PYROMETER

High temperature measuring

instrument………….
 Introduction
A Pyrometer, or radiation thermometer, is a non-contact instrument
that detects an object's surface temperature by measuring the
temperature of the electromagnetic radiation (infrared or visible)
emitted from the object.

Pyrometer is any nonconducting device that intercepts and

measures thermal radiation. This measure is often used to
determine temperature, often of the object’s surface.
Typical Broadband Pyrometer
The results of temperature measurements obtained by means of
thermovision camera have been compared with the results from
two-wavelength pyrometer. A scheme of the pyrometer is shown in
Fig. 1. It is a device adapted for very fast measurements. During
the experiment the frequency of sampling was two orders of
magnitude higher than frequency of a thermovision camera and
amounted about 5 kHz. The number of the obtained data allows
their additional processing, e.g., averaging with no loss of
information on fast changes [2]. Optical working bands were chosen
in respect with the predicted range of the measured temperatures,
i.e., 50 °C ¸ 150°C. Separation of determined radiation bands is
ensured due to application of the following interference filters, Filter
I - 5.46 m m and Filter II - 4.5 mm. Moreover, the detectors with
spectral characteristics ensuring maximal signal were used. The
Detector I is of PDI type [3] and it is optimised for a wavelength of
5.5 mm. The Detector II is a PbSe photoreceiver. For the required
signal-to-noise ratio, the interference filters of relatively wide band
were applied, e.g., for Filter II of l = 5460 nm this band has the Half
Width of 500 nm . A measuring area of the pyrometer was 1´1
mm2.
Two-wavelength fast pyrometer
Common pyrometers include……

Optical Pyrometer (a.k.a. Brightness Pyrometer or Disappearing

Filament Pyrometer)-Designed for thermal radiation in the visible
spectrum.-Utilizes a visual comparison between a calibrated light
source and the targeted surface. When the filament and the target
have the same temperature, their thermal radiation intensity will match
causing the filament to disappear as it blends into the targeted surface
in the background.-When the filament disappears, the current passing
through the filament can be converted into a temperature reading.  

Infrared Pyrometer-Designed for thermal radiation in the infrared

region (0.75 ~ 1000 µm; 30 µin ~ 0.04 in) usually 2 ~ 14 µm (80 ~
550 µin)-Constructed from pyroelectric materials, e.g., triglisine sulfate
(TGS), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).-
Similar to the charge generated by stressed piezoelectric materials, a
pyroelectric charge dissipates in time. Hence, a rotating shutter is
required to interrupt the incoming radiation to obtain a stable output.
 Optical pyrometer
Optical pyrometers are quite effective
and accurate for applications that
allow manual operation. Automated
processes that require fast data
acquisition rates are better suited to
equipment utilizing infrared
technology. But, for the application
that requires only periodic monitoring,
the optical pyrometer is an efficient
and effective solution.
Disappearing-Filament Pyrometer
This type of instrument uses telescope sighting optics for
small target sighting (figure 3). Temperatures are determined
by adjusting a precision rheostat that changes the internal
calibrated lamp’s intensity until a color blend is made
between the apex of the pyrometer lamp and the target. The
current to the lamp then is output via analog or digital signal
to a temperature display. One of the benefits associated with
this type of instrument is that the target need not fill the
entire field of view. This is especially effective when
measuring targets such as 0.0005" dia. wire. Temperature
ranges can be measured between approximately 1,300 to
5,800°F (700 to 3,200°C), and with appropriate filters, the
disappearing-filament pyrometer temperature ranges can be
ex-tended to approximately 18,000°F (10,000°C). Electronic
units allow users to insert an emissivity value to display an
emissivity-corrected temperature.
Disappearing-filament pyrometer
Wedge-Type Optical Pyrometer
A wedge-type optical pyrometer’s optical lenses
and prisms provide a clear, enlarged view of the
target (figure 2). The instrument incorporates a
rotating optical photoscreenic wedge that functions
as a neutral density filter. Brightness from a hot
target, sighted through the optical system, is
varied by rotating the internal wedge until the
target’s intensity matches that of the internal
calibrated lamp. The temperature scale around the
outside of the optical pyrometer is directly coupled
to the instrument’s optical wedge. Typical
temperature ranges for optical pyrometers are
approximately 1,300 to 5,800°F (700 to 3,200°C).
Optical wedge-type pyrometer
Principle of operation

A pyrometer has an optical system and detector. The

optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the
detector. The output signal of the detector
(Temperature T) is related to the thermal radiation or
irradiance j* of the target object through the Stefan–
Boltzmann law, the constant of proportionality σ, called
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity ε of
the object.

This output is used to infer the objects temperature.

Thus, there is no need for direct contact between the
pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouple
and Resistance temperature detector (RTDs).
 Pros and Cons
  •Pros: -Non-contact measurement  -Fast response time  -Good
stability  
•Cons: -Expensive  -Accuracy maybe affected by suspended dust,
smoke,

Pyrometers are essentially photodetectors which are capable of

absorbing energy, or measuring the EM wave intensity,
at a particular wavelength or within a certain range of wavelengths.
Applications

Pyrometer are suited especially to the measurement of moving objects or

any surfaces that can not be reached or can not be touched.
Smelter Industry
Temperature is a fundamental parameter in metallurgical furnace
operations. Reliable and continuous measurement of the melt temperature
is essential for effective control of the operation. Smelting rates can be
maximized, slag can be produced at the optimum temperature, fuel
consumption is minimized and refractory life may also be lengthened.
Thermocouples used to be the traditional device, but they are unsuitable for
continuous measurement because they rapidly dissolve.
Over-the-bath Pyrometer
Continuous pyrometric measurement from above the bath surface is still
employed, but is known to give poor results because of emissivity
variations, interference by gases and particulate matter in the intervening
atmosphere, and dust accumulation on the optics.
Tuyère Pyrometer
The Tuyère Pyrometer is an optical instrument for temperature
measurement through the tuyeres which are normally used for feeding air or
reactants into the bath of the furnace.
Sample temperature measured by two-
wavelength pyrometer ( ° ) and thermovision
camera.(·)
Brightness (single color) pyrometer
These add up all the thermal radiation intensity in some range of wavelengths (the sensitive area of the
instrument's detector, or bandwidth of the detector) and relate it to temperature through linearizing
electronics or a look-up table. The instrument's sensitivity may vary across the bandwidth, making it difficult
to use published values of emissivity, especially those of metals, which change with wavelength. For these
instruments, the emissivity value is either entered by the operator or assumed to be unity. Many
manufacturers supply emissivity information with their instruments. These abbreviated lists are hopelessly
simplified. The reality is that emissivity is affected by many things, and even the most commonly-used
refractory materials vary wildly.
The most common brightness pyrometer is the vanishing filament pyrometer, which came to prominence in
the early 1900s.
Biggest problems: emissivity is often unknown or changing; anything that affects the radiated intensity (sight
glass, dirt, smoke, steam, process or combustion gases) affects the temperature.
Ratio (two color) pyrometer
These instruments, which date from about the middle of the last century, use two detectors to add up all the
intensity in two wavebands and then relate the quotient of the two intensities to temperature, again by look-
up table or linearizing electronics. In ideal cases (black or greybodies) the emissivity cancels out. In non-
ideal cases, the operator is expected to enter the relative emissivity.
Biggest problems: emissivity often changes with wavelength (some sight glasses mimic this problem as their
transmission changes with wavelength); ratio instruments lack the precision of brightness pyrometers and
are susceptible to noise (differences in intensity at the two wavelengths are relatively small). Relative
emissivity is even less well-known than the absolute value of emissivity; errors can be extremely large if one
color is affected more than the other by an environmental or material variation.
Wavelength in pyrometry
Manufacturers of traditional pyrometers typically quote an operating wavelength (or wavelengths in the case
of a two-color instrument) when they actually mean a finite range of wavelengths, or a bandwidth. A typical
one or two-color pyrometer bandwidth ranges from 50 to 500 nanometers. The bandwidth for the
SpectroPyrometer is 2 nanometers or less. This very narrow bandwidth for each wavelength of the
SpectroPyrometer is an advantage: when the emissivity is changing with wavelength it is not averaged over
a wide spectral area, so it's possible for the expert system to unravel the emissivity's behavior.
All infrared thermometers function utilizing the same basic
design principles. Using various infrared filters, an optical
lens system focuses energy to an infrared detector, which
coverts the energy to an electrical signal. This electrical
signal is compensated for emissivity, typically manually.
Through linearization and amplification in the instrument’s
processor, an analog signal (typically, 1 to 5 VDC or 4 to 20
mA) is output. Electronics can be incorporated to convert the
analog output to digital signals that can be transmitted at
high speeds, allowing for extremely fast data acquisition
rates. Ambient temperature compensation electronics
ensure that temperature variations inside the infrared
thermometer do not impact its output. Some applications
with extremely hot operating environments can require
water-jacket cooling at the infrared sensor.
Infrared thermometers usually operate in
either very broad or very narrow
bandwidths (figure 5). Typically, broad-
bandwidth infrared thermometers have a
much wider temperature range than
narrow-bandwidth units. The drawback to
broad-bandwidth infrared thermometers is
that emissivity influences them to a greater
degree. Keep in mind that
The Technique of measuring high temperature is known as
pyrometry and the instrument employed is called pyrometer.
Pyrometer is specialized type of thermometer used to measure high
temperatures in the production and heat treatment of metal and
alloys. Ordinary temperatures can be measured by ordinary
thermometer, instead pyrometer is employed for measuring higher
temperature.
Any metallic surface when heated emits radiation of different
wavelengths which are not visible at low temperatures but at about
5400C radiations are in shorter wavelength and are visible to eye
and from colour judgement is made as to probable temperature, the
colour scale is roughly as follows.
Dark red - 5400C
Red - 7000C
Bright red - 3500C
Orange - 9000C
Yellow - 10100C
White - 12050C and above
When a substance receives heat, change in
pressure, electric resistance, radiation,
thermoelectric e.m.f and or colour may takeplace.
Any of these change can be used for
measurement of temperature. Inorder to exercise
provision control over the heat treatment and
melting operation in the industry
temperaturemeasuring device known as
pyrometers are used. Also accurate measurement
of temperature of Furnaces, molten metals and
other heated materials
Thin Filament Pyrometry (TFP) is an
optical method used to measure
temperatures. It involves the placement of
a thin filament in a hot gas stream.
Radiative emissions from the filament can
be correlated with filament temperature.
Filaments are typically Silicon carbide (SiC)
fibers with a diameter of 15 micrometres.
Temperatures of about 800 - 2500 K can
be measured.
Technique
The typical TFP apparatus consists of a flame or other hot
gas stream, a filament, and a camera.
Advantages
TFP has several advantages, including the ability to
simultaneously measure temperatures along a line and
minimal intrusiveness. Most other forms of pyrometry are not
capable of providing gas-phase temperatures.
Drawbacks
Calibration is required. Calibration typically is performed with
a thermocouple. Both thermocouples and filaments require
corrections in estimating gas temperatures from probe
temperatures. Also, filaments are fragile and typically break
after about an hour in a flame.
Applications
The primary application is to combustion and fire research.
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