
Campbell, Erik. "The Death of Satan: A NOVICE POET'S ODE TO HIS INNOCENCE,
CLASSIC HEAVY METAL, & THE CREATIVITY OF IMAGINARY EVIL."
Massachusetts Review 1(2005):105. eLibrary. Web. 14 Mar. 2010.
Dunn, Samuel. Metal: A Headbanger's Journey. Dir. Samuel Dunn and Scott McFadyen.
Banger Productions, 2005. DVD.
Freud, Sigmund. "Slips of the Tongue." Routledge Language and Cultural Theory
Reader. (2000): 127-130. Print.
Konow, David. Bang Your Head: the Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal. New York: Three
Rivers, 2002. Print.
Lacan, Jacques. "The Signification of the Phallus." Routledge Language and Cultural
Theory Reader. (2000): 132-138. Print.
Lorenz, Konrad. On Aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974. Print.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Moscow: Progress
Publishers, 1969. Print.
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