Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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K institutions failed people.
K people were treated as if superfluous and
expendable.
K having to do without was commonplace.
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Scientific Management
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K 1868-1933
K Known as a visionary genius
K Creative Experience (1924)
K Influenced theorists of the Human
Relations Era and beyond
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K 1880-1949
K Successful Academic
K Clinical Psychologist
K Public Speaker
K Hawthorne Studies
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K 1927-1932
K estern Electric Hawthorne orks in Chicago
K Purpose: to study productivity and work conditions
K Researchers desired to find what kind of changes
would influence productivity
K Six women from assembly line were segregated with
friendly supervisor so they could be evaluated for
productivity using the following work condition
variables: breaks, temperatures, hours, humidity
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The need for recognition, security and sense of
belonging is more important than the physical
conditions under which the employee works.
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K 1908-1970
K Neo-Human Relation
Theorist
K Investigations of human
behavior occurred between
1939 and 1943
K Individuals are born with
innate needs
K Characteristics of needs
K
' K hen lower-order need
is satisfied, a higher-order
K , need appears that needs
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K Order of needs from lowest to
K highest
K , ' :
K The lower the need, the > its
strength, potency, or priority
K Higher needs also appear
later in one¶s life
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K 1906-1964
K rote The Human Side
of Enterprise (1960)
K Coined the terms
Theory X and Theory Y:
ays of viewing people
and their motivation
Theory X Assumptions:
K ork is inherently distasteful to most people; will
avoid it if at all possible
K Most people must be controlled and threatened
before they will work hard enough
K Most people prefer to be directed, dislike
responsibility, are unambiguous, desire security
Theory Y Assumptions:
K ork is as natural as play if conditions favorable
K People will direct themselves if committed to the
aims of the organization
K If a job is satisfying, the result will be commitment to
the organization
K The average person learns and seeks responsibility
K Imagination, creativity, and ingenuity can be used to
solve problems; the average mind is underutilized
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K 1886-1961
K Sociological Theorist
K The Functions of the
Executive
K Progressive Contributions
on the Organization
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K 1923 ± 2000
K Pioneer of Motivation
K ork itself can be a
motivator
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(Job Environment/Animal Needs/Extrinsic) (Job Content/Human Needs/Intrinsic)
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Scientific = focus on production
Human Relations = focus on personnel
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