Professional Documents
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Water Treatment
Softening
Hardness
caused by multivalent cations – Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+, Sr2+, Al3+
does not cause health problems but reduces the
effectiveness of soaps and causes scale formation
TH multivalent cations
Cq concentration in meq/L
C C concentration in mg/L
Cq
EW EW equivalent weight in g/eq
MW MW molar weight
EW
n N ionic charge
TH CN NCH
Hardness
Classification
meq/L mg/L CaCO3
Extremely soft to soft 0 – 0.9 0 – 45
Soft to moderately hard 0.9 – 1.8 46 – 90
Moderately hard to hard 1.8 – 2.6 91 – 130
Hard to very hard 2.6 – 3.4 131 – 170
Very hard to excessively hard 3.4 – 5.0 171 – 250
Too hard for domestic use > 5.0 > 250
Alkalinity
measure of the buffering capacity of water
Hardness Speciation
TH (sum of multivalent cations)
Engr. Elisa G. Eleazar 3 of 14
Module 7
Check
CH = CCH + MCH
NCH = CNCH + MNCH
TH = CCH + CNCH + MCH + MNCH
SP7
Ion Exchange
Breakthrou gh
capacity vre sin
QIX TH
A residential water softener has 0.07 m3 of ion exchange
resin with an exchange capacity of 46 kg/m3. The
occupants use 1500 L of water daily. If the water
SP8 contains 245 mg/L of hardness as CaCO and they want
3
to soften it to 100 mg/L as CaCO3, how much water
should bypass the softener and what is the time
between regeneration cycles?
Chemical Precipitation
pH increase
Engr. Elisa G. Eleazar 5 of 14
Module 7
CH – lime
NCH – soda ash
Softening Treatment
Coagulation
chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to make
them stick together to form large particles (flocs)
coagulant: alum (aluminum sulfate)
coagulant aids: lime and polymers
mechanism:
charge neutralization – coagulant is used to
counter the charges on the colloidal particles
bridging – colloidal particles stick together by
virtue of the macromolecules formed by the coagulant
Flocculation
physical process of producing differential velocities so
that the particles can come into contact
Settling
Variables:
particle size
particle shape
particle density
fluid density
fluid viscosity
Assumptions:
Uniform flow occurs within the settling tank
All particles settling to the bottom are removed
Particles are evenly distributed in the flow as they
enter the settling tank
All particles still suspended in the water when the
column of water reaches the far side of the tank are not
removed and escape the tank
Q
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As
H
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Filtration
SP12
How much backwash water is required to clean the filter
in SP12? Assume 20 gpm/ft2 will be used and the filters
will be cleaned for 15 minutes.
SP13
Disinfection
Objective
to destroy the remaining pathogens
Chlorination
addition of chlorine in water
formaton of HOCl
formation of chloramines due to reaction with ammonia
or organic nitrogen
Water Stability
Marble Test and Langelier Index – calcium carbonate
saturation
Stabilization:
Recarbonation
Acid addition
Phosphate addition
Alkali addition
Aeration
Fluoridation
Distribution of Water
Exercise No. 7
1. An unconfined aquifer is 10 m thick and is being pumped
so that one observation well placed at a distance of 76 m
shows a drawdown of 0.5 m. On the opposite side of the
extraction well is another observation well, 100 m from the
extraction well, and this well shows a drawdown of 0.3 m.
Assume the coefficient of permeability is 50 m/day. What is
the discharge of the extraction well?