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4.5
4.0
3.5
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5.5
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5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0

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4

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Density

t*

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2
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2
Standardized residuals
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1
Residuals

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0
−1
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15
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200 300 400 500 600 700 800 −2 −1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot

0.4
1.5

15
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18

0.3
Cook’s distance
1.0

15

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1
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log−Likelihood
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3.5
Concentração de mercúrio em tecidos (mg/Kg)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

40 60 80 100

Comprimento (cm)

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Residuals vs Fitted Normal Q−Q plot

6
2.0
102 102

Standardized residuals
83 83

4
77 77
1.0
Residuals

2
0.0

0
−1.0

−2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot

0.20
102
102
2.0
Standardized residuals

83
77

0.15
Cook’s distance
1.5

83
77
0.10
1.0

0.05
0.5

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0.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 50 100 150 200 250

Fitted values Obs. number

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u %A1,5/(.IVA&@!R4[XY$K ,5%* > .`


Q^AOg*  K ,
%
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g*4PA^#& 45„5AO#6'(55B ž^5%A6"A&%fV A&
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 4
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A
=’
95%

−300

−243
95%
log−Likelihood

log−Likelihood

−245
−500

−247
−249
−700

−2 −1 0 1 2 −0.20 −0.10 0.00 0.10

λ λ

Y$/K,5% > .…E@!2&3 !(5X[% \@!A6% λ


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log(Y ) = a + bX + 

(A% 4
g"%@) %@!T(.AZV d*!hIAO#1'š%K 4
 aBPA1@!N!A1K ,54PA%A&' 2&3 
…

Y = e(a+bX) × e

Q^AOgA)#& 
BŒ4
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Y = e(a+bX) + 

u @X.(.A1/m4[3m(5A&%*bmA1%L/45AO%/0O (.qA&'%*4
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1
log(Concentração de mercúrio)
0
−1
−2

40 60 80 100

Comprimento (cm)

Y$/K,5%* > =
… #\ K %*@))(.AX(.A&%*3 )@XPg% 4
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^4
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4
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3.5
3.0
Concentração de mercúrio (mg/Kg)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

40 60 80 100

Comprimento (cm)

Y$/K,5%* > $.… #\'K %*@))(.AX(.'A&%*3 +@!%*4


(5+-#6,
%V+(.AI%A1K %A13 )(.-@!.(.A&—g,
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9 Y$K ,5%* > =@!%*ZL(.'[A1%3L(.Z KP%d@!Z4


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%AOA14*LšA&K,54A
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log(M erc) = −4, 166968 + 0, 045279 × Len


9 Y“K ,
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M erc = e(−4,166968+0,045279×Len)
u 4
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=>
Residuals vs Fitted Normal Q−Q plot
182 182

Standardized residuals

4
95 95

1.0
Residuals

2
0.0

0
−2
−1.0

64
64

−2.0 −1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot


182
2.0

182

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08


95
Standardized residuals

64

Cook’s distance
1.5
1.0

173
64
0.5
0.0

−2.0 −1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Fitted values Obs. number

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20 30 40 50

Tamanho amostral

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3000
Frequência em reamostragens
2000
1000
0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Coeficiente de correlação

Y$/K,5%* "P’5… C^' K% @)+@!%*4


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1500
1000
Frequência
500
0

−0.5 0.0 0.5

Coeficientes de correlação

Y$/K,5%* " V … C^' K% @)+@!%*4


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40
35
Coeficiente de regressão
30
25
20
15
10
5

N Q LK
Y$/K,5%*S";.… #S'K% @)šc‰j.5/ N
%*I!(.'%/c5,
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A1%V(5š4[XY$K ,5%* " > `
2500
2000
Frequência
1500
1000
500
0

−20 −10 0 10 20 30

Coeficientes de regressão

Y$K ,5%*S" > … C^' K% @)š


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44 44

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Residuals

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200 400 600 800 1000 1200 −2 −1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot


2.0

35

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Standardized residuals

1.5

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Cook’s distance

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1.0

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Fitted values Obs. number

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log(Abundância de macroinvertebrados)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
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4.5

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Sítios de amostragem

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3
2 2
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Standardized residuals

2
0.5
Residuals

1
0.0

0
−3 −2 −1
−1.0

48
48
4
4

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 −2 −1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot


0.12

4
2
24
1.5
Standardized residuals

48
Cook’s distance

0.08
1.0

48
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5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 0 20 40 60 80

Fitted values Obs. number

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Scale−Location plot Cook’s distance plot

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