Project Report

Project Report

Submitted

On

Light Dependence Resistance

Class – XII

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Miss. Sunita Pankaj Gill
Dept. of Physics Class – XII
 Certificate
This is to certify that Pankaj Gill,
Gill student of Class XII, Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School has
completed the project titled Light Dependence Resistance during the academic year 2009-
2010 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2010,
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Miss. Sunita
Department of Physics
Mahendra Model Sr. Sr. School
 Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as
good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings,
which are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Miss. Sunita , for her vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School for their support during the making of this project.

(Pankaj Gill)
Gill)
 INTRODUCTION

In the society, some times street lights glow in day time due to
any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to
absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people
face many problems due to damaged street lights.

For solve above these problems, we create a device in which

the lights glow in night and in day time, they off automatically
and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems
and can also save electricity and men's power.
 PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance

(L.D.R0.).LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power of
current depends on the presence of quantity of light present,
i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to
quantity of light which falls on it.

If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and

when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act
as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness
changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.
 ADVANTAGES

• Collections of parts of the circuit are easily available.

• Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other
circuits.
• By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
• It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
• The cost of circuit is low.
• This circuit saves the men's power.
 USES

• It can be used in street lights.

• It can be used in mines areas.
• It can be used in hilly areas.
• By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
• It can be used in frontier areas.
• It can be used in houses.
• It can be used in jail lights.
 BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
COM PONENTS

1. TRANSISTOR: - When a thin slice of p-type is

sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n
transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base, and collector.
In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-147 &
SL-100) is used.

2. DIODE:
DIODE: - When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are
joined a diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-
4007diode is used.

3. RELAY:
RELAY: - It helps to connect and disconnect. In the
project, we use relay of 6 ohms.
4. CARBON RESISTOR:
RESISTOR: - A carbon resistor has generally
four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different colours
corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use
carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820
ohms.

5. LDR:
LDR: - LDR means light dependent resistance which is
used to complete the circuit.

6. TRANSFORMER:
TRANSFORMER: - Transformer is used to convert low
alternating voltage to high alternating voltage by decreasing
the current and vice-versa. We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for
the circuit.

7. CAPACITOR:
CAPACITOR: - Capacitor is used to block DC. In the
circuit, we use the capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.

8. BULB: - An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when

LDR comes in the darkness.
 WORKING

Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR

then the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate
equal to zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-ohms resistance
and passes through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so
that no voltage flows through the base of transistor T1. Due to
absence of positive voltage at base, emitter hasn't negative
voltage in the comparison of its base, so that transistor T1
don't conduct and no current flows through it. But resistance
of 1.5 kilo-ohms is connected with 6V DC line, so that from
6V DC approximate 4V DC passes through 820 ohms and
reach at the base of transistor T2. For conduction, emitter has
some negative voltage in the comparison of its base. But at this
time, 4V DC reach at base of transistor T2, so that emitter has
highly negative voltage in comparison of its base, so that
transistor T2 highly conducts. The collector of transistor T2 is
connected with relay coil, so that magnetic induction around
relay coil will disconnect with rest point and connect with
active point. So, According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.
Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance of
LDR increases. Now LDR has not zero resistance due to
darkness, so that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms resistance,
some positive voltage reach at the base of transistor T1.The
collector of transistor T1 has positive voltage because 6V DC
pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance and reach at collector of
transistor T1. In this way transistor T1 conduct and current
start to flow in transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of 1.5
kilo-ohms are connected in series so that the current also flows
through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance. Now, the above terminal of
1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has 6V DC, it means the lower
terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has lower voltage i.e. 3 or
3.5 V. From 3V approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC reaches at base
of transistor T2. The collector of transistor T2 has positive
voltage by relay coil. But at this time, emitter has some
negative voltage in the comparison of its base.

So that the quantity of current which flows through transistor

T2 and relay coil will very low. Due to this, magnetic induction
around relay coil will not more effective and pole point will
disconnect with active point and connect with rest point.
According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.