Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
SICKNESS IN INDIAN INDUSTRY
Submitted By:
ROHIT MALIK
E.NO:0101593909
MBA-II YEAR (Finance)
2010
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who made it possible for me to
complete this internship project. I want to thank M/s Dhir & Dhir Associates,
Advocates & Solicitors, New Delhi, a leading law firm in corporate arena, for
providing the necessary guidance and facilities for carrying out this project in the
first instance and to do the necessary research work in their office. I have
furthermore to thank my college faculty Prof. kiran vashistha for referring me to
this law firm and also encouraging me to go ahead with this project.
FACULTY GUIDES:
COMPANY GUIDES:
CONTENTS
Page No.
Chapter – I INTRODUCTION 01 –
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 09
1.2 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY
1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF
STUDY
1.4 LIMITATIONS
Chapter – LITREATURE REVIEW 10 –
II 22
Chapter – ABOUT THE ORGANISATION 23 –
III 66
Chapter – ABOUT THE TOPIC 67–
IV 85
Chapter – CASE STUDY ON ANUSIKA 86 – 98
V INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Chapter – FINDINGS 99 –
VI 102
Chapter – SUGGESTIONS 103 –
VII 115
Chapter – CONCLUSIONS
VIII
BIBLIOGRAPHY 116 – 122
ANNEXURE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Objectives are the ends that states specifically how goal be achieved. Every study must
have an objective for which all the efforts have been done. Without objective no research
can be conducted and no result can be obtained. On the basis of objective all the research
process is followed. Objectives are the main aspect of every study. The objective of the
study gives direction to go through the research problem. It guides the researcher and
keeps him on track.
I have two objectives regarding my research project. These are shown below :-
1. Primary objective
2. Secondary objective
1.Primary objective :-
(i) To analyze the various factors of industrial sickness and to find out the causes of
sickness.
(ii) To analyze the impact of remedial measures; adopted by government, financial
institutions and entrepreneurs on industrial growth;
2.Secondary objective :-
(i) To study the impact of industrial sickness, especially in small sector on industrial growth
and also on society at large;
(iii) To study and analyze the problems being faced by sick entrepreneurs on causes of
sickness especially non–availability of bank credit, quality control, in–conducive industrial
environment etc.
i)Industrial sickness has caused due to economic slow down, marketing competition and
changed business environment;
ii) Sick industrial units suffer from tough competition from large industries as well as
multinational companies in terms of marketing and procuring raw materials;
iii) Sick industrial units are facing financial crunch for technological up gradation and
utilization of installed capacity;
iv) Sick units are facing challenges from financial delay and financial support from
government sector;
v) Sick units are also facing problems due to withdrawal of support from government
organizations in terms of purchase of goods and products, extending technical and marketing
support and financial assistance.
Exploratory Research Design: This research design is preferred when researcher has a
vague idea about the problem the researcher has to explore the subject.
Experimental Research Design – The research design is used to provide a strong basis
for the existence of casual relationship between two or more variables.
Descriptive Research Design – It seeks to determine the answers to who, what, where,
when and how questions. It is based on some previous understanding of the matter.
Diagnostic Research Design It determines the frequency with which something occurs
or its association with something else.
PRIMARY DATA - It is first hand data, which is collected by researcher itself. Primary
data is collected by various approaches so as to get a precise, accurate, realistic and
relevant data. The main tool in gathering primary data was investigation and observation.
It was achieved by a direct approach and observation from the officials of the company.
SECONDARY DATA:- It is the data which is already collected by someone else.
Researcher has to analyze the data and interprets the results. It has always been important
for the completion of any report. It provides reliable, suitable, adequate and specific
knowledge.
I took data comprise annual reports and post records. The valuable cooperation extended
by staff members contributed a lot to fulfill the requirements in the collection of data in
order to complete the project. Various statistical tools are applied depending on the
research problem. In this study ratio analysis, comparative financial statements analysis
has been used for analyzing and interpreting the result.
1.4 Limitations
1. Not able to cover the Practical aspect i.e the actual working of the
company (because in the books, the networth may become positive but in
actual it suffers from losses).
Going through the rich source of Journals, magazines, articles and newspapers, I found
that no research has been conducted in the field of sickness in the Indian Industry, thus it
motivated me to do a research in this field.
Industrial sickness is one of the most complex problems of the Indian economy. Inspite
of the different measures taken by the Government the problem persists. The rise has
remained unabated, even in the years after the passage of the Sick Industrial Companies
Act (SICA) and the creation of the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
(BIFR). The study reveals that sick units have not only lost their net worth, but they have
also lost capital raised from sources other than ownership. The extent of accumulated
losses of sick units in India, is about two times that of the net worth of the sick units. The
study reveals the failure of the policies in controlling industrial sickness in India, and puts
forward certain suggestions to revamp the policy framework so as to effectively tackle
the problem.
In the wake of sickness in the country’s industrial climate prevailing in the eighties, the
Government of India set up in 1981, a Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of
Shri T.Tiwari to examine the matter and recommend suitable remedies therefore. Based
on the recommendations of the Committee, the Government of India enacted a special
legislation namely, the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (1 of
1986) commonly known as the SICA.
The main objective of SICA is to determine sickness and expedite the revival of
potentially viable units or closure of unviable units (unit here in refers to a Sick Industrial
Company). It was expected that by revival, idle investments in sick units will become
productive and by closure, the locked up investments in unviable units would get released
for productive use elsewhere.
The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (hereinafter called the Act)
was enacted with a view to securing the timely detection of sick and potential sick
companies owning industrial undertakings, the speedy determination by a body of experts
of the preventive, ameliorative, remedial and other measure which need to be taken with
respect to such companies and the expeditious enforcement of the measures so
determined and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Board of experts named the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
(BIFR) was set up in January, 1987 and functional with effect from 15th May 1987. The
Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (AAIRFR) was
constituted in April 1987. Government companies were brought under the purview of
SICA in 1991 when extensive changes were made in the Act including, inter-alia,
changes in the criteria for determining industrial sickness.
SICA applies to companies both in public and private sectors owning industrial
undertakings:-
(a) pertaining to industries specified in the First Schedule to the Industries (Development
and Regulation) Act, 1951, (IDR Act) except the industries relating to ships and other
vessels drawn by power and;
(b) Not being "small scale industrial undertakings or ancillary industrial undertakings" as
defined in Section 3(j) of the IDR Act.
(c) The criteria to determine sickness in an industrial company are (i) the accumulated
losses of the company to be equal to or more than its net worth i.e. its paid up capital plus
its free reserves (ii) the company should have completed five years after incorporation
under the Companies Act, 1956 (iii) it should have 50 or more workers on any day of the
12 months preceding the end of the financial year with reference to which sickness is
claimed. (iv) it should have a factory license.
OBJECTIVES OF SICA
The objectives of this Act (SICA) as incorporated in its preamble, emphasises the
following points:
The SICA had been enacted in the public interest to deal with the problems of
industrial sickness with regard to the crucial sectors where public money is locked
up.
It contains special provisions for timely detection of sick and potentially sick
industrial companies, speedy determination and enforcement of preventive,
remedial and other measures with respect to such companies.
Those measures are to be taken by a body of experts.
(a) Legal
(b) Financial restructuring
(c) Managerial
Thus, the SICA came into existence in 1985 and BIFR started functioning from 1987.
Constitution of two quasi-judicial bodies – BIFR and AAIFR and their Benches
Procedure of the Board and the Appellate Authority.
Filing of references u/s 15 and criteria of sickness.
Provision of enquiry u/s 16.
Appointment of Special Directors and OAs u/s 16(4) and 17(3).
Preparation of sanctioned scheme under section 17(2), 17(3) & 18(4).
Provision for monitoring of schemes u/s 18(12)
Rehabilitation by giving financial assistance u/s 19.
Winding up of sick industrial companies u/s 20.
Protection to safeguard the interests of the sick companies u/s 22(1), 22(2), 22(3).
Provisions for dealing with potential sickness u/s 23, 23(a), 23(b).
Provision in case of misfeasance u/s 24.
Provision for seeking information and giving information – Central Govt., RBI,
FIs State institutions and sick companies and in case of amalgamation other
companies.
Power to seek assistance of MMs & DMs u/s 29.
SICA has overriding provisions u/s 32 over other laws except the provisions of
FERA, 1973 and the ULCRA,1976.
The Board of Directors of a sick industrial company is required, by law, to report the
sickness to the BIFR within 60 days of finalization of audited accounts, for the financial
year at the end of which the company has become sick. BIFR has prescribed a format for
this report. While reporting by a company of its sickness to the BIFR is mandatory as per
the provisions of law, any other interested person/party can also report the fact of
sickness of a company to the BIFR. Such interested parties may be the financial
institution/bank that has lent loan to the company, the RBI, the Central/State
Governments. The BIFR has prescribed a different format for the report to be submitted
by such interested parties. When a company has been financed by a consortium of banks,
it is the Lead Bank that should report to the BIFR about the sickness under advice to
other participating banks in the consortium.
Revival Package
Once a company has been found sick, the BIFR may grant time to the sick company to
enable it to make its net worth positive and bring the company out of sickness, without
any external financial assistance. If it is found infeasible for company to make its net
worth positive with out any external financial assistance or if the BIFR decides that the
company can not make its net worth positive.
CHAPTER-4 ABOUT THE TOPIC
Sickness in Indian industry
Industrial sickness: Just like birth and growth, sickness and death is an inevitable
aspect of trade and industry. An industry flourishing today may face closure tomorrow
while an industry languishing today may turn the corner and grow rapidly tomorrow,
this is unavoidable in any economy.
A sick industrial unit is like a patient at home. A patient, in addition to suffering from
ailment himself, causes inconvenience to others and, often, spells ruin to the family,
particularly when the treatment is prolonged and expensive. A sick unit too will have
serious repercussions on the economy as a whole, besides adversely affecting the
interests of the people directly connected with it.
Reserve Bank of India study on causes of sickness covered 378 units and it revealed as
follows:
1. Loss of production.
2. Loss of employment.
3. Loss to government by way of lesser realization of duties, levies and taxes and
revenue, in general.
4. Locking up of recyclable funds of institutions.
5. Loss of inbuilt capacity of the plant.
DEFINITION
This has failed to repay its debts within any three consecutive quarters on demand
for repayment by its creditors.
Continuous decline in gross output compared to the previous two financial years.
Delays in repayment of institutional loan, for more than 12 months.
Erosion in the net worth to the extent of 50 percent of the net worth during the
previous accounting year.
PREDICTION OF SICKNESS
Though symptoms of sickness can be observed from the leading indicators, such
indicators may only suggest that the unit is a potentially sick unit. However, it is not easy
to arrive at a definite conclusion about the impending sickness on the basis of the leading
indicators of sickness. Considerable research work has been done to identify other
measurable parameters that can be used for predicting sickness. The research, in general
has been done by two different methods of analysis. They are Univariate Analysis and
Multivariate Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Univariate analysis aims to predict sickness on the basis of a single financial ratio.
Though many financial ratios were used by analysts for predicting sickness, there was no
consensus as to what the most appropriate ratio is for the prediction of sickness. Such a
situation prevailed till William H. Beaver published his study on univariate analysis in
the year 1966. Beaver examined the predicative power of 30 different financial ratios by
choosing a sample of 79 firms that had become sick and 79firms that were healthy for the
same period of time. The sample was so chosen that for each failed(sick) firm, a healthy
firm operating in the same industry and having comparative size was included in the
sample set. For both the set of samples of 79 firms each, Beaver examined the behaviour
of 30different financial ratios during the period of 5 years prior to the failure. The main
finding of Beaver was that the ratio that is most useful in predicting impending sickness
is the ‘ratio of cash flow to total debt’, since this ratio showed the minimum error in his
prediction.
Multivariate Analysis
Univariate analysis examines the predictive power of individual financial ratios. The joint
effect of more than one financial ratio in predicting sickness is not studied in univariate
analysis. Multivariate analysis, on the other hand, aims to predict industrial sickness by
studying the combined influence of several financial ratios.
Altman. E.I. presented his model of multivariate analysis for predicting industrial
sickness in the year 1966. In his model, Altman combined several financial ratios into a
single index. He named this index as ‘Z-score’. His analysis was based on a statistical
procedure known as ‘multiple discriminate analysis’ (MDA). Altman studied a sample of
33 bankrupt firms along with a paired sample of 33non-bankrupt firms. He examined 22
financial ratios to identify their combined influence on sickness
and selected five ratios, which in his opinion jointly possess the maximum power to
predict bankruptcy. Altman derived a discriminant function (‘Z’) that contains five
financial ratios. The discriminant function derived by Altman is as under:
A cut-off point for the ‘Z’ score was determined by Altman in such a way that it
minimized the overlap between bankrupt and non-bankrupt groups. Altman found that a
cut off value of 2.675 for ‘Z’ minimized the possibility of misclassification. Thus, as per
Altman’s analysis, firms with ‘Z’ score less than 2.675 are prone to become bankrupt and
firms with ‘Z’ score more than 2.675 are free from the threat of bankruptcy.
STAGE
S IC
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL SICKNESS
Internal Causes
External Causes
a) Personnel Constraint: The first for most important reason for the sickness of small
scale industries are non availability of skilled labour or manpower wages disparity in
similar industry and general labour invested in the area. Thus, the major personnel
constraints are:-
b) Marketing Constraints: The second cause for the sickness is related to marketing.
The sickness arrives due to liberal licensing policies, restrain of purchase by bulk
purchasers, changes in global marketing scenario, excessive tax policies by govt. and
market recession. Thus, the major marketing constraints are:-
Site Selection
Improper Layout
Inappropriate Plant Machinery
Inadequate Maintenance
Inadequate Material Control
Lack Of Quality Control
Lack Of Emphasis On R & D
d) Finance Constraints: Another external cause for the sickness of SSIs is lack of
finance. This arises due to credit restrains policy, delay in disbursement of loan
by govt., unfavorable investments, fear of nationalization. Thus, Some major
financial constraints are:
These are the causes that arises from outside the firm, they include:
a) Improper Credit Facilities: Banks and financial institutions have also felt the
impact of industrial sickness leading to a rise in the level of their Non Performing
Assets (NPAs).stress on the profitability, a cleaner bottom line and answerability to
the public leads to the increasing reluctance on the part of banks in extending
additional exposure to sick companies. They would rather settle their dues by the way
of one time settlement (OTS) and opt out of rehabilitation scheme.
A project that has gone sick would have already swallowed huge scarce resources. In
order to utilize the assets and infrastructure already created for the project, the project is
to be revived from sickness.
There is no doubt that the project would have had some weak areas which could have
been the cause for the sickness. In spite of this, rehabilitating the sick project is worth
considering since the cost of setting up a new unit might be substantially higher as
compared to the cost of rehabilitating a viable sick unit. Of course, having known the
factors that were responsible for leading the unit to sickness, they can be properly
addressed in the revival package. Revival of a sick unit may be necessitated or justified in
view of the under lying socio-economic objectives such as the following.
(a) The project may be in a sector that is vital to the economy. Abandoning the project
may lead to other socio-economic ill effects.
(b) Many ancillary units may be dependent on the unit that has gone sick. Unless the sick
unit is revived, it will have a chain effect of all such dependent ancillary units becoming
sick.
(c) Banks and financial institutions would have locked up their money in sick ventures.
In order to get back the investment of banks and financial institutions, the project is to be
revived and made to work again and generate surpluses. Though banks and financial
institutions that support a revival programme for the sick unit may be required to fund the
project again, they will be prepared to implement revival packages if they are convinced
that they will, apart from getting back their present investment with interest, also get back
their earlier investments that are locked up.
Once bitten, twice shy! - Before attempting to rehabilitate a sick unit, a detailed and
thorough viability study is to be undertaken to ensure that the revival programme will
really bear fruits. It is not advisable to venture upon any revival programme if there are
gray areas that need further study. This proposition should be adopted for identifying
units to be put on a rehabilitation package. For this purpose viability is defined as under:
The viability study shall enquire into the technical, commercial, managerial and financial
aspects.
Technical Appraisal
(a) Study the manufacturing process used by the unit. Ascertain if any new process has
since been developed. Explore the necessity of switching over to the latest manufacturing
process and study the cost, benefit aspects of such switchover.
(b) Study the production capacity of different production sections and checkup if the
production capacities of different sections are perfectly balanced. If there is any
production section, which has a lower capacity than that required for perfect balancing,
the overall capacity of the plant can be significantly increased without huge investments,
by adding the required balancing machinery.
(c) Explore the possibilities of adding additional/special features to the products that will
add competitive edge to the product. Also examine the need for changing the product-mix
that is in tune with the market requirement.
Rehabilitation of Sick Units 367
(d) Find out if any plant/equipment need major repair/overhauling to improve its
operating efficiency.
(e) If the location disadvantages outweigh all other factors, the scope for shifting the
location to an advantageous place may be examined and the consequent cost-benefit
analysis studied. This may be possible if the firm is functioning in leased premises and
owns only the plant and machinery. If the unit is located in own building, the proposal for
shifting the plant and machinery to a leased building in an advantages location may also
be studied. The building owned by the firm can be leased out to some other firms. The
long-term cost benefit analysis will give lead to the acceptability or otherwise of such a
proposal.
(f) Study the modifications required, if any in the plant layout so that the material
handling time can be reduced which may improve the efficiency of operations and
improve the output.
(g) Examine if any of the manufacturing operations that are done in house can be
entrusted to outside agencies, which may result in cost reduction.
Commercial Appraisal
(a) Commercial failure of a project will be mainly due to problems relating to the product
itself viz., defects/imperfections in product design which may lead to consumer
resistance. Such situations indicate that the products offered by competitors have better
features that attract consumers. Hence, the scope for product improvement and the cost
involved are to be studied.
(b) In spite of consumer acceptance of the product, if the project has gone sick, it is likely
that the profit margins might be low. Minor modifications in designing and packing the
product with upward revision in price may be accepted by the market which may bring
better returns to the company. This aspect may be studied by carrying out test marketing
for the improved product.
(c) Every product follows a life cycle which passes through four stages viz.,
Introduction.Rapid expansion.Maturity.and Decline.Profit margins shrink and signs of
sickness appear when the product is in its ‘decline’ stage.Product innovation can only
sustain the product at this stage. The decline once started can not be contained for long
inspite of product innovations. Product diversification may prove to be a feasible
solution. Hence for rehabilitating a unit whose product has already reached its ‘decline’
stage, the feasibility of switching over to diversified products making use of the existing
production facilities is to be studied. The cost-benefit analysis of additional investments
needed for product diversification and additional benefits that may accrue are to be
analysed.
Management Appraisal
A good project in the hands of an ineffective management turns the project bad. Similarly
a good management is capable making a not-so-good project, a success. Hence the first
thing under management appraisal is to study whether the sickness is due to reasons
beyond the control of the present management or due to ineffective management.
368 Project Management
If the sickness is due to reasons beyond the control of the management, for any revival
package to come out successful, it should be first ascertained if the management is still
committed to the project and is serious about reviving the unit. The management’s
commitment and seriousness may be indicated by,
Its readiness to inject additional funds to revive the unit.
Its readiness to strengthen the existing management by agreeing to induct
professionals as directors at various functional areas like
technical/finance/marketing/research and development etc.
The managerial appraisal shall suggest the required changes in the existing organisational
set up of the unit and also shall study the possible reduction in the man power that can be
achieved without affecting the organisiational efficiency, the likely compensation payable
for retrenchment etc.
Financial appraisal
Since appraisal of all other areas have a financial commitment in one form or the other,
financial appraisal assumes greater importance. All aspects of financial reconstruction
need to be considered and analysed.
When a project that has long term debt component in its capital structure becomes sick, it
becomes necessary to ease the burden of debt to enable the sick unit to recover from its
sickness. This necessitates restructuring of the debts. In general, banks and financial
institutions offer the following concessions in their package of rehabilitation assistance.
For the growth of a healthy person it is enough if ordinary care is taken, while a sick
person who is in convalescent stage needs critical attention. He is prone to getting sick
again if proper care is not taken to monitor his health and to administer medicine at the
required intervals.
A sick unit that is under a nursing programme is similar to a sick person who is in
convalescent stage and needs continuous monitoring. A simple and practical monitoring
mechanism shall be devised.
During the period of 70’s and 80’s, a number of companies are facing financial problems
and became sick. The steps taken for their revival proved ineffective due to complexity
and multiplicity of laws. Even where management was taken over by government, they
could not be revived and thus were forced to wound up. Thus there was a need for a law,
which can timely detect the sickness and take appropriate corrective measures. To
provide for this, sick industrial companies (special provision) act, 1985 i.e. SICA was
enacted. SICA has the overriding effect over all the existing laws, so that whenever an
industrial co becomes a sick, it need not comply with number of laws and compliance of
SICA will be sufficient.
The problem of industrial sickness in India is not a recent one. Protected market
structures and policies reflected in high tariffs, quantity restrictions on imports, price
regulation on inputs and barriers to domestic competition have contributed to cost
inefficiencies and dampened the incentive to restructure.
Based on the recommendations of a Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of
Shri T.T. Tiwari, the Government enacted a special legislation namely, Sick Industrial
Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 commonly known as the SICA. The Board for
Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) was established in January, 1987 which
became operational from May 15, 1987. The Appellate Authority for Industrial and
Financial Reconstruction (AAIFR) was established in April 1987 as the appellate
authority for the BIFR's decisions. The SICA was later amended in 1991 to bring
government companies under its purview and again in 1993 when extensive changes
were made in the Act including inter-alia changes in the criteria for determining
industrial sickness. The main objective of SICA is to determine sickness, expedite the
revival of potentially viable units and effect closure of unviable units.
The SICA was enacted with a view to accelerating the process of restructuring through
the BIFR and imparting it with the much needed coherence and consistency. The BIFR
was visualised as a fast track facilitation agency with a single-point reference for rapid
disposal.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also been attaching a lot of importance to revival
of potentially viable sick industrial units. Detailed guidelines have been issued for
rehabilitation of these units and matters relating to better coordination between
commercial banks and term-lending institutions for formulation and implementation of
rehabilitation programmes. Certain broad parameters have been evolved for granting
reliefs or concessions by banks as part of the revival packages.
Banks have also been advised to set up cells which could make use of the information
system suggested by the Tandon Study Group and detect the early warning signals which
include non-submission/incorrect submission of stock statement, inability to make
stipulated margins, binding difference between outstanding balance and sanction limits,
diversion of sale proceeds through accounts with other banks and return of cheques.
Comprehensive half-yearly returns are to be submitted by the banks in respect of
sick/weak industrial units for monitoring their progress made by them in the matter of
rehabilitation.
The main reason for the good performance of the industrial sector during the eighties
was starting of the liberalization process and a number of policy measures including
changes in the areas of licensing and procedures, import of technology and capital goods
coupled with a reasonable rate of public investment and almost total protection to
domestic industries from international competition through quantitative restrictions on
imports as well as high tariff rates.
With the launching of the new economic policy during the nineties, the protective
barriers for the Indian industry started getting dismantled one by one. The average annual
growth rate of the industrial sector including mining, manufacturing and electricity
generation slumped to 0.6 per cent in 1990-91 as a short-term response to the reform
process. However, in a few years the overall rate of industrial growth gradually
recovered. It increased from 2.3 per cent in 1992-93 to 6.0 per cent in 1993-94, 9.4 per
cent in 1994-95 and 12.1 per cent in 1995-96. Since 1996-97, however, there was a
decline in the growth rate of industrial production and it may be less than 5 per cent
during the financial year 1998-99.
REFERENCE TO TRIBUNAL
Having seen what constitutes a sick industrial company viz. losses amount to 50% or
more of the average net worth for four preceding years, or failure to pay it’s debts within
any three consecutive quarters on demand in writing by creditors, step to be taken for
rehabilitation of a sick company is the preparation of the scheme of revival and
rehabilitation by the board of directors of the company. The company should then submit
the scheme along with the application to the tribunal for determination of measures which
may be adopted
Auditor’s certificate
The aforesaid application shall be accompanied by a certificate from the auditor from a
panel of auditors constituted by tribunal, indicating:
a) The reasons of the net worth being =< acc losses OR
b) The default in repayment of its debts making such company a sick unit.
Reference by government and financial institutions
Can also make reference in respect of a co which has become sick to the BIFR for
determination of the measures to be adopted with respect to such company .A reference is
not required to be made in respect of Government Company. However, government co
can make such reference to tribunal with the prior approval of the Central Government or
State Government as the case may be.
The reference has to be made within 180 from the date on which the
BOD/RBI/PFI/CG/SG/bank, come to know of relevant facts giving rise to causes of such
reference OR
Within 60 days of the final adoption of accounts, whichever is earlier.
Filing up of Forms
Form C: - This reporting form is to be filled when net worth is eroded by 50 per cent.
Form A:-This reporting form is to be filled when net worth is eroded by 100 per cent.
• On receipt of reference or
• Upon any information received in respect of such co or
• Upon its own knowledge regarding financial condition of such co
May make such inquiry for determining whether industrial co has become sick or not.
The tribunal shall complete its enquiry within 60 days which can be extended to 90 days.
The tribunal may require, by order, any operating agency to enquire into the scheme for
revival and make a report with respect to such matters as may be specified in the order.
The operating agency shall submit its report to the tribunal within 21 days of such order
which can be extended to days.
• On completion of enquiry
• Tribunal is satisfied about sick co ability to make its net worth exceed acc loses or pay
its debt. It will give such time to the co as it may deem fit to recover from its sick co
status.
• If tribunal decides that it is not practicable for co to recover from its sick co status
within reasonable time
•Will direct operating agency to formulate a scheme to revive such company.
The scheme prepared by the operating agency shall be examined by the tribunal and a
copy of the scheme with modification, if any made by the tribunal, shall be sent in draft
to the company and the operating agency, and be published in such daily newspapers as
the tribunal may consider necessary for inviting suggestions and objections if any
consider necessary for inviting suggestions and objections if any.
a) Sales tax loans may be provided at nil or very low rate of interest) State government
guarantee may be made available where needed for fresh references.
c) Preferential treatment may be given to sick industrial units in respect of power supply,
exemption from power cuts may be made available for the sick unit.
d) Exemption of certain concessions in the rate of sales tax/octroi duty and other
duties/levies of the state/quasi government bodies may be considered.
e) Adequate market support for the products by strengthening the infrastructure may be
provided.
f) Equity contribution should be provided whenever necessary, even where the units are
not taken over by the government.
a) Exemption from the central excise, wholly or partly, for a period of time/deferment of
collection or treating the dues as loan repayable on the lines of sales tax loans from the
state government.
b) Income tax relief to banks in respect of amounts placed in Interest suspense account.
e) Exemption from payment of minimum bonus under the payment of bonus act for a
limited period, though the amount may continue to form a contingent liability to be
discharged when sick industrial unit is in position to do so.
f) Adequate marketing support may be given to the sick industrial units, if necessary, by
reserving a certain quota for a certain period of purchase by government/semi
government organizations. the sick industrial units may also be given price preference in
the same way as public sector industrial units, as a measure of the package.
c) Write-off of loans.
d) Bringing in fresh funds as may be decided under the package.
cash losses
Interest on term loans may be reduced where considered necessary, by not more than two
per cent below the prevailing rate, by both banks and term lending institutions, within this
range of two per cent, however, the extent of reduction by the banks and the term lending
institutions need not necessarily be equal. Any further reduction would require the
Reserve Bank’s prior clearance in respect of term loans from banks.
(ii) Irregularity in cash credit account
The irregular portion of the cash credit account may be segregated with reference to the
first date of the accounting year from which the unit started incurring cash losses
continuously.
Penalty and damages: Since the financial structure of sick units would already be
distorted, levy of penal rate of interest or damages would further aggravate their
problems. It would, therefore, be necessary to waive penalties and damages applied in the
cash credit account.
(iii) Funded interest: It is usual for the packages to make a provision for segregating and
funding the unrealised bank interest debited to the cash credit account (which is one of
the factors rendering the account irregular). The normal period of repayment of such
funded interest should be 3 to 5 years. In exceptional cases, this period could be
elongated to 6 to 7 years at the discretion of the banks and term lending institutions. As
funded interest is generally on a clean basis (i.e., unsecured and will bear a rate of interest
well below the normal rate on cash credit (please see sub-paragraph below), banks may
ensure as far as possible that the repayment of funded interest gets precedence over, or is
spread over shorter duration than, the repayment of institutional loans.
Funded interest should not be free of interest. Interest may be charged on funded interest
at the rate of 10 per cent per annum subject to actual review. Where a lower rate of
interest is felt necessary in exceptional cases it should be referred to the Reserve Bank for
prior approval.
Since a drastic reduction would affect the profitability of banks, their specific
concurrence to the reduction envisaged in the package would be necessary. There will
normally be no write off. Exceptional cases where write off is considered absolutely
unavoidable, should be referred to the Reserve Bank.
The interest portion representing interest on term loans and working capital facilities
should be segregated from the irregularity in the cash credit account. The interest portion
so segregated should be funded, as pointed out earlier, and borne by the bank/s or
institution/s, according to their respective shares. The remaining irregularity after
segregating the interest portion as above would represent the cash loss of the unit already
borne by the bank. Past cash losses would be normally reflected not only in the
irregularity in the cash credit account of the banks, but also in non-payment of statutory
dues, workers’ dues and overdue creditors. Further, cash losses are also likely to be
incurred during the initial period of implementation of the rehabilitation programme till
the unit reaches the break-even level. Past cash losses, as reflected in the irregularity in
the cash credit account would have to be funded separately into a Working Capital Term
Loan and should be borne by the banks themselves. The cash inputs required for meeting
a part of overdue statutory liabilities, workers’ due and pressing creditors forming part of
the package may be shared between the participating banks and institutions on 50:50
basis. Future cash losses, i.e., losses from the time of implementation of the package up
to the point of cash break-even as projected, would be borne by the financial institutions
which will also provide the margin money for additional working capital. In cases where
no term-lending institutions are already involved , the cash inputs mentioned above as
also the projected cash losses would be borne/shared by the Industrial Reconstruction
Bank of India. Thus, all cash inputs required for revival of the unit, other than those that
will be shared with the banks as set out above, and in addition, future cash losses up to
the point of break-even as projected in the rehabilitation package, will be taken care of by
the concerned term lending institutions/IRBI. Additional cash losses arising on account of
any deviation from the projections accepted in the package will be shared in an agreed
manner as may be decided at the time of review of the package.
III. Additional Assistance:
Besides the funding of the existing irregularity in the accounts, need-based working
capital would require to be provided to sustain further operating requirements of the unit.
The requirements for working capital must be worked out strictly according to norms
relating to inventory and receivables and should not exceed permissible bank finance as
computed under Method I, as far as sick units are concerned. Interest on working capital
should be charged at the commercial rate, viz., between 16.5% and 17.5% at present, and
the package should be prepared taking into account the rate of interest currently being
charged by the banks. However, wherever concessions are forthcoming from the State
Government, the banks may reduce the rate of interest to 15 per cent where necessary.
In order that there is no delay in the implementation of the package due to non-release of
working capital funds, in cases where State Governments are willing to extend assistance,
banks may release their share on getting a firm commitment from them regarding their
contribution towards the relief’s and concessions, provided the agreed contribution of
promoters is forthcoming.
(ii)Statutory liabilities:
As indicated earlier, the term lending institutions, while determining the long term
requirements in the package, will make adequate provision to meet the payments to
pressing creditors such as suppliers of goods, that may be necessary to ensure continued
availability of supplies on reasonable terms so that the operations of the unit are not
hampered. These will be shared by the banks and institutions, or borne by the institutions
These two items will be borne by the term lending institutions, as indicated earlier.
IV.Time span:
As may be seen from the definition of viability given earlier, the period of rehabilitation
packages should have an outer limit of seven years. If, within the framework of the
parameters for concessions and relief’s as indicated above, a unit cannot be expected to
regain health within seven years, then it should not be regarded as commercially viable.
Where a unit is considered viable and a rehabilitation package has been drawn up, the
period of repayment of restructured debts may, however, extend up to a maximum period
of ten years. The rehabilitation packages should invariably provide for the right of annual
review of the relief’s and concessions extended.
V. Promoters’ contribution:
Promoter’s contribution should comprise fresh injection of funds as distinct from internal
generation and proceeds from sale of assets already charged. Proceeds from sale of assets
not charged, may be taken into account as promoter’s contribution. In the cases involving
change of management and professional management, the promoters should be required
to bring in 15% of the additional long term requirements envisaged under the package. In
other cases, the promoters’ contribution shall be 20%. Of the above, at least 10% should
be brought in immediately and the balance of 20% or 5% as the case may be, within six
months. Such funds will be on non-interest bearing basis. If there is indication that there
has been siphoning off of funds from the unit by the promoters/management, the package
should stipulate that these funds should be brought back within a specified time limit. If
this is not complied with, the further implementation of the package should be reviewed
by the banks and term lending institutions.
So long as the packages are drawn up within the framework of the parameters indicated
above, the prior approval of the Reserve Bank will not be required. The details of
packages evolved should be reported to the Reserve Bank where the units enjoy working
capital limits of Rs. 1 crore and above from the banking system. In addition, in the case
of borrowers coming under the purview of the Credit Authorisation Scheme,
enhancements in the credit limits sanctioned by the banks should be referred to the
Reserve Bank for prior authorisation. The Reserve Bank may also be associated in the
joint meetings convened for finalising the packages.
Only in cases where it is felt that concessions larger than those envisaged in these
guidelines might be required to be provided to rehabilitate a unit on account of the
already substantial involvement of banks/institutions, a reference should be made to the
Reserve Bank of India, when the matter would be examined with reference to the special
circumstances of the case vis-à-vis the prevailing policy.
In regard to concessions and relief’s made available to sick units, a clause could be added
whereby, when the units turn the corner and the rehabilitation is successfully completed,
the sacrifices undertaken by the institutions and banks should be recouped from the
companies out of their future profits/cash accruals. Alternatively, there may be provision
for equity participation to the extent of the sacrifices made.
• A special cell has been set up within the rehabilitation finance division of IDBI to
attend the case of sickness.
• RBI has issued suitable guidelines to the banks to ensure the potentially viable
sick units receive attention and timely support from banks.
• RBI has clarified that units becoming sick on account of willful mis-
management, willful default should not be considered for rehabilitation.
• Rehabilitation programmes:
a) Change management
b) Development of a suitable management information system
c) A settlement with the creditors for payment of their dues in a phased manner,
taking into account the expected cash generation as per viability study
d) Determination of the sources of additional funds needed to refinance.
e) Modernization of plant and equipment or expansion of an existing programme or
even diversification of the products being manufactured.
f) Concession or relief’s or assistance to be allowed by the state level corporation,
financial institutions and central government.
The operating agency would prepare the scheme within the frame work of guidelines
issued by the board ,as expeditiously as possible within a period of sixty days from the
date of order the scheme shall provide for any one or more of the following measures:-
The tribunal shall examine the scheme prepared by the operating agency and send a draft
copy of the scheme with modifications, if any, made by it to the sick industrial company
and the operating agency in case of amalgamation, also to any other company concerned.
The BIFR shall publish or cause to be published particulars of draft scheme so prepared
in periodicals and news papers for inviting suggestions and objections within a stipulated
period from the following categories of person.:-
--shareholders
--creditors
-- Employees of sick industrial company, or also from Transferee Company in case of
amalgamation.
The complete draft scheme shall be kept at the place where registered office of the
company is situated or at the places as mentioned in the advertisement.
D) MODIFICATION IN THE DRAFT SCHEME
The tribunal may make such modifications, if any, in the draft scheme as it may
consider necessary in the light of the suggestions and objections received from the
sick industrial company and the operating agency and also from Transferee Company
and any other company concerned in the amalgamation and from any shareholder or
any creditors or employees of such companies.
The board after receipt of suggestions/objections shall consider the same in case of
Amalgamations’ BIFR shall proceed ahead once the company has placed the scheme
Before general meeting of shareholders and they have approved the same with or without
any modifications. They shall after these formalities, by an order in writing, sanction
the scheme.
A copy of sanctioned scheme shall be filed with the registrar within the prescribed time
by the company in respect of which scheme relates.
CHAPTER-5
CASE STUDY
ON
ANUSIKA INDUSTRIES LIMITED
(ASIL)
BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY
M/s Anusika Industries Limited (hereinafter referred to as ASIL) was incorporated in
the year 1992 as a public limited company in the state of Rajasthan for
manufacturing, assembling, designing, fabricating, processing, buying, selling,
import, exporting fluorescent lamps, luminers, glasses, assemblies, halogen bulbs,
head light, ASIL light etc. ASIL has its registered office and works at SP-115, RIICO
Industrial Area, Bindayaka, Sirsi Road, Jaipur. ASIL was promoted by first
generation entrepreneurs Shri Dharam Pal Gupta along with his associates. The
company commenced its commercial production on 15.05.1992 with an installed
capacity of manufacturing 24 lacs number of headlamps, sealed beams, reflectors,
horn and their spares. ASIL's performance was satisfactory and it earned profit till
1999-2000.From the year 2000 ASIL started incurring losses mainly due to low
capacity utilization because of shortage of working capital funds etc.
EXPENDITURE
Consumption of raw material 3.91 2.41 1.21
Payment of Employee 33.07 50.68 46.75
Manufacturing expenses 97.30 125.44 99.54
Admn..expenses 8.40 11.64 10.76
Selling expenses 4.62 2.09 1.09
Financial charges 0.53 0.07 0.31
Depreciation 47.08 43.02 39.04
Increase/(Decrease) in Stock (2.83) (0.00) 0.00
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 192.09 235.74 198.70
NET PROFIT/(LOSS) BEFORE (20.33) (42.91) (34.01)
INCOME TAX
Income Tax & Other Adjustments 3.92 (0.62) 6.95
NET PROFIT/(LOSS) FOR THE YEAR (16.41) (43.53) (27.06)
PROFIT/(LOSS) B/F FROM (715.74) (732.15) (775.68)
PREVIOUS YEAR
PROFIT/(LOSS) CARRIED TO (732.15) (775.68) (802.74)
BALANCE SHEET
4. PROMOTERS
ASIL was promoted by first generation entrepreneurs Shri Dharam Pal Gupta
along with his associates.
ASIL has adequate technical and professional personnel who are looking
after the production, marketing, finance and administrative departments
of the company.
6.1 LAND:
The Company owns land measuring approx. 16500 sq. mtrs. at SP-115, RIICO
Industrial Area, Bindayaka, Sirsi Road, Jaipur (Rajasthan). Jaipur being well
connected with Delhi and NCR region and with available infrastructure
facilities has become a hub for major industries in Northern India.
6.2 BUILDING:
The built-up area is approx. 40000 sq. ft The factory and administrative
building is in good condition having adequate storage facility. It is adequate
for present and future operations.
6.4 UTILITIES:
POWER : ASIL has a sanctioned power load of 250 KVA from Rajasthan
State Electricity Board which is sufficient for running the plant at its present
installed capacity. ASIL has also a D.G.Set of 250 KVA as a standby
arrangement.
WATER : The Company has its own tubewells to meet the day to day water
requirements of the unit. Water is required only for the routine of activity ie.
Drinking,Cleaning etc.
ASIL is not generating any effluent and therefore no Effluent Treatment Plant
(ETP) is required. ASIL has already taken NOC from Pollution Control
Board.
6.6 MANPOWER
The skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled labour required for the smooth
functioning of both the plants are available locally and the unit foresees no
difficulty in getting additional manpower, if required, at any point of time.
The major raw material consists of CRCA sheet, Lens, paints and chemicals
etc. The company sources its requirements of Lens from Firozabad in U.P.
Rest of the raw materials are easily available locally.
The company does not foresee any problem in sourcing the raw material.
7.0 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The manufacturing process consists of the following steps:
SHEET CUTTING
PRESS PARTS
PHOSPHATING
BUFFING
LACQUIRING
METALIZING
PAINTING/ POLISHING
GLASS POLISHING
ASSEMBLYING
TESTING/ QC CHECK
PACKING
FINISHED GOODS
GODOWN
DESPATCH TO
DEALERS/
DISTRIBUTORS
ASIL has appointed dealer and distributor for marketing its product in the
domestic market.
9. REASONS FOR SICKNESS
2. Re-start of Operations
ASIL will re-start its own operations w.e.f. 1.4.2010
2 MEANS OF FINANCE
ASIL has already settled and paid dues of its secured creditor viz: Punjab
National Bank. All the secured creditors have already released the charge on all
security (including collateral securities), personal guarantee held by them in
connection with the loan/facility granted by them to ASIL.
12.3.1 CBDT
a) To exempt / grant relief to the company from the provisions of Section 41(1),
45, 72 (3), 43-B, 79, 80 read with 139, 115JB and provisions of Chapter XVII
of the Income Tax Act.
a) To exempt / grant relief to ASIL from the penal provisions of PF Act and
waiver of penal damages/ interest amounting to Rs.39.56 lakhs levied on
ASIL due to late payment of PF dues.
b) To withdraw criminal cases lodged by PF authorities on account of delayed
payment of PF dues.
(a). The existing equity share capital of the company shall be reduced by 90 % and
then every ten equity shares of Re. 1.00 each shall be consolidated into one equity
share of `. 10/- each fully paid-up of in terms of Section 18 (2) (f) of the SICA
without the requirement of following the provisions of section 100-103 of the
Companies Act, 1956 and without following any other SEBI or Other Guidelines.
(b). After the reduction of capital, an amount of `. 100 Lac to be inducted by the
promoters/associates shall be converted into equity without the requirement of
following the provisions of Section 81(1 A), 295, 372A and other applicable
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, SEBI Guidelines for Preferential
Allotment of Shares and without the requirement of following provisions of SEBI
(Substantial Acquisition of Shares & Takeovers) Regulations 1997, SEBI
(Disclosure & Investor Protection) Guidelines, 2000, SEBI (Central Listing
Authority) Regulations, 2003 and ceiling on promoters holding from the
applicability of which the company is exempted.
(c). The statutory liabilities (including those which are under litigation / appeal shall,
on crystallization after exercise of all the legal remedies available to ASIL) shall
be paid over a period of five years, in equal installments, on interest-free basis.
All the penal interest, interest, damages, penalties charged or chargeable on the
same shall be waived.
(d). The unsecured liabilities (including those which are under litigation / appeal shall,
on crystallization after exercise of all the legal remedies available to ASIL) shall
be paid only 15% of the principal amount, over a period of five years from cut-off
date, on interest-free basis. All the penal interest, interest, damages, penalties
charged or chargeable on the same and balance of the principal amount shall be
waived.
(e). ASIL shall be allowed to set-off the balance in Share Premium account against its
accumulated losses (as per books) irrespective of provisions of Section 78 of the
Companies Act’ 1956.
(f). The balance sheet of the company as on the cut-off date shall stand restructured as
per Annexure of the Financial Projections attached.
13. CONCLUSION:
The rehabilitation strategy envisages relief and concessions from Central & State
Government and also induction of fresh funds by the promoters to finance the cost
of the scheme. Financial projections of the company as per the rehabilitation
scheme are enclosed herewith. The Projected Profitability Statement reveals that
the company starts earning profits from the first year of rehabilitation itself, net
worth of the company becomes positive in the first year of rehabilitation due to
induction of fresh funds by promoters and the entire losses will be wiped out in
the second year of rehabilitation. The Projected Cash & Fund Flow Statement
reveals that the company has surplus cash flows, which can be used for its
modernization / expansion programs taken up subsequently.
Therefore the company can be considered to be commercially and techno-
economically viable.
CHAPTER-6 FINDINGS
Number of registered cases of sick industries in BIFR are
X number companies have been revived out of total y no: of sick units.
Internal factors responsible for industrial sickness are: management structure and
prevailing work culture; economically in viable price structure; level of capacity
utilization; technological up gradation ; resource mobilization; socio–economic
factors related to workers, management and business environment; environmental
degradation etc.
The survey findings demonstrate that most of the entrepreneurs use intermediate
and traditional technology of production. They also face problems in getting
timely supply of raw materials since they do not have institutional arrangements
for raw material supply. More than half of the entrepreneurs have received
financial assistance; however, there is gap between amount of loan applied and
loan received. Again, most of the entrepreneurs do not advertise their product and
conduct marketing research. Thus, they face marketing problems.
The factors affecting business are ranked by the surveyed entrepreneurs in the
following manner : (i) adverse market conditions, (ii) erratic supply of power, (iii)
labour problem, (iv) management problem, (v) technological upgradation, (vi)
government policy in respect of excise duty, (vii) pollution and environmental
legislations, (viii) recessionary trend, (ix) rise in cost of production, (x) scarcity
raw materials, (xi) global corruption, (xii) delayed/ inadequate availability of raw
materials, (xiii) delayed payment and recovery, (xiv) inadequate infrastructure,
(xv) disequilibrium between demand and supply, and (xvi) low quality standards.
CHAPTER-7 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
77
Government, industry, research institutions and academicians should be facilitated
and encouraged to work in collaboration to improve industry capabilities. Moreover,
firms should be able to obtain funds easily and cheaply, and be encouraged to invest
in developing technology.
To improve standard of living through manufacturing growth, workers should be
enabled to move from lower value added to higher value added jobs.
Education should focus on fostering a culture that encourage innovation and
manufacturing so that people are training for alternate avenues of employment.
India should be developed into a strong player in global market. To achieve this,
trade barriers should be further reduced progressively while FDI should be
encouraged actively through creating business climate and attracting NRIs for
industrial investment.
Government must eliminate all reservations in SSI sector, standing with 63 items
which constitute over 80 per cent of the total output of SSI sector. State governments
and industry bodies have to take a lead to identify SSI clusters, promote cooperation
between business and local authorities for cluster development, and formulate
policies that attract investment to these clusters.
100 per cent FDI should be allowed in all except a few strategic sectors. FDI
restrictions in retail need to removed to support by actions in associated areas like
granting tax benefits, enabling ease of technology transfer, easing labour regulations,
removing SSI restrictions, facilitating easy setting up of business and enabling
infrastructure in the country.
India needs priority in development strategy for development of infrastructure such as
power, roads, highways, railways, ports, transportation etc. For this, India needs
priority in foreign/ private participation that permits formation of joint ventures for
strengthening and growth of network of national and state highways, power
generation, communications and economic zones.
Considering The urgency of taking an early lead in attaining technological
competitiveness of SSIs, both in the domestic and international markets, it is
important to stimulate and usher in a technological revolution among SSIs to
assimilate new technologies though appropriate utilization and modification and also
to strengthen indigenous technological infrastructure including R & D institutions
78
and enterprise linkages, industrial engineering design, consultancy services etc. It can
be very useful if it deals with identification of new products and technologies and
proper transfer of the same, advice and information of product innovation, design,
better management practices, financial resources, marketing research, process
automation and last but not the least tying up with MNCs and large Indian companies
as ancillaries for outsourcing their requirement from SSIs along with technology
packages.
It is recommended that a State Technology Development Fund for small industries be
established in the state to act as the main conduct of transmission mechanism of the
Sate Mission on Technology. The fund should be routed through SIDBI because it is
the principal financial institution for SSIs. The fund should support SSI units in
absorbing technology transfer costs, meeting with initial ground work related
expenditure. The fund should initiate efforts at the earliest to set up technology
packages, clusters for SSIs in important zones to promote induction of new
technologies, incremental innovations and effective transfer.
For improving productivity, imparting knowledge for the employees in SSIs is also
suggested. Further, artisans are to be trained to develop their skills and also equip
themselves to design according to the tastes and preferences of consumers in different
markets such as rural and urban, national and international.
To motivate the first generation entrepreneurs and to encourage industrialization,
management institutions and government must extend help in marketing the products.
The following promotional measures are suggested for SSI sector (i) ban on entry of
medium and large units into the manufacture of such products which are served for
small scale sector, (ii) excise duty and sales tax exemptions/ concession; (iii)
government and PSU should make their purchase for SSI sector, (iv) adequate
infrastructure facilities like land and building, technical consultancy and finance, (v)
small units can adopt a group approach to ensure efficient management with a view
to reduce the cost of production.
79
CHAPTER-8 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
To keep oneself updated is what should be the priority of a COMPANY. Some of the
suggestions and recommendations which are to be made by skimming and scanning
through the whole report could be as follows:
80
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES:
WWW.SCRIBD.COM
WWW.BIFR.NIC.IN
WWW.DOCSTOCK.COM
WWW.ARTICLESBASE.COM
WWW.MGU.ERNET.IN
WWW.NEWAGEPUBLISHERS.COM
WWW.PIB.NIC.IN
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