STP conditions

NOTE: 일반적으로 고체혼합물이나 액체혼합물에 대해서는 중량농도 즉, 중량 %, 중량비 ppm 를 사용하며, 기체 혼합물에 대해서는
용량농도 즉,용량 % , 용량비 ppm 이 사용된다. 간혹, 알콜 수용액등을 용량 % 로 표시하는 경우도 있으나 , 별로 좋지 않는 표기
방법이다. 왜냐하면, 100 ml 의 알콜과 100 ml 의 물을 혼합하면 200 ml 가 되지 않기 때문이다. 또 액체혼합물의 용량 %와
중량 % 의 상호 환산에는 ,용질이나 용액의 비중(밀도)를 알 필요가 있다.
기체혼합물의 경우는 각 성분의 분자량만 알면 환산할 수있다.

용량비 1 ppm = 1<ml/m3> = 1<μㅣ/ㅣ>

중량비 1 ppm = 1<mg/kg> = 1<μg/g>
또한, 용량비나 중량비로 1(%)=10,000(ppm)이므로, 다음 환산식을 알아두면 편리하게 이용할 수있을 것이다.
(%)=(ppm)/10,000

또한, 우리부서에서 많이 사용하는 대기중의 분진, 연무, 배기가스 등에 대해서는 단위체적당 분진의 중량
mg/Nm3 로 표시한다.
현재 우리부서에서는 ppm 단위가 많이 사용되고 있고 이경우 에 중량비로의 환산은 다음같이 계산될 수 있을 것이다.

예를 들어서 0 ℃, 1기압의 습도가 0 % 인 대기 1 m3 (S.T.P) 에 분자량 M 인 1 ppm 의 분진이 포함되어 있다고 하면

1m3 중에 1ml 라 할수 있고, 그 1 ml 의 중량은[1 ml : X = 22.4 : M]--> M/22.4 <mg> 이 될것이므로 다음과 같은 환산식을 사용할 수 있다.

M mg
[mg/Nm3] = [ppm]
x --------------
22.4 ml
(이 식은 이상기체라는 가정하에 계산된 식이다.)

22.4 ml
[ppm] = [mg/Nm3] x --------------
M mg

M
M[g] ---> 22.4l 1ml = ------ mg
22.4

22.4
M[mg] ---> 22.4ml 1mg = ------ ml
M

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 STP conditions
S.T.P conditons(Standard temperature and pressure conditions)
Ambient temp. 0℃
Barometric presssure 1 bar
Volume 22.4 ml
Standard O2 % 15 vol %
H2O 4.9 vol % wet
Converting O2 % 0 vol %

mg/Nm3 at dry basis ppm

1 NOx 107 [mg/Nm3] x 22.4 ml /M= 52 dry based on 13.2 %O2
M= N(14g)+O2(32)= 46 mg 50 wet
M: Molecular weight for NO2

2 SOx 1114 [mg/Nm3] x 22.4 ml /M= 390 dry based on 13.2 %O2
M= S(32g)+O2(32)= 64 mg 371 wet
M: Molecular weight as SO2

3 CO 119 [mg/Nm3] x 22.4 ml /M= 95 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= C(12g)+O2(16)= 28 mg 91 wet
M: Molecular weight as CO

4 HC 182 [mg/Nm3] x 22.4 ml /M= 255 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= C(12g)+H4(4)= 16 mg 242 wet
M: Molecular weight as CH4

5 PM(TSP) 185 [mg/Nm3] x 22.4 ml /M= 143 dry based on 13.2 %O2
M= 0.21 x 32(O2) + 0.79 x 28(N2)= 29 mg 136 wet
M: Molecular weight as Air(21 % O2+ 79% N)

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 STP conditions

ppm at dry basis mg/Nm3

1 NOx 55 ppm x M/ 22.4 ml = 112.95 dry based on 13.2 %O2
M= N(14g)+O2(32)= 46 mg 107 wet
M: Molecular weight for NO2

2 SOx 405 ppm x M/ 22.4 ml = 1157.14 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= S(32g)+O2(32)= 64 mg 1,100 wet
M: Molecular weight as SO2

3 CO 95 ppm x M/ 22.4 ml = 119 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= C(12g)+O2(16)= 28 mg 113 wet
M: Molecular weight as CO

4 HC 185 ppm x M/ 22.4 ml = 132 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= C(12g)+H4(4)= 16 mg 126 wet
M: Molecular weight as CH4

5 PM(TSP) 143 ppm x M/ 22.4 ml = 185 dry based on 13.2 %O2

M= 0.21 x 32(O2) + 0.79 x 28(N2)= 29 mg 176 wet
M: Molecular weight as Air(21 % O2+ 79% N)

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STP conditions

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 STP conditions

INPUT DATA
NO TOUCH

ppm
140 wet based on 0.0 %O2
148 dry

1,050 wet based on 0.0 %O2

1,104 dry

256 wet based on 0.0 %O2

270 dry

686 wet based on 0.0 %O2

721 dry

385 wet based on 0.0 %O2

405 dry

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 STP conditions

mg/Nm3
304 wet based on 0.0 %O2
320 dry

3,115 wet based on 0.0 %O2

3,276 dry

320 wet based on 0.0 %O2

336 dry

356 wet based on 0.0 %O2

374 dry

498 wet based on 0.0 %O2

524 dry

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 Fuel Bound Nitrogen

Example of conversion of fuel bound nitrogen into NO2 in the exhaust gas

Calculation for Conversion of Feul Bound Nitrogen into NO2 In the Exhaust Gas
Alti= 284 m Site altitude
Atom= 980.0 mbar Atmospheric presssure
9993.1 mmAq
Pout= 7,440 kWm engine output
sf= 177.8 g/kWhm based on the LCV of
189.7 g/kWhm based on the LCV of
Te= 263 ℃ exhaust gas temp.
Pd= 250 mmAq admissible back pressure
De= 0.68 kg/m3 exhaust gas density at
Em= 62,800 kg/hr exhaust gas mass flow
Ev= 92,353 m3/hr exhaust gas flowrate
En= 48,189 Nm3/hr exhaust gas flowrate on STP condition
Ekw= 6.5 Nm3/hr kW exhaust gas flowrate per kW

Nf= 0.1 % fuel bound nitrogen in fuel oil

Nkw= 177.75 mg/kWhm Nitrogen per kWhm
NO2= 584.04 mg/kWhm as NO2 N=
284.4 ml/kWhm as NO2 NO2=
PPM= 44 ml/Nm3 PPM per 0.1 % N
44 ppm 15 % O2,
117 ppm 5 % O2,

Q= 92,353 m3/hr
V= 30.0 m/s
Di= 1043 mm 41.06 INCH
= √(4 x Q)
----------------
√(v x V)

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 Fuel Bound Nitrogen

in the exhaust gas

42,700 kJ/kg 184.8

40,000 kJ/kg

263 ℃

e on STP condition

14 g
46 g

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 each engine emission data
COMPARISION TABLE FOR TYPICAL EMISSION DATA OF EACH ENGINE TYPE
ITEM UNIT REGULATION ENGINE TYPE
INDIA WORLD BANK 12K90MC-S 12K80MC-S 12K60MC-S 12L35MC-S

1. NOx ppm ** 35MW<"kW"<150 MW Receving fund

(No fuel bound nitrogen) at 15% O2 - Up to 2,000 AD - Before 07.01,2000 AD

at 100 % MCR as NO2,dry 1100ppm 1120 ppm

- From 01.01, 2001 AD - After 07.02,2000 AD

710 ppm 974 ppm

1450 1445 1180 1075
** 150 MW < "kW"
- Up to 2,000 AD
710 ppm
** Remarks

- From 1.1 2001 AD All NOx data are without fuel bound NOx base
180 ppm

2.SOx ppm Less than 700 350 380 380 390

at 100 % MCR at 15% O2 2 % sulphur content BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON
as SO2,dry fuel oil 1.8 % S 2%S 2%S 2%S

3.CO mg/Nm3 150 - 125 125 125 119

at 100 % MCR at 15% O2
dry

4.HC mg/Nm3 150 - 136 120 130 126

at 100 % MCR at 15% O2

dry
5.Particulates mg/Nm3 220 195 130 185
at 100 % MCR at 15% O2 75 50 : For all plants or units greater than 50 MWe, PM emission levels should be less than 50 ㎍/m3.
dry 75 : For all plants or units greater than 50 MWe when heavy fuel oil is being used as a fuel in unpolluted ai
(annual average of less than 50 ㎍/m3 for PM10) for projects applying for funding before Jul. 01, 2003
100-Max. 150 : For other cases, PM emission levels should be less than 100 ㎍/Nm3, but in no cases it should not ex

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each engine emission data
150 ㎍/Nm3.

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 each engine emission data
ENGINE TYPE
DATE: 11/4/2010 SUMMARIED BY Y.S. LEE
ENGINE TYPE
8L42MC-S ZAV40S MAN32/40 MAN32/40 HOLEBY28/32
(440 kW/cyl.) (480 kW/cyl.)

1055 980 950 940 1050

- By fax
601(96.11.29)
620(98.11.05)

390 690 490 490 485

BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON
2%S 3.5 % S 2.5 % S 2.5 % S 2.5 % S

110 160 88 98 63

135 30 67 123 -

185 70 - - 75
be less than 50 ㎍/m3.
used as a fuel in unpolluted airshed
or funding before Jul. 01, 2003.
but in no cases it should not exceed

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each engine emission data

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 mgNm3 gkwh

Conversion of g/kWh to mg/Nm3

Engoutput = 7440 kW Engine output

Exhdensity = 1.29 kg/Nm3 Exhaust gas density in the dry
Gexhdry = 62800 kg/hr Exhaust gas flow in the dry ex
= 8.440 kg/kWh
NOx = 2361.61 mg/Nm3 Nox emission level
SOx = 1157 mg/Nm3 Sox emission level
CO = 119 mg/Nm3 CO emission level
HC = 89 mg/Nm3 HC emission level
PM = 185 mg/Nm3 PM emission level

NOx(g/kWh) = 2361.61 mg/Nm3 x 8.440

-------------------------------------------------------
1.293 kg/Nm3 x 1000
= 15.4 g/kWh
NOx(kg/h) = 15.4 g/kWh x
= 114.6 kg/hr
= 458.30 kg/hr

SOx(g/kWh) = 1157.14 mg/Nm3 x 8.440

-------------------------------------------------------
1.293 kg/Nm3 x 1000
= 7.6 g/kWh
SOx(kg/h) = 7.6 g/kWh x
= 56.5 kg/hr
= 226.20 kg/hr

PM(g/kWh) = 185.00 mg/Nm3 x 8.440

-------------------------------------------------------
1.293 kg/Nm3 x 1000
= 1.2 g/kWh
PM(kg/h) = 1.2 g/kWh x
= 8.9 kg/hr
= 35.70 kg/hr

X(mg/Nm3)= Xg(g/kWh) x (Exhdensity)(kg/Nm3) x 1000 /Gexhdry(kg/kwh)

Where, Exhdensity : exhaust gas density in the dry exhaust : 1.2929 kg/Nm3
Gexhdry : Exhaust gas flow in the dry exhaust.

Xg(g/kWh) = X(mg/Nm3) x Gexhdry (kg/kWh)

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 mgNm3 gkwh

----------------------------------------------------------------------
(Exhdensity)(kg/Nm3) x 1000

N2 76.4 SOX 405 0.04

O2 14 NOX 1150 0.12
CO2 4.4 HC 130 0.01
H2O 5.2 PM 132 0.01
100 CO 95 0.01
100
0 100.01

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 mgNm3 gkwh

aust gas density in the dry exhaust

aust gas flow in the dry exhaust

emission level
emission level
emission level
emission level
emission level

kg/kWh

7440 kW /1000
per one engine
per 4 engines

kg/kWh

7440 kW /1000
Per one engine
per 4 engines

kg/kWh

7440 kW /1000
Per one engine
per 4 engines

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 mgNm3 gkwh

%
%
%
%
%

16 쪽
 DE-CHEMICAL-PRICE

Price Information for De-Nox agents

No. ITEM Density Korea Market

Price(WON)
1 Anhydrous 0.61-0.63 550 won/kg
Ammonia
2 25% Ammonia About 0.9 6500 won/20L
Water 361 won/kg
3 Urea 20kg/pack 420 won/kg

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 DE-CHEMICAL-PRICE

gents

REMARKS

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 EMISSION CONTROL METHOD/PERFORMANCE PENALTY/COST IMPACT FOR 12L35MC-S ENGINE

Particulate SFOC
Nox(ppm) Sox(ppm) CO(ppm) HC(ppm)
(ppm) (kJ/kWhm)

Nox emission control Before Before Before Before Before Before

After After After After After After

1) Injection retardation

·Primary reduction method 2) Low-Nox fuel nozzle

3) Water emulsification

4) Water injection or humidification

·Secondary reduction method 1) SCR

2) Others

NOTE) 1) " Before" means " before Nox emission control ".
2) " After" means " after Nox emission control ".
S ENGINE

Items Cost Impact Remarks

to be changed/added (In USD)

 draft

The calculation of exhaust gas draft

Alti= 150 m Site altitude

Atom= 995.4 mbar Atmospheric presssure
10150.5 mmAq
Te= 480 ℃ exhaust gas temp.
Pd= 250 mmAq admissible back pressure
De= 0.48 kg/m3 exhaust gas density at
StackH= 35 m stack height
To= 273.15 K reference temperature
ρo a = 1.29 kg/m3 ambient temp. density
ρo g = 1.230 kg/m3 exhaust gas density
Ta= 36 ℃ temperature of ambient temp
309.15 K
Tg= 480 ℃ temperature of exhaust gas
753.15 K

De= 0.47 kg/m3 exhaust gas density at

g= 9.8 m/s2 acceleration of gravity

ρo a
Exdraft= g x StH xTox (----------- -
Ta
exhaust gas draft
238.84 Pa
24 mmAq

21 쪽
 draft

of exhaust gas draft

mospheric presssure

haust gas temp.

missible back pressure
haust gas density at 480 ℃

erence temperature
mbient temp. density 40 ℃
haust gas density
mperature of ambient temp

mperature of exhaust gas

haust gas density at 753.15 ℃

celeration of gravity

ρo g
------------)
Tg
haust gas draft

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