Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Define completion
Describe the process of completion
List and define the different types of completion
Describe surface control equipments
Define subsea completion
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'ell completion activities include:
Setting production casing
Running production tubing along with
downhole equipments
Installing surface safety equipments
Starting production flow
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To determine the potential of a producing formation, the operator may order a drill stem test
(DST). The DST crew makes up the test tool on the bottom of the drill stem, then lowers it to the
bottom of the hole. 'eight is applied to the tool to expand a hard rubber sealer called a packer.
Opening the tool ports allows the formation pressure to be tested. This process enables workers
to determine whether the well can be produced.
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'ell completion activities include:
Production casing is the final casing in a well. It can be set from the bottom to the top. Sometimes
a production liner is installed. This casing is set the same as other casings, then cemented in
place.
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BOP
PLATFORM
SEA BED
PRODUCTION TUBING 30¶¶ CASING
20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING
9 5/8¶¶ CASING
RESEVOIR
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20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING
9 5/8¶¶ CASING
7¶¶ LINER
RESEVOIR
BACK
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20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING
9 5/8¶¶ CASING
7¶¶ LINER
RESEVOIR
BACK
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'ell completion activities include:
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Installing surface safety equipments
Starting production flow
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A well is usually produced through tubing inserted down the production casing. Oil and gas is
produced more effectively through this smaller-diameter tubing than through the large-diameter
production casing. Joints of tubing are joined together with couplings to make up a tubing string.
Tubing is run into the well similar to casing, but it is smaller in diameter and is removable.
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'ell completion activities include:
Though the tubings and downhole equipments are present in the well, production cannot
start without installing surface control equipments. They are required to prevent
uncontrolled oil flow out of the well.
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'ell completion activities include:
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Production flow is started by µwashing in¶ the well and setting the packer. The pumping in of water
or brine to flush out the drilling fluid is called washing in. Usually this is enough to start the well
flowing. If this does not work then the flow might be started by pumping high-pressure gas into the
well after setting the packer.
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Each well head section has three
components:
Casing Bowl
Casing Hanger
Tubing Head
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Each well head section has three
components:
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Casing Hanger
Tubing Head
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The casing bowl consists of heavy fittings that provide a
seal between the casing and the surface. It also supports
the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the
well. This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping
mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and
the casing itself.
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Each well head section has three components:
Casing Bowl
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Tubing Head
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Each well head section has three components:
Casing Bowl
Casing Hanger
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The %
is a device attached to
the topmost tubing joint in the well head to Anchor bolts to
hold tubing
support the tubing string. hanger in place
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1.5 m ,
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The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges,
and chokes that are fitted to the well head of the
completed well is called a !. It is used
to control the flow of oil through the tubing hanger.
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Tubing
hanger
'ell Head
X-mas Tree
Hydraulic
Control Line
Safety
Valve Production
Tubing
Reservoir
Gas Lift
Valve
Packer Perforation
Pump Out
Plug Sump
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Natural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required for production.
Sandstone and carbonate systems with good permeability and mechanical stability are
ideal for natural completions.
These completions are generally applied to improve the natural drainage patterns of
hard, low-permeability formations. It is used to remove barriers that prevent easy
passage of fluids into the wellbore.
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Sand-control completions support the formation while allowing the flow of fluids. They
are performed in young, unconsolidated or less mechanically competent sandstones.
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The tubings along with the downhole equipment are lowered into the 95/8¶¶ casing of the well.
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
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Packer is a device consisting
of a sealing device, a holding
)
or setting device and an inside
passage for fluids. It expands
'( )
externally to seal the well bore.
It helps in blocking the fluids
+ through the annular space
between the pipe and the well
bore wall. Packers use flexible,
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electrometric elements that
expand. It is set hydraulically
from the surface.
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The parts of a downhole equipment are:
'( ) 9
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The gas lift valve is a device installed
on a gas lift cylinder or mandrel. This
)
device is used to control the flow of
gas between the exterior and interior
'( )
of well tubing. It consists of an inlet,
outlet, a main valve, a main chamber
+ and so on. The design of the side
pocket is such that the components
that are installed do not obstruct
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the flow of production. This enables
access to the well bore and the
other components of completion.
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The parts of a downhole equipment are:
9
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A safety valve is a device that is
installed in the upper well bore to
'( )
provide emergency closure of the
channels that produce oil. The
+ valve has a housing and a
movable valve element that
controls the flow of fluid in the
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well.
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The parts of a downhole equipment are:
9
*
(
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(
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The parts of a downhole equipment are:
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Since the tubing is open at the bottom, the packer cannot be set as the
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whole tubing string needs to be pressurized to set it. So a pump out plug
(POP) is used for this purpose.
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A steel ball is dropped inside the tubing string from the surface. This goes
'( )
all the way down and sits on the POP seat at the bottom.
'hen water is pumped from the top, the ball is pressed against the POP
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seat and forms a seal. 'hen pressure in the tubing string reaches a certain
limit, the packer is set. This is indicated in the pumping unit in the form of a
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sharp A well sumpofisthe
fluctuation thepressure
extra bore space below the perforated
reading.
zone that allows the collection of junk for example steel ball.
Then the pressure is increased, further, to shear the POP seat pins. This is
done to remove the steel ball. 'hen the pins are sheared, the POP seat drops
along with the ball into the :
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6
2(
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Smart 'ells
Drivers
Improved Reliability
Optimum Production leading to longer well and reservoir life.
± Optimization of reservoir drainage
No mechanical intervention is required freeing up resources.
Lower Operating Cost
± Less number of work overs
± Decrease 'ater Production
± Better sand control
Increase Reservoir Knowledge
± Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements
± Improved reservoir characterization (saturation, structure,
pressure, temperature)
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Smart 'ell
Packers
Hydraulic or Electrical Control Lines
Sensors
Inflow Control Valves ICV
Surface Control Unit (Monitoring and Remote Operation)
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Marginal Reserves
Highly Deviated. Horizontal and ML'
Deepwater 'ells
High Volume 'ells
Devise Process
Control Methodologies
Modeling
Processes
Requiring
Real time
Management
6
Life Cycle
Cost and
Benefits