MICROPROCESSOR

SYSTEM
Microprocessor (CPU)
 Heart of the system
 computation engine fabricated on a single

chip
 Intel 4004 (1971)

- add and subtract

Evolution of Microprocessors
 ENIAC
- slow, large vacuum tubes
 Second Generation – transistors
 Third Generation – integrated circuit (IC)
 LSI
 RISC – small portion of instruction set
- e.g. Pentium processor
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessor

Transistor Clock
Name Date Microns Data width MIPS
s speed
8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64
16 bits
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 0.33
8-bit bus
80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1
80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5
80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20
32 bits
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 100
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz ~300
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz ~510
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz ~1,700
64-bit bus
Pentium 4 125,000,00 32 bits
2004 0.09 3.6 GHz ~7,000
"Prescott" 0 64-bit bus
Microprocessor-Based System

Parallel I/O Serial I/O Interrupt Circuitry

Syst
em
Bus

Timing CPU Memory

Microprocessor-Based System
 System bus – processor address, data and
control signals
 CPU – heart of the system
 Timing section – system timing
 Memory section – RAM, ROM
 Interrupt
 Serial communication – receive and transmit
 Parallel communication
Microprocessor Operation

RESET

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE
Segment Registers

 Segment Registers – (CS, DS, SS, ES)

- 16 bit registers

CS (Code) – instruction fetch

DS (Data) – reading/writing data
SS (Stack) – subroutine calls, returns
ES (Extra)
General Purpose Registers
 AX,BX,CX,DX,SI,DI
- 16 bit registers
AX (Accumulator) – multiply, divide, I/O ports
CX (Count) – counter in loop instructions
CL- counter in shift/rotate
DX (Data)- multiply, divide, pointer when
accessing I/O
SI & DI – pointer in string operations
Data Organization
 bit (Binary Digit)- smallest unit
 Nibble – 4 bits
 byte – 8 bits, 2 nibbles
 word – 2 bytes, 16 bits, 4 nibbles
 Double word – 4 bytes, 32 bits, 8 nibbles