Forced Harmonic Vibration
   
Harmonic excitation is often encountered in engineering systems. It is commonly
produced by the unbalance in rotating machinery. Although pure harmonic
excitation is less likely to occur than periodic or other types of excitation,
understanding the behavior of a system undergoing harmonic excitation is essential
in order to comprehend how the system will respond to more general types of
excitation. Harmonic excitation may be in the form of a force or displacement of
  some point in the system.
   
We will first consider a single DOF system with viscous damping, excited by a
  harmonic force
, as shown in Fig. 7. Its differential equation of motion is found from the free-body
  diagram.
   

  -29
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  Figure 7 Viscously Damped System with Harmonic Excitation
   
   
   
The solution to this equation consists of two parts, the complementary function,
which is the solution of the homogeneous equation, and the particular integral.
  The complementary function. in this case, is a damped free vibration.
   
The particular solution to the preceding equation is a steady-state oscillation of the
same frequency w as that of the excitation. We can assume the particular solution to
  be of the form :
   
  -30
   
where X is the amplitude of oscillation and f is the phase of the displacement with
  respect to the exciting force.
   
The amplitude and phase in the previous equation are found by substituting Eqn.
(30) into the differential equation (29). Remembering that in harmonic motion the
phases of the velocity and acceleration are ahead of the displacement by 90° and
180°, respectively, the terms of the differential equation can also be displayed
  graphically, as in Fig. 8.

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  Figure 8 Vector Relationship for Forced Vibration with Damping
   
   
   
  It is easily seen from this diagram that

   
  -31
   
   
   
  and
   

  -32
   
   
   
We now express Eqs (31) and (32) in non-dimensional term that enables a concise
graphical presentation of these results. Dividing the numerator and denominator of
  Eqs. (31) and (32) by k, we obtain :

   
  -33
   
   
   
   
   
   
  and
   

  -34
   
   
   
   
   
  These equations can be further expressed in terms of the following quantities:
   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  The non-dimensional expressions for the amplitude and phase then become

   
  -35
   
   
   
   
   
   
  and

   
  -36
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

  These equations indicate that the non dimensional amplitude

  , and the phase f are functions only of the frequency ratio
  , and the damping factor z and can be plotted as shown in Fig 9.
   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  Figure 9 Plot of Eqs. (35) and (36)