PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 12

STUDENT REFERENCE
A SUMMARY OF BASIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 ! + cos 2 ! = 1 1 + tan 2 ! = sec 2 ! 1 + cot 2 ! = csc 2 !

Reciprocal and Quotient Identities:

1 1 1
sec ! = csc ! = cot ! =
cos ! sin ! tan !

sin ! cos !
tan ! = cot ! =
cos ! sin !

Addition Identities:
cos ( ! + " ) = cos ! cos " # sin ! sin " sin ( ! + " ) = sin ! cos " + cos ! sin "
cos ( ! # " ) = cos ! cos " + sin ! sin " sin ( ! # " ) = sin ! cos " # cos ! sin "

Double-Angle Identities:
cos 2! = cos 2 ! " sin 2 ! sin 2! = 2 sin ! cos !
= 2 cos2 ! " 1
= 1 " 2 sin 2 !

Formulae:

tn = ar n!1
Sn =
(
a 1 ! rn ) Sn =
a ! r!
S=
a
x=
!b ± b 2 ! 4ac
1! r 1! r 1! r 2a

Combinatorics and Probability:

n!
= " n$ =
n!
n Pr = nCr t k +1 = nC k a n ! k b k
( n ! r )! # r % r ! ( n ! r )!

P ( A) = 1 ! P ( A) P ( A or B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ! P ( A and B )

P ( A and B )
P ( A | B) = P ( A and B ) = P ( A ) " P ( B | A )
P ( B)

P ( x ) = n C x p x q n! x q = 1! p

Note: Graphing calculators will contain many of these formulae as pre-programmed functions.

Assessment Branch –1– Principles of Mathematics 12

2007/08 School Year Student Reference