( )

.1
! .2
#$ %& ' ( )*& +( .3
)* - .4
' & / .5
' 1 2 34 .6

1
 ( )

! "#$ %#& '( )*+ ,# - . 16

.1 . 456 y (t ) 2 #& 3 456 t - 1 y (t ) = 16 5t 2 / '0 t

y (t )

I - H 56 T % U'R 1? ' . &' C

5 . <#9 = 300 286 - ' & 8! "#$ ' '#& .8# 9 ' ' '#& - ' ' %

.' & " 9 56 ,>? @& A6 2 >B 5. %# C D + 2 1

H 56 &' C 2 15#C G . 1? 8#& . :8# 9 '. <& ,>E.

I8 - .

'>N . 2 #& 3 8 2 L('. ' E. .K2 . @ 2 ,5 !J 2 %. :8#E

.1 #& 3 . 2 %. 1? E OK2 .

% 2 8 - . + & 5! 1$ 5. #& 3 O8 - 1- 6 1 3 1? - . > :,>E.

1 3 1? - @- . >- '+ .1 #& 3 .v 1? ,# ' O8J . v 1$ 5.

a
8R. 8 J S - + . a [t1 , t 2 ] ( #& 3 456 ) & . >0 $ 8 - . 1- 6
t2 t1

.1 #& 3 . 456 G . 1? 21 1 3

2
 ( )

1? 8J ##V = 6 1? 2 8J J 8& 1 3 1? - . . : >?

I,# - H 56 &' C

1? 2 8 - . 1- 6 2 JS 5 1 6 %#J . OK'J . %#J . ' 1(2 %. :%5 .

8R. J 1? R? 28 . < "$ 1? .'>#- 50 0 '

.8 . < "$ 50 0 -8 . X& 1?

. - Y& 2 1 < "$ = 6 1? % 2 ? %#J . > :,>E.

% % 5& .1 $ '>N .8C -1 ,# #* ,#& ' . %#J .

I1 8RC %#J . 1? ,# [#\X ,#& ' . . 4>Z.

8E 8C t1 O1 S - 1- 6 8RC G . ,#& 8 . :8#E

a 2 % %# S8J + 1$ 5. .1 S - 1- 6 . 8 C ,# - H 56 ,#& ' . t2 8 & .
a
.,#& 8 [t1 , t 2 ] &. >0 $ G . 1? ' . 8R. 8J .
t2 t1

8? % O1 8RC G . 1? ,#& 8 ,# ' . . O15#& 1 % :%5 .

.8 ' & . "#C %# C

a
8R. .1 J >]5. A6 @. K 8#E 28' .1 %5 . :,>E.
t2 t1

1- 6 1? 1 3 '+ [t1 , t 2 ] &. >0 $ G . -8 . X& ?

G . ^ ' . 1? "#$ 8R. % .1 S8# ' - - 8# . N - .

.8 . & . [t1 , t 2 ] &. >0 $

I,# 1? ^ ' . 1? ) + ,#& ' . &' C . :%5 .

3
 ( )

.8J "& 1? 8 "#& 1? ^ ' . 8R. O8J "& t1 t2 :8#E

"& 8? C ^ ' . 1? O 'J . "& t1 t2 - & . ,# #* 1 @ %

. 'J .

T U'R 1? ,#& ' . _2 % - ,# #* 8# # O8 - D Z. ' / !& :,>E.

.,# - H 56

I ( %#. cZ ? C T #& 3 1 1Ja b9 OT U'R >]5. -1

I ( %#. cZ ? C T 1+ h 8J C'- 8? h -2

S8J K d& #& 3 8 C 1- 6 % 2 S - 1- 6 . 8 C T 1+ h 2 1 2 %# -3

I1

I1 8RC 2 1 + h 2 1 2 %# T ^ ' . 1? O8J 0& h -4

I E. C 1 + h 8J .h -5

.8# - A# ! =28N -6

h 0 /1 0 / 01 0 / 001 0 0 / 001 0 / 01 0 /1

^ ' . 1? ?

1? O,# - "& 0 2 ,# - !C'- 2 C'- g 8 2 8J 0& h -7

I8 . X& "#C C 8? % I 'J . "& 8? C T ^ '.

21 h 8R. 5 2 1+ h 2 1 2 %# T ^ ' . 1? 1# E$

, ,# X& g (h) - 8J . h 456 E

4
 ( )

(16 5 × 12 ) (16 5(1 + h) 2 )

g ( h) = = 5h + 10
h
h N , 8& )6 . 2 1 S8J h E 0& h ^R$ g (h) - 8# - N'

8 8RC h = 0 L % 8R. ,#& 8 ,# ' . R#( . = O,# ( 0

.(I C) .8J

h N C'- 0 & 8R. ,#& ' . 2 ,# ( 0 h N , 8& )6 . C

g (h) 8R. ,# - 2 ,# - !C'- 8 '\ 8RC 2 ,# (

I8&'J . "& 0 8? 2 8 - . ##V &' C

8R. - 8#&" i86 bj 2 8# - A# ! =28N f ( x) = x + 1 L -1

I8&'J . "& 8? C f (x) 8R. ,# - "& 1 x

0/9 0/99 0/999 1 1/001 1/01 1/1

x

f (x) ?

(2 8# c#m' ' & 2 .1 S8J , f ( x) = x + 1 L ' & -2

.8&'J . "& 8? C f (x) 8R. O8&'J . "& 1 x 8R.

f (x)
2

1 •
x

x +1 x 1 x2 1
@& ' & 2 =28N , "#& k ( x) = 2 g ( x) = L' -3
5 x =1 x 1
8? C f (x) 8R. O8&'J . "& 1 x 8R. (2 8# -

5
 ( )

.8&'J . "&

S8J n? "#C C 2 8& @ *J C 2 @ 2 C k (x) 2 g (x) 2 f (x) L -4

.8&'J "& & 5! 8? 1 x 8J "& @& -1

'J . "& 0 x 8R. (2 - 8#&" i86 bj 2 8# - A# ! =28N -5

sin x
I 'J . "& 8? C g ( x) = L 8R.
x

x 0 /1 0 / 01 0 / 001 0 0 / 001 0 / 01 0 /1

0/00099999 0/009999 0/09983

sin x

sin x
?
x

8? ( f . ) x #V . - , ' 2 2 f (x) 8 & . E @

8? "#& f (x) 8R. - ' D Z. = ' % 2 8J . "& a 8 & .

.8 . & . a ZR& f L # 86 K'@ . % I8&'J . "& 0

a 4' 6 (f 4 ) x' ( $4 5 f %& '

%& 9 4' 6 f ( x) ' ( $4 7 8 7 %& 9
. <= a #$ f ( x) ;& 5: 7 )4

:,#5 '& . / '0 4>Z. %

lim f ( x) = L
x a

(.1 L a ZR& f (x) 86 :8#& '\ )

6
 ( )

a x < 7 %& 9 1 <= ' @4 lim f ( x) = L

x a

. 7 )4 D! 1 ; ( 1' $4 ( E L f ( x) AB C

x2 1 x2 1
. lim = 2 O1 2 1 L 86 : >4
x 1 x 1 x 1
sin x
' . 0 "& x 8R. L * R 8R. * . : >4
x
sin x
. lim = 1 O1 1 0 86 - i86
x 0 x

1
sin x
• x

1
.8# - 0 L % 86 2 8# - A# ! =28N L .1
x

x 0 /1 0 / 01 0 / 001 0 0 / 001 0 / 01 0 /1

1
?
x

1
I8&'J . "& 0 8? O 'J . "& 0 x (2 8R. .2
x
1
.8# c#m' 1 S8. - L ' &) + ' H 'N
x

7
 ( )

1
f ( x) =
x
f (x ) • •
x
• •
• • x
f (x)

J 86 6 ZR& E - 15#& '+ % 8 . X& 1# E$

8? ( f . ) x 8J "& O @& 8R. -8 5 f 8 & . E ' .8J

.8& 8& 86 ZR& L ' &' % ,# ' .8&'J & "& 8? p# 8&.
x
-1 1 x 8J "& O 8& 86 -1 2 1 U R& f ( x) = 2
L := q.
x 1
x
* . )>Z. 8( r 2 8&'J & "& 0 8? p# 2
8R.
x 1
.8 . < "$

#$

lim f (a + h) = L 1 <= @4 lim f ( x) = L !

x a
h 0

!"

.8# - A# ! x [ x] L =28N .1

8
 ( )

0/9 0/99 0/999 1 1/001 1/01 1/1

x

[x] ?

0 8? x [x] 8R. O 'J "& 1 1 " 8R. x .2

8R. O 'J "& 1 1 !C'- 8R. x I8&'J . "&

I8 5 ! 8?2 % I8&'J . "& 0 8? x [x]

.8# c#m' 1 S8. - x [x] L ' & 2 ' g & .3

y=x [x ]

I 86 1 x [x] L .4

' 6E 5 9 '( $4 ( f 4 ) x F4 5 f %&

%& 9 L 4' 6 f (x) ' ( $4 7 %& 9 a a 4
. L G& $4 a #$ f ;& 5: 7
.; ( )4 < H &E I B JA#4 G&

lim f ( x) = L
x a+

9
 ( )

' 6E D! 1 ' ( $4 ( f 4 ) x F4 5 f %&

%& 9 K 4' 6 f ( x) ' ( $4 7 %& 9 a a 4
. K G& $4 ! a #$ f ;& 5: 7
.; ( )4 < H &E I B JA#4 G&

lim f ( x) = K
x a

x a x

x 1 x<4
.1 S8J , f ( x) = L ' & : >4
x +1 4 < x

f (x ) • •

x 1 x<4
f ( x) =
x +1 4 < x • •
f (x )
• •
x x

4 x 8J "& - 'J . S8 2 1 S8X& h E x = 4 ZR& L %

E O8&'J . "& 5 f (x) 8R. O4 " 8R.

lim f ( x) = 5
x 4+

10
 ( )

"& 3 f (x) 8R. O4 !C'- 8R. 4 x 8J "& %# Y

. 8& 86 4 L % O% . lim f ( x) = 3 E O8&'J .

x 4

O8& tC 2 1 E. «-» 2 «+» & tC 2 1 86 a .s? : 1K

. . 2 1*q. &

: 7 7 I L4 !'( ' #$ )@ 5
' #$ !'( 5 4 . #$ <=
< +( <= #$ <= : 7 ' 4 M4
. !'( N H4 $4

.,# - . 0 x L 86 : >4

x x

86 E O 'J . "& 0 x 1 C 2 tC C 0 x 8J "&

. lim x = 0 b9 O8 J . 0 2 8& 'N'. 2 1 86 2 tC

x 0

ZR& S8J S ' & K 8- .1 S8J S L 8C ' & .1

.8# - L 86 'N2 2 1 2 tC 86 'N2 S8J [\X.

11
 ( )

a a

a a

ZR& L 86 2 1 2 tC 86 'N2 L' ' & 2 =28N , .2

.8 2 1 86 % 8R. 2 8# - S8J S

a = 3 , y = 1 + x (h

x
a=0, y= (H
|x|
x2 1 x < 2
a = 2, y = (x
x +1 2 < x

+ O +4 PQ R @4 ; )4 *!
S;& = (1,1) #$ y = x2

.8# - A6 >]5. % 8# - E A6 . K d&

( ' & 2 - "& ZR& 2 ZR& % - Z E. (1

A!J 8#& ' . L % ' & 2 (1,1) "& ZR& .8#5 '

.8 # & (1 + h , (1 + h) 2 )

12
 ( )

(1 + h) 2

1 1+ h

2 ^ % 4#J I 'J . "& Z C ^ % 'J "& 0 h (2

I8&'J . "& 8? C ^ % 8*. y ?

.8#5 ' (1,1) ZR& y = x2 L ' & i .^ E. (3

U R& y = x2 L ' & i .^ E. 8#& ' . _2 % S

@& U R& i .^ E. ' . "#& L' ' & .8# # "#&

.8# - < . 4>Z. % L 8C '. I1$

%&' ( ) *+ )
L 86 >0 U J I - 1* 0 -1 ZR& x L 86 ' .

. .8J "& a ZR& L . U R& ' -1 a 8 & . ZR&

.8J "& -1 S % U R& ' &21 [0 , ) S x L .

1 0 x

' -1 a 8 & . ZR& #V . 8R. 8J "& ' .

. 'J - ,# '\ - 8? a >0 $ - ( #V . 8R.

(tC 2 1 )z +2 a 8& . ZR& O E . A ' -

' * .8J (a , a+ ) / '0 S A. J 8 L . O8J "&

13
 ( )

.8J L . 8& .2" a

a a x a+

2>4 ' 6 1 (a , a+ ) I B ' ( TE

)*& +( G& E a 5 . 4 )4 a )*& +( %&
. 4 )4 a U K34 )*& +( %& <= ; 1 UK

; 1 23B a #$ %& %& E < 1 <= V 7

T 7 W& @ a U K34 )*& +( %& <= 1 <=
. T 7 W& @ a U X ;& 5 R G& . 7

5 .1 S8J h E 0 ' 2 0z + 1 x2 L : >4

.1 S8J h E 0 ( 1 , 1)

1 x2
S8X& h E 0 ' . 1 S8J h E 0z + L : >4
x
.1 O ( 1 , 0) (0 , 1) O 0 z2a . 5 h E . 1

#$

S 1 23B 1 #$ 1 x2 & ! E < )4 &=

8& ' 8 ( f . ) x #V . O a 8 & . ZR& f L tC 86

S A. J 8 f . -1 E. % . 'J "& a tC

14
 ( )

% 2 ,#. & a tC 5 S %# C .8J (a , a ) / '0

.1 S8J h E a tC 5 f L ,# ' 1 6

a x a

2 ,#. & a 1 5 (a , a+ ) / '0 S O X. '+

1 5 L ,# ' O8J a 1 5 A. J E .

.1 S8J h E a

a x a+

S8J h E -1 1 5 2 1 tC 5 1 x2 L : >4
.15#& S8J h E ZR& 2 % z + . O1

<= 1 23B a 4 ' #$ %& ! E < 1 <= V 7

. 7 T 7 W& @ a ! )*& +( %& <= 1

a 4 ' #$ %& E < 1 <= V 7 : H4 X

. 7 T 7 W& @ a )*& +( %& <= 1 <= 1 23B

21 5 2 1 S8X& h E 2 z + x 2 +3 L : >4
.1 3 - ,# - H 56 2 1 86 ,#& ' . 2 1 S8J h E

h E 1 tC 5 2 1 S8X& h E 1 z + 1 x2 L : >4
.1 0 - ,# - H 56 1 tC 86 ,#& ' . 2 1 S8J

15
 ( )

x 1
.8# H 'N / ' L
x [x ]
I1 S8J h E U R& K 8- 5 L % .1

U R& ' 2 1 S8J h E U R& K 8- z2a . 5 L % .2

I1 S8X& h E

5 p# - 1 S8J h E U R& K 8- tC 5 L % .3

I1 S8X& h E U R& 1

5 p# - 1 S8J h E U R& K 8- 1 5 L % .4

I1 S8X& h E U R& tC

K2" / '0 ) S8J S ZR& z + L' 8R. =28N , (1

'N'. ZR& L ' % 86 - 8# - (8# - S H 56 %#J .

.8#5 ' m 2 8# - %##E 86 8R. 'N2 / '0 I1

x2 + 1 x < 1 x2 x
a= 1 , y= (H a=0, y= (h
x3 + 3 1< x x

a = 0 , y = 1 x2 ( a = 2 , y = x[x ] (x

16
 ( )

1 cos x | x( x 1) |
a=0, y= (2 a = 1, y = (S
x2 x2 1
tC 86 2 1 86 2 86 'N2 S8J S ZR& z + L' ' &, (2

.8# - U R& 86 8R. 2

x2 + 1 x<2
a=2 , y= 6 x = 2 (H a = 1 / 2 , y = [x ] (h
x +9
2
2< x

a = 3 , y =1 1 x ( a=2 , y=x [x] (x

x
a=0, y= (x
|x|
J S8J ^ J - 8# - , E ' & @ 6 (3

.8J

.8J J 8& 86 ZR& % 2 8J S8J h E 2 5 L (h

2 8J S8J h E 1 z2a . 5 2 8J S8X& h E 1 L (H

.8J J 86 ZR& %

86 2 8J J 86 ZR& % 2 8J S8J h E 0 5 L (x

.8J 0 L 8R. #{

L 86 2 8J J 86 ZR& % 2 8J S8J h E -1 5 L (

.8J -1 L 8R.

h E 2 tC 5 p# 2 8J S8J h E 2 1 5 L (S

.8J J 1 86 ZR& % 2 8J S8X&

1 2 tC 86 0 2 8J S8J h E 0 z2a . 5 L (2

.8J J /2 .

8J J tC 86 0 2 8J S8J h E 0 z2a . 5 L (

.8J J 8& 1 86 2

17
 ( )

(0 t ) t - 8 - . 1- 6 &' x ' . 2 - . (4

. x(t ) = t 2 t 2 ( x(t ) !.
x(t )

2 8# - h#0' G . % 1- 6 &' C S8J S . L % ' &,

.8 2 1 t=2 1?

.8 2 1 (4 , 2) ZR& y= xL ' & i .^ E. (5

*+- .

x +1 x 2
.8# - , g ( x) = 2 f ( x) = x + 1 L 2 ' & .1
1 x=2
.8 2 1 2 L 2 % 86 .2

I1 2 5. , 2 @& 86 C 2 8& @2 C 2 @ *J C L 2 % .3

I8& Z C2 L 2 % 8R. 2 L 2 % 86 .4

K 8- < 8#9 4N'. O2 g 8R. 2 g 86 /2 22 f 8R. 2 f 86 & 5! .5

.1 S8J L 2 % ' & |2

. O8J S8J h E ZR& L 8& .2" O ZR& L 86

.8 } 1 %! . 1 6 2 O86 'N2 / '0 8J S8J h E ZR& L

.1 ZR& L 8R. 2 5. ZR& L 86 (h

.1 ZR& L 8R. #{ ZR& L 86 (H

.8& S8J S X& L' ' & 1 6 2 % O= q.

18
 ( )

2
•

o •

2 2

1 1
x x<2 x x<2
2 2
y= 2 x =1 y= 1 x =1
2x 3 2< x 2x 3 2< x

( ) ( )

21 '#9 , 2 C j! L ' & (h ) 1 6 'J . S8 X. - 'Z&

1 6 -1 'm'. % 1>? .1 S8J 55 , L ' & (H) 1 6

1 ZR& (H) 1 6 21 ZR& L 8R. ZR& L 86 (h )

. 'J . h E + %# .8 5#& 2 5. L 8R. 2 L 86

M4a G& 7 T 7 W& @ a )*& +( %& f 5

. -a f ;& 5 lim f ( x) =
x a
f (a ) ) @& : 7 f (a)

2 'N'. U R& 86 O1 '#9 U R& f ( x) = c 1 3 L : >4

.1 c U R& "#& L 8R. 2 1 c

c = f (x)
•

• • •
x a x

19
 ( )

a a 8 & . ZR& 86 O1 '#9 U R& f ( x) = x L : >4

. f (a) = a %# Y 21

x = f (x )

a = f (a )

x = f (x )

• • •
x a x

a2 a 8 & . ZR& 86 O1 '#9 U R& f ( x) = x 2 L : >4

. f (a) = a 2 %# Y 21

x2

a2

• • •
x a x

x2 1
21 2 1 86 O15#& '#9 1 f ( x) = x 1 x 1 L : >4
1 x =1

. f (1) = 1

f (x)

2 o
•
• •
x 1 x

1
x 0
. 8& 86 0 L % O15#& '#9 0 f ( x) = x L : >4
0 x=0

20
 ( )

f (x )
x
•
x
f (x)

x2 1
,# - 1* 0 ,#& ' &1 L % '#9 I1 '#9 1 f ( x) = L
x 1
8 L O ZR& L '#9 .1 S8X& h E 1 L % 'C

.8J S8J h E z + 2 ZR&

& #$ M : #$ %& %& < -'

7 T 7 W& @ #$ <= U X YZ : 7 4
. 7 $4 M 4 #$ <= <=

.8# - 8J S ZR& @& '#9 O L' ' &,

1
a 0 S '\ ZR& y= (1
x
x2 + x x 0
a = 0 ZR& y= 2 (2
x x 0< x
1
x 1
a = 1 ZR& y= x (3
x +1 1 < x

21
 ( )

. 4 )4 - )@ <= : 7 - Q 4 V$ [+ )@ 5

d# & 8& '#9 ' . U R& y = x2 L 2 y = x L O1 3 L ' : >4

.8& '#9 E '

1
' . U R& K 2 15#& h E . 0 1 '#9 y = L : >4
x
.1 '#9

.1 '#9 L % 8 . X& y = k x L ' & : >4

k
x

, . a 8? %

lim k
x =k a
x a

.8& '#9 E ' "#& @ -8 . X& y = cos x 2 y = sin x L ' ' & : >4

, a 8 & . 8? %
lim sin x = sin a , lim cos x = cos a
x a x a

.1 '#9 OL % -8 . X& y = b x &L ' & O 0 < b 8# - y $ : >4

22
 ( )

b x (1 < b)

, a 8 & . 8? %
lim b x = b a
x a

a f '#9 h E 8J [a , b] / '0 f 8&. E . - '.

b f '#9 2 .1 f (a ) 2 'N'. a f1 86 - 1 E.

.1 f (b) 2 'N'. b f tC 86 - 1 E.

I8& '#9 & + R& C 2 8& '#9 & @& #. 8-8# - %##E L' ' &, -1
x( x 1) x 1
y= ( y = x + | x | (x y = x + [ x] (H y =| x 1 | +2 (h
x + 2 1< x
.8J '#9 L - 8# - %##E '+ a 8R. L -2
x 2 ax + 1 x 1
y=
x 2a 1< x

. ' 8 '\& '#9 L a 8R. p# 8# - 1 3 -3

ax
x 0
y = |x|
1 x=0

. 86 0 21 '#9 & 0 - 8# - , L ' & -4

. 8& 86 U R& % 21 '#9 & 1 2 0 ZR& 2 - 8# - , L ' & -5

23
 ( )

( /0
#$

#$ G& 7 T 7 W& @ a 4 ' #$ U X g (x) f (x) 5

S 7 )4 ! <= S a 9 f ( x) + g ( x) &= : 7 7

2 f ( x) + g ( x) L ' 2 8 # & g ( x) = 2 x 2 f ( x) = 3 + 2 x L 2 .1

.8 5 f ( x) g ( x)

.8# - A# ! =28N 0 L @C % 86 .2

x 0 /1 0 / 01 0 / 001 0 / 001 0 / 01 0 /1

f (x) ?

g (x) ?

f ( x) + g ( x) ?

f ( x) g ( x) ?

I15#C 0 g (x) 2 f (x) L ' 86 .3

I15#C 0 f ( x) g ( x) 2 f ( x) + g ( x) L ' 86 .4

. g (x) 2 f (x) L ' 86 2 f ( x) g ( x) 2 f ( x) + g ( x) L ' 86 %# +* C .5

I8#

24
 ( )

f (x) 8R. a x 8R. 8J "& lim g ( x) = K 2 lim f ( x) = L

x a x a

L+K f ( x) + g ( x) 8R. b9 O8&'J . "& K g ( x) 8R. 2 L

L b9 . 'J - 8& ' . 8R. 8J "& % 2 8&'J . "&

LK f ( x) g ( x ) 8R. %# Y .1 L+K 86 2 86 a f ( x) + g ( x)

f ( x) g ( x ) L b9 . 'J - 8& ' . 8R. 8J "& % 2 8&'J . "&

/ *? .1 LK 86 2 86 x a

lim ( f ( x) + g( x)) = lim f ( x) + lim g( x)

x a x a x a

lim f ( x) g( x) = lim f ( x) . lim g( x)

x a x a x a

"#& y = x 2 L % 1 a 86 2 86 a 8 & . 8? y=x L : >4

O1 a2 86 2 86 a

lim x 2 = (lim x)(lim x) = a.a = a 2

x a x a x a

a 2 2 a 4# @& 86 2 8& 86 a 8 & . 8? y = x2 2 y = x L 2 : >4

% O1
lim ( x 2 + x) = lim x 2 + lim x = a 2 + a
x a x a x a

x
., 2 .1 4 y = (x2 + ) x L 86 : >4
2
x x 4
lim ( x 2 + ) x = lim ( x 2 + ) . lim x = (4 2 + ) 4 = 36
x 4 2 x 4 2 x 4 2

.,# - . H 56 y = x 2 + x sin x L 86 : >4

lim( x 2 + x sin x) = lim x 2 + lim( x sin x) = 2
+ (lim x)(lim sin x) = 2
+ ×0 = 2
x x x x x

25
 ( )

#$

7 a 7 T 7 W& @ a 4 ' #$ U X f ( x) 5
1
S 7 )4 ! <= S a 9 &= : 7
f ( x)

1
2 2 f (x) L 2 86 .8 # & f ( x) = 1 2 x L .1
f ( x)
.8# - A# ! =28N

x 1/ 9 1 / 99 1 / 999 2 / 001 2 / 01 2 /1

f (x) ?

1
?
f ( x)

1
I8& , Z C28 5 8R. C 2 2 f (x) L 2 86 .2
f ( x)
1 1
.8# - A# ! =28N 2 f (x) L 2 86 .3
2 f ( x)

x 0/4 0 / 49 0 / 499 0 / 501 0 / 51 0/6

f ( x) ?

1
?
f ( x)

1
I8#& . C A# I8# . 86 .4
f ( x)

26
 ( )

f (x) 8R. a x 8R. 8J "& -1 E. lim f ( x) = L

x a

1
2 8 5 < "$ = 6 )>Z. 8( r 8R. L = 0 .8&'J . "& L
f ( x)
1
L 0 . . 1J 8 '\& 86 a L 2 8&'J & "& 0 8? p#
f ( x)
1 1
- 8& ' . 8R. 8J "& % 2 8&'J . "& 8? 8R.
L f ( x)
1 1
/ *? .1 86 2 86 a L 1 6% b9 . 'J
L f ( x)

1 1
lim = T *= lim f ( x) 0 5
x a f (x) lim f ( x) x a
x a

1
.,# - . H 56 y= L 86 : >4
4 sin x
1 1 1
lim = = = 2
x
sin x lim sin x 2
4 x
4 2

x
.,# - . H 56 1 y= L 86 : >4
x +1
2

x 1 1 1 1
lim = lim x = lim x . lim = 1× =
x 1 x +1 x
2 1 x +1 x
2 1 x 1 x +12
lim x 2 + 1 2
x 1

lim 1 + cos x = 0 - d& 1

x
.,# - . f ( x) = L 86 : >4
1 + cos x
. 8& 86 x f (x) L

8&. ZR& f (x) 2 , 5 f (x) L 2 8J 1*q. 8R. E f (x)

I 'J . L 86 2I 86 a "#& f (x) L O8J J L 86 a

"#& t 8R. 8&'J "& L 8 & . 8? t 8R. 21 '#9 E t

f (x) 8R. O a x 8R. 8J "& f ( x) L .8&'J . "& L

27
 ( )

L E O8&'J . "& L f (x) 8R. d# & O8&'J . "& L

: / *? .1 L 86 2 86 a f ( x)

4 ' #$ 7 2>4 ' ( $4 )@ f ( x) 5

. lim f ( x) = lim f ( x ) T * = : 7 7 a
x a x a

, '#9 L 4>Z. 2 1 x L '#9 Z 1>?

86 a 8 & . ZR& - 8J E f (x) 2 '#9 E g (x) .1 (

2 86 a "#& g ( f ( x)) L S & O8J K d& A ( g ( f ( x)) 4#- 2 8J J L

:, ^ J / *? .1 g (L) 86

lim g ( f ( x )) = g (lim f ( x))

x a x a

.,# . x y = sin x L 86 : >4

6
1 2
lim sin x = lim sin x = =
x
6
x
6
2 2

2 2
.,# . a= ZR& sin 2
x2 L 86 : >4
3
lim sin 2
x 2 = sin(lim 2
x 2 ) = sin lim( 2
x2 )
x a x a x a

2 2
8 3
= sin 2
= sin = sin =
9 9 3 2

.8# # 'N2 / '0 S8J S ZR& L ' 86 -1

x 3
4 y= (H y = cos 2 x + x 2 (h
2 x
x sin x
y=2 5 x (
3 2
2 y= (x
(1 + x) cos x

28
 ( )

.8& '#9 U R& > N8 C L ' 8# X& -2

a "#& f ( x) g ( x) L 8# X& O8 J J 86 a g (x) 2 f (x) L ' - -3

2 86
lim ( f ( x) g(x)) = lim f ( x) lim g( x)
x a x a x a

f ( x)
L 8# X& xlim a g ( x) 0 2 8 J J 86 a g (x) 2 f (x) L ' -4
g ( x)
2 86 a "#&

f ( x) xlima f ( x)
lim =
x a g ( x) lim g ( x)
x a

( 1 $
f ( x)
1 / '0 L - ,# - . ' 6 ,@. 86 #5 * .
g ( x)
* . ! - p# ~( .1 0 & '. ZR& x \. 2 / '0 86 2
0
* . .8 . & . ,@*. 1 6 • 6sZ0 1 6 % .8 - & L ' &' % 86
0
A 8* 2 5- % S O S ! ( 'N2 / '0 ) L ' &' % 86

.8J aj& !. ~( )*+ 86 * .A ? -1 6

1 x2
.,# - . 1 y= L 86 : >4
1 x
2 ,# - S A!J ,#& ' . 2 O15#& aj& !. ,#R 5. '+ 86 % * .

.,# - H 56 86 bj
1 x2 (1 x)(1 + x)
lim = lim = lim (1 + x) = 2
x 11 x x 1 1 x x 1

0 sin 2 x L 86 : >4
.,# - . y=
sin x
0
., 2 A ? 5- S 8 1 K 2, ( 1 6
0

29
 ( )

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x

lim = lim = lim 2 cos x = 2
x 0 sin x x 0 sin x x 0

0 sin x
' & 21 / 6 "#& 86 % .1 0 L 86 ,@. 86 !
0 x
sin x L * R /* . s*( . - H 56 86 O 5- % ' E. -S
x
R#( = 8 ,# ' . d 21 1 86 - , S i86 0 ! "&

.,# #

.8 . X& q>q. S A!J

B T

x
o H A

q>q. @ *5& 456 S OBA Z( 2 OTA 2 OBA @q>q. 16 5. -1

:8# X& 2 8# - * . x 2 ' 2( 456 ) x (1*q.) 2

1 1 1
sin x x tan x
2 2 2
:, x 1*q. 2 C'- 8R. 8 # d# & -2
x 1
1
sin x cos x
1
0 x 8J "& I 'J . "& 8? C 0 x 8J "& -3
cos x
x x
I1 8RC 0 1 86 I1$ ' . d# & C L
sin x sin x
x
0 L % 86 I15#C 0 tC 86 L ' x2 N' -4
sin x
I1 8RC

. lim sin x = 1 8 # d# & -5

x 0 x

30
 ( )

1 cos 2 x
.,# - . H 56 0 y= L 86 : >4
x2
2
1 cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x lim sin x
lim = lim = x 02 =2
x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x
1 x
11 3L 2 L %# L % -,8 L 86 % $ 1# E$
cos x sin x
L - 'J . d# & !& % .8& 1 5! 86 0 L 2 % 21 $ (
x
>- 1 6 4>Z. % . 'J "& 1 8 0 x 8J "& C& "#&
sin x
.1 1 ,

G a 4 ' #$ )*& +( %& f (x) 4 )@ 5

g2 g1 g1 ( x) f ( x) g 2 ( x) \>4 : 5 g 2 ( x) g1 ( x)

. lim f ( x) = L 7 )4 8 : 7 L < D& ' a #$

x a

g 2 ( x)

L
f (x)
a
g1 ( x)

1
.,# - . H 56 0 x cos L 86 : >4
x
1 1
2 x x cos x , x 1*q. 8R. 1 cos 1 - d&
x x
1
0 8 5 2 5. & z + 2 - E ' . x x cos x , x . 8R.
x
1
lim x cos = 0 b9 O8& 0 5! 86
x 0 x

.8# - H 56 86 -1

31
 ( )

2 2 xn 1
lim cos x + sin x (x lim x 1 (H lim x 3 4 (h
x 0 x 1 x 2

x 3 + x 2 + x +1
sin 2 x
3 x 1
2

lim 1 cos x (2 lim x 2 sin x + 1 (S lim (

x 0 x 0 x 1

cos 2 x 1 cos x (D 1 cos x

lim sin x cos x (U lim lim x
(
x x x 0
x sin
4 2
f ( x) g ( x) 2 f ( x) + g ( x) L ' 8# X& O8 J '#9 L ' g (x) 2 f (x) -2
f ( x)
I1 ' . C '#9 '. .8& '#9 "#&
g ( x)
. lim ( f ( x) L) = 0 - 1 = E. xlim a f ( x) = L - 8# - 1 3 -3
x a

2 xlim a f ( x) = 0 U J 2 C - 8# c#m' L 86 '@J S8 N' -4

.8 E. 8! lim | f ( x) |= 0
x a

86 a f 2 8& S8J h E a ZR& z + -8J E ' g (x) 2 f (x) -5

. 8& 86 a f + g 8# X& O 8& 86 a g 2

86 0 K 8!Y# 2 8& S8J h E 0z + - 8#&" = q. g 2 f L 2 -6

. 86 0 f +g 2 8& 8&

8J J 86 a f 2 8& S8J h E 0z + - 8#&" = q. g 2 f L 2 -7

.8J J 86 0 fg = O8J J 8& 86 a g 2

1
I 86 0 L % I1 S8J h E 0z + sin L -8
x
.8# - 1 3 2 5. &
1
x sin x
x
1
& A# 2 8# - & @€ 0 x sin L 86 '. 2 5. & % N'
x
.8# c#m' '

32