ATM

1
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE - ATM
 NEED FOR ATM
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS CELL SWITCHING
 ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TECHNICAL ISSUES
 STATUS OF STANDARDISATION
 SERVICES USING ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TARIFF ISSUES
 DOT PLAN FOR ATM NETWORKS
 FUTURE TRENDS
2
 NEED FOR ATM

ITEMS COMPUTER TELECOM

TRAFFIC DATA VOICE

SWITCHING PACKET CIRCUIT
ARRIVALS BURSTY PERIODIC
QUALITY OF SERVICE BEST EFFORT GUARANTEED
DELAY VARIATION NOT CRITICAL CRITICAL
RESOURCE ALLOCATION SHARED DEDICATED
CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONLESS CONNECTION-
ORIENTED

ATM = COMPUTER + TELECOM

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 NEED FOR ATM
SERVICES DEFINITION PROCESS
OLD WORLD NEW WORLD
• PRIMARILY VOICE • DATA SURPASSING VOICE
• REGULATED MONOPOLY • COMPETITIVE MARKET
• NETWORK-DRIVEN SERVICES • CUSTOMER-DRIVEN
SERVICES

SERVICE PROVIDER SERVICE PROVIDER

NETWORK NETWORK
 NEW WORLD SERVICES
ACCELERATED BY OPEN MODEL
OLD WORLD NEW WORLD

COMPUTING

CENTRALIZED MAINFRAME OPEN DISTRIBUTED

COMPUTING
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

OPEN DISTRIBUTED
CENTRAL OFFICE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CIRCUIT SWITCH
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 NEED FOR ATM
I CE) HIG
VO )
(
TH DTH ( LAN VA H BA
I D RIA ND
NDW NDWI BL W
E B IDTH
W BA BA IT R (V
LO H AT IDEO
Y HIG E(
T DA )
U RS ATM TA
B )

RELIABLE ACCESS

DYNAMIC, BURSTY TRAFFIC

MANAGEABILITY

SECURITY MULTIMEDIA

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APPLICATIONS PLACE BIGGER DEMANDS ON A NETWORK
 New World Created
by Explosive Internet Growth

Old New World

World Data

Voice

Source: ElectroniCast, BT Alex Brown Research

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE - ATM
 NEED FOR ATM
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS CELL SWITCHING
 ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TECHNICAL ISSUES
 STATUS OF STANDARDISATION
 SERVICES USING ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TARIFF ISSUES
 DOT PLAN FOR ATM NETWORKS
 FUTURE TRENDS
8
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING (TDM) VS
CELL SWITCHING (ATM)
A 4 3 2 1
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
B 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

C 4 3 2 1 TDM
D 4 3 2 1

A 4 3 2 1
C B B D
B 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4
C 4 3 2 1
ATM
D 4 3 2 1

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 CIRCUIT SWITCHING (TDM) VS
CELL SWITCHING (ATM)
TDM TDM
Circuit switched TDM
VIDEO VIDEO

VOICE VOICE

DATA DATA

ATM ATM
Cell switched ATM
VIDEO VIDEO

VOICE VOICE

DATA DATA
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 CIRCUIT SWITCHING (TDM) VS
CELL SWITCHING (ATM)
TDM
STATIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION -
INEFFICIENT METHOD
EACH APPLICATION IS STATISTICALLY
PARTITIONED
EACH APPLICATION HAS ACCESS TO
THE ALLOCATED BANDWIDTH ONLY
CIRCUIT SWITCHING DELAY =
APPLICATION FRAME SIZE /
ALLCOATED BANDWIDTH
PROTOCOL INDEPENDENT - SEPARATE
PIPE FOR EACH APPLICATION
ATM
AVALBILE BANDWIDTH DYNAMICALLY
ALLOCATED - EFFICIENT METHOD
EACH APPLICATION GETS ACCESS TO
ALL AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH;
ANY APPLICATION CAN BURST UP TO
THE ENTIRE BANDWIDTH CAPACITY
BANDWIDTH AND QOS NEGOTIABLE
FOR EACH APPLICATION
PROTOCOL INDEPENDENT - SAME
PIPE FOR ALL APPLICATIONS
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE - ATM
 NEED FOR ATM
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS CELL SWITCHING
 ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TECHNICAL ISSUES
 STATUS OF STANDARDISATION
 SERVICES USING ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TARIFF ISSUES
 DOT PLAN FOR ATM NETWORKS
 FUTURE TRENDS
12
 ATM TECHNOLOGY
 FLOW IS ORGANISED IN FIXED SIZE BLOCKS
CALLED “CELLS” - 53 bytes (48 bytes Payload + 5
bytes Header)
 FAST TRANSFER METHOD FOR ANY TYPE OF
BINARY INFORMATION (VOICE, DATA, IMAGE)
 SWITCHING & MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
BASED ON CELLS
 CELLS TRANSPORTED ON PDH FRAME / SDH
CONTAINER i.e., USES THE PHYSICAL LAYER OF
EXISTING TRANSMISSION NETWORK
 CONNECTION TYPES
Connectionless Connection Oriented
Packet Routing Cell Switching
S2 1 S6 S2 S6

1 1
A S1 S8 B A S1 S3 S5 S8 B
S3 S5 VC
2 2
S4 2 S7 S4 S7

• Path 1 = S1, S2, S6, S8

• VC = S1, S4, S7, S8
• Path 2 = S1, S4, S7, S8
• Data takes the same path
• Data can take different path and arrives in sequence
and can arrive out of order
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 ATM Cell Header

5 Byte
Header

53 Bytes

48 Byte
Payload

ATM Cell 15
 ATM Cell Header Details
GFC (4) VPI (8) VPI (12)
VCI (16)
VCI (16) GFC Generic Flow Control
PTI CLP UNI Cells Only! PTI CLP
HEC VPI/VCI Identifies Virtual HEC
Paths and Channels
PTI Payload Type Identifier
48 Byte 3 Bits: 48 Byte
Payload Payload
1. User/Control Data
2. Congestion
3. Last Cell
ATM UNI Cell CLP Cell Loss Priority Bit ATM NNI Cell
HEC Header Error Check
8 Bit CRC
 ATM LAYERS

ATM CONVERGENCE SUB LAYER (CS)

ADOPTATION
SEGMENT AND REASSEMBLY (SAR)
LAYER (AAL)
SUB LAYER
ATM
ATM LAYER
LAYER
TRANSMISSION CONVERGENCE (TC)
PHYSICAL SUB LAYER
LAYER
PHYSICAL MEDIUM (PM)
 ATM PROTOCOL LAYERS
End system End system

ATM Adaptation ATM Adaptation

Layer ATM SWITCH Layer
ATM Layer ATM Layer ATM Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer ATM Layer

How to break messages to Transmission/Switching/Reception
cells Congestion Control/Buffer management
Cell header generation/removal at
source/destination
Cell address translation 18

Sequential delivery
Virtual Path and Virtual Channels
Virtual Channels (VC)

ATM Physical Link Virtual Path (VP)

Virtual Channel Connection (VCC)

Virtual Path (VP)

Virtual Channels (VC)

Virtual Channel
Virtual Channel Connection Virtual Path
(VC)
(VCC) (VP)
Logical Path
Contains Multiple VPs Contains Multiple VCs
Between ATM End Points

Connection Identifier = VPI / VCI

 ATM CONNECTION TYPES
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
VPI/VCI tables in network equipment updated by administrator
A 1 2
1 4
C
2 3 3
3
3 D
B 1 2
2 1 4

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)

Dynamically set up connections via signaling
A
UNI
1 Signaling C
4 1
UNI NNI
Signaling 2 3 Signaling 3
B 3 D
2
2 1
4
 ATM Switch

Server
Video
Conferencing
equipment

Clients

Token-Ring LAN

Ethernet LAN PBX

Router

Internet
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER
MODE - ATM
 NEED FOR ATM
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS CELL SWITCHING
 ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TECHNICAL ISSUES
 STATUS OF STANDARDISATION
 SERVICES USING ATM TECHNOLOGY
 TARIFF ISSUES
 DOT PLAN FOR ATM NETWORKS
 FUTURE TRENDS
23
 ATM INTERFACES
PRIVATE UNI PUBLIC UNI

PRIVATE SW CARRIER 1

PRIVATE PUBLIC NNI

PUBLIC SW PUBLIC SW
NNI

PRIVATE UNI CI
CARRIER 2 B-I
PRIVATE SW

PUBLIC SW
UNI

I
UN User to Network Interface (UNI):Public UNI, Private UNI
TE
A TE

A Network to Node Interface (NNI): Private NNI (P-NNI)

RIV Public NNI =Inter-Switching System Interface (ISSI)
PRIV

P
Intra-LATA ISSI (Regional Bell Operating Co)
Inter-LATA ISSI (Inter-exchange Carriers)
IP DXI DIGITAL Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI)
SERVICE Data Exchange Interface (DXI)
ROUTER
UNIT (DSU) Between routers and ATM Digital Service24 Units (DSU)
ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES
• SERVICE CRITERIA
–TRAFFIC DESCRIPTORS
–QOS PARAMETERS
• SERVICE CATEGORIES
–CONSTANT BIT RATE (CBR)
–VARIABLE BIT RATE (VBR)
–UNSPECIFIED BIT RATE (UBR)
–AVAILABLE BIT RATE (ABR)

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 ATM SERVICE CRITERIA
TRAFFIC DESCRIPTORS

• PEAK CELL RATE—PCR—MAXIMUM DATA RATE

A CONNECTION CAN HANDLE WITHOUT LOSING DATA
• SUSTAINABLE CELL RATE—SCR—AVERAGE ATM
CELL THROUGHPUT THE APPLICATION IS PERMITTED
• MAXIMUM BURST SIZE—MBS—SIZE OF THE
MAXIMUM BURST OF CONTIGUOUS CELLS THAT
CAN BE TRANSMITTED
• MINIMUM CELL RATE—MCR—RATE OF AN
APPLICATION’S ABILITY TO HANDLE LATENCY

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 ATM SERVICE CRITERIA
QOS—DELAY AND CELL LOSS RATIO
• MAXIMUM CELL TRANSFER DELAY—MCTD
HOW LONG THE NETWORK CAN TAKE TO TRANSMIT
A CELL FROM ONE ENDPOINT TO ANOTHER
• CELL DELAY VARIATION TOLERANCE—CDVT
LINE DISTORTION CAUSED BY CHANGE IN
INTERARRIVAL TIMES BETWEEN CELLS AKA JITTER
• CELL LOSS RATIO—CLR
ACCEPTABLE PERCENTAGE OF CELLS THAT THE
NETWORK CAN DISCARD DUE TO CONGESTION

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ATM SERVICE CRITERIA
CONTRACT

CONTRACT

ATM NETWORK
CONTRACT
• TRAFFIC DESCRIPTORS
PEAK CELL RATE
SUSTAINABLE CELL RATE
MAXIMUM BURST SIZE
MINIMUM CELL RATE
• QUALITY OF SERVICE
DELAY
CELL LOSS 28
 SERVICE CATEGORIES
ATM Service Quality of Service Typical Application
Category Requirement
(A) REAL TIME APPLICATION:
(I) CBR Strict cell transfer Voice,Video
Delay is a constraint
(ii) rt-VBR Strict cell transfer Compressed Voice
Delay is a constraint Video
(B) NON REAL TIME APPLICATION

(iii) nrt-VBR Bursty traffic Data traffic

Delay not a constraint
(iv) ABR Low cell loss is expected Data Traffic

(v) UBR Both cell loss and Data Traffic

packet loss expected
 ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES
CONSTANT BIT RATE (CBR)
Application
Real Time Voice and Video

Traffic Descriptor QoS

Tolerance
PCR
LOW HIGH
Peak Cell Rate
Cell Loss
Cell Delay
 ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES
VARIABLE BIT RATE (VBR-RT/VBR-NRT)
Application
Packetized Voice/Video

Traffic Descriptor QoS

PCR Tolerance
Peak Cell Rate
SCR LOW HIGH
Sustainable Cell Rate
MBS
Cell Loss Cell Delay
Maximum Burst Size Cell Delay (RT) (NRT)
 ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES
UNSPECIFIED BIT RATE (UBR)
Application
DATA TRANSFER

Traffic Descriptor QoS

Tolerance

NO GUARANTEES LOW HIGH

SEND AND PRAY

CELL DELAY
CELL LOSS
ATM SERVICE CATEGORIES
AVAILABLE BIT RATE (ABR)
Application
LAN Interconnect for Data

Traffic Descriptor QoS

Tolerance
PCR
LOW HIGH
Peak Cell Rate
MCR
Minimum Cell Rate
Cell Loss Cell Delay

Also uses Congestion Feedback Mechanisms