‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪research@bank-refah.com‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ....................................................................................................................................................‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪١ .......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ‪٣ ...................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٣ ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٤ ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪٥ ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ )‪٦ ..........................(Cyberpayments‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ‪٨ ..........................................................‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ‪٩ ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٦‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪١١ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٧‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ‪١٣ ..............................................‬‬

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‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ )‪١٨ ...................................................... (FATF‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪١٨ .................................................................................... FATF‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪١٩ .................................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ‪١٩ ...................................................................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ‪١٩ ......................................................................‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٢٠ ..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪٢٠ .................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪٢١ ..................................‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪٢٢ ..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺪﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٢٣ ..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٢٣ ......‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ‪٢٤ .....................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪٢٤ ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪٢٤ ..................................................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ‪٢٥ ...................‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‪٢٥ ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪٢٥ ............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻤﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ‪٢٥ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٧ ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٣‬ـ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٧ ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ‪٣‬ـ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪٢٨ .....................................................................................‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻗﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﺩﻡ ﺭﺑﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﻮﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺯﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﻔﺖ )‪ (G-٧‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ‬

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‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )‪ Financial Action Task Force (FATF‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﺎ ‪ ٣١‬ﻋﻀﻮ )‪ ٢٩‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ﭼﻬﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺟﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻲﮔﺸﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻬﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻞ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻛﻞ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻑﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺩﻡ ﺭﺑﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻛﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺭﺩﭘﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻃﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺤﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﺮﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﮔﺎﻧﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺍﹰ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬

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‫ﻣﺨﻔﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ ،١٩٩٤‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٥٩٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ‪١/٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ‪ GNP‬ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ‪ GNP‬ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﮕﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺧﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﻢ )‪ ،(Starburst‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﺩﺍﺭ )‪ ،(Front Companies‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺪﻑ ) ‪Shell‬‬

‫‪ ،(Companies‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺩﭘﺎ )‪ ،(Black Holes‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺻﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ‪/‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ )ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻼ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻲ ﺷﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ )‪ (Boomerang‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻤﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ )‪ (Boomerang‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻙ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺧﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺪﻑ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ‪/‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬

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‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ )‪ (Placement‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫)‪ (Layering‬ﻭ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ )‪ (Integration‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺳﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ )ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻛﺎﺕ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺩﭘﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺩﭘﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ )‪(Cyberpayment Systems‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﺑﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻼﺀﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ– ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺧﺬ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﺠﻜﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ– ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ– ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﺧﺬ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻇﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ– ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺧﺬ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﮔﻤﻨﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻩـ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٣٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻫﻲ ) ‪debit‬‬

‫‪ (cards‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ )‪ ((credit cards‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ‪ ٢١‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﻪ ﻗﻼﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺼﻲ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺩﭘﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‪ ١CNTO ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ CNTO .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪Cyber payment Network Targeting Order .١‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ CNTO .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ‪GTO‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ CNTO‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ GTO‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﺩﺭ ‪ GTO‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺛﺒﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ CNTO‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪GTO‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪ CNTO‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ GTO‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪ CNTO‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ CNTO‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻇﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ‪ CNTO‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ‪GTO‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﮊﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ CNTO‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺰﻫﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬

‫‪Geographic Targeting Order .١‬‬

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‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪٦٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٧‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻨﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻭﺋﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﺪ )ﻗﻄﻌﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ (S – ٢٠/٤‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻻﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺰﻫﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Currency‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ٨٠‬ﻭ‪ ٩٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﻬﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪١٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ‪ ٦‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻛﻞ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﭘﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮﻱ )ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﻠﺤﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ‪ GNP‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ GNP‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻛﻞ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻲ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮ ﺭﻳﺴﻚ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﻭ‬

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‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﻭ ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻴﺮﻙ )‪ (Quirk ،١٩٦٦‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪ GDP‬ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪١٨‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ١٩٨٣-٩٠‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ‪ GDP‬ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻃﻔﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻒ– ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻎ ﺩﻭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻋﻘﺐﮔﺮﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺻﺮﺍﻓﻲﻫﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ‪ IMF‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏـ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‪ FATF ،‬ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻟﻲﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺝـ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻼﻥ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺳﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ IMF .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩـ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻼﻥ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ‪IMF‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٧‬ـ‪١‬ـ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ‪ ١BSA‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ‪ BSA‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫‪The Bank Secrecy Act‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

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‫ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺯﻳﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪BSA .‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ‪ BSA‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ – ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ – ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ ١CTR‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ CTR‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٠٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٠٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ٢CMIR‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﻴﺴﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﻴﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﭖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻟﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﮕﺎﻥ »ﺑﻲﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ٣«.‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻭ »ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻁﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺤﺸﺎﺀ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Currency Transaction Report .١‬‬

‫‪Report of International Transportation of Currency and Insurance‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٤٢‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻴﮕﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺎﻛﻮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍﻍ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻛﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺩﻳﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﺮ« ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻧﻔﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ »ﺭﺍﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﺭﻳﺘﺮ«‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﺎﻛﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٤٩‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻭ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺘﺮﭼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻓﺘﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﺮ ﻗﺒﺮﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻲﻗﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻭ ﻋﻄﺶ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ‪ FATF‬ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ‪ FATF‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪٢٠٠١‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ‪ FAFT‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻱﺭﺑﻂ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ‪ FATF‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﮔﺬﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﺣﻮﺍﻟﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺟﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﺩﭘﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻜﻢ ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ FATF‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﺶ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺮﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺸﻮﻗﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻭﭘﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻭ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ FATF‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ )‪(FATF‬‬

‫‪ FATF‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ FATF‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ٢٩‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ FATF‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ،FATF‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ FATF‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ FATF‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ – ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ – ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ – ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ – ﺑﺮﺯﻳﻞ – ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ–‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ – ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ – ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ – ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ – ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ – ﻫﻨﮓ ﻛﻨﮓ – ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ – ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ – ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ – ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ–‬

‫ﮊﺍﭘﻦ – ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ – ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ – ﻫﻠﻨﺪ – ﺳﻮﺋﺪ – ﻧﺮﻭﮊ – ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ – ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮﺭ – ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ – ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻟﻨﺪ–‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ – ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ – ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪FATF‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪) ١٩٨٨‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ( ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٤‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٥‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٦‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٧‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ؛‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٨‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٩‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﮊﻳﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٩‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢١‬ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٠‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ )ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ( ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ– ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ– ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١١‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻜﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٢‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ٥‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﭙﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﭙﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ – ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٣‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﻤﻨﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٤‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٥‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٦‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٧‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ – ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ – ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٨‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :١٩‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ– ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ– ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ– ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٠‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭﺷﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ FATF‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢١‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺪﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٢‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٣‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ( ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٤‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﭼﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭﺛﺎﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺿﺎﻣﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺪﻑ )‪(Shell Corporation‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٧‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٨‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٢٩‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪١‬ـ‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ )ﻫﺮ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ( ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ )‪ (IMF‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ )‪ (The Bank for International Settlements‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣١‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻤﺮﻙ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻇﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪١‬ـ‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٢‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ )ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ( ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٣‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٤‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٦‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻭ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬

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‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٧‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﺮﺩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٨‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺿﺒﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٩‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻤﻜﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﭘﻴﮕﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٤٠‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﮔﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٣‬ـ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﻲ ﺩﺭﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﺴﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺩﻡ ﺭﺑﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺤﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻼﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺩﭘﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻛﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺖﺧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺛﺮﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺩﺭﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻒ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻔﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٣‬ـ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺟﺬﺍﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻬﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ‬

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‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﺎﺀ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺗﻨﮓ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )ﻳﻮﺭﻭ( ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (WTO‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪” .١‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ“‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪” .٢‬ﺑﻬﺸﺖ ﭘﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ“‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﺯﻫﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻛﺒﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪” .٣‬ﺑﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻲ“‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ‪.١٣٨٠‬‬
‫‪” .٤‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ“‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٤٢‬‬
‫‪” .٥‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ“‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ‪.١٣٨٠‬‬
‫‪” .٦‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ“‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٤٢‬‬
‫‪” .٧‬ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ“‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٨‬‬
‫‪” .٨‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ“‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٤٣‬‬
‫‪” .٩‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﭘﻮﻝﺷﻮﻳﻲ“‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.٥‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪١. Don, Bruce, “Cyberpayments and Money Laundering”, Rand Report, ١٩٩٨‬‬
‫‪٢. Baker, R., Scholar, G., “Money Laundering and Flight Capital: The Impact‬‬
‫‪on Private banking” Economic Studies; Brookings Institution, November‬‬
‫‪١٠،١٩٩٩‬‬
‫‪٣. Basic Facts about Money Laundering, FATF, GAFI, ٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪٤. The Forty Recommendations, FATF, GAFI, ٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪٥. Quirk, P., “Money Laundering: Muddying The Macroeconomy”, Finance and‬‬
‫‪Development, March ١٩٩٧‬‬
‫‪٦. “Members and Observers”, FATF, GAFI, ٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪٧. “Money Laundering Comparative Table”, Economic Perspective, May ٢٠٠١‬‬

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