Chapter 7: Ethnicity Abbey Cutchin

AP Human Geography Study Guide

Chapter 7: Ethnicity
1. What is the identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular
homeland or hearth?
• Ethnicity
2. What is the identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor?
• Race
3. What are the 2 most numerous ethnicities in the United States?
• Hispanics
• African Americans
4. Which ethnicity is clustered in the Southeast U.S.?
• African Americans
5. Where are Hispanics clustered in the U.S.?
• Southwest
6. Where are American Asians clustered in the U.S.?
• West
7. Which ethnicity is clustered in the Southwest and Plains states in the U.S.?
• American Indians
8. How many states have fewer than 1% of African Americans in their population?
• 9
• New England states/ Plains states
9. How many Americans identify themselves as Hispanic (percent)?
• 13%
10. Who coined the term “Hispanic”?
• U.S. government in 1973
11. From what country do 63% (the majority) of American Hispanics come from?
• Mexico
12. What name is used to describe Mexicans in the U.S.?
• Chicanos/Chicanas
13. Where does the 2nd most prevalent group of Hispanics come from?
• Puerto Ricans (11%)
14. Where does the 3rd most prevalent group of Hispanics come from?
• Cubans (5%)
15. In what 4 states are Hispanics especially clustered?
• Arizona
• California (1/3 of Hispanics)
• New Mexico

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• Texas
16. What region in the United States has few Hispanics?
• Southeast
17. From what country do most Asian Americans come?
• China
18. Where is the largest Asian population located in the United States?
• Hawaii (2/3 population is Asian)
19. ½ of all Asians live in which state?
• California
20. Are African Americans clustered in rural or urban areas?
• Urban
21. What was the ethnic dispute between African Americans and Asians in Los Angeles in 1992?
• Rodney King was beaten by police officers so blacks looted and destroyed many
stores (many were Asian)
22. What are the 3 major migration patterns that have helped shape the distribution of African
Americans in the U.S.?
• Immigration from Africa to American colonies (18th century)
• Immigration from the U.S. South to northern cities (beginning of 20th century)
• Immigration from ghettos to other urban neighborhoods (end of 20th century)
23. Where did the first African slaves arrive?
• Jamestown, Virginia (1619)
24. What was the system in Europe that replaced slavery during the middle ages?
• Feudal System
25. What were the laborers called in the Feudal System?
• Serfs
26. Who was responsible for capturing the slaves in the slave trade?
• Africans in the East and West coasts (superior with weapons)
27. Where in Africa were most Portuguese captured slaves captured?
• Angola and Mozambique
28. Where did the Portuguese ship their African slaves?
• Brazil
29. Where did the majority of European countries get their African slaves?
• West coastal strip of Africa (between Liberia and Congo)
30. Where did the majority of African slaves go?
• Caribbean
31. Describe the triangular slave trade.
• Europeans went to Africa to pick up the slaves
• Europeans transported the slaves to the western hemisphere
• Europeans returned to Europe carrying molasses and sugar from the Caribbean

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32. Which amendment in the Constitution outlaws slavery in the U.S.?

• 13th
33. What is a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over
to the landowner a share of the crops?
• Sharecropper
34. What are the 3 main exits of African Americans from the South?
• From the Carolinas to Northeastern cities (U.S. Route 1)
• From Alabama/Tennessee to Detroit (Route 25) or Cleveland (Route 21)
• From Mississippi/west Tennessee to St. Louis or Chicago (Routes 61 and 66)
• From Texas to California (Routes 80 and 90)
35. What 2 events marked the 2 waves of African American migration?
• World War I (1910s and 1920s)
• World War II (1940s and 1950s)
36. What happened to the African American population in the 1950s and 1960s?
• Ghettos expanded to adjacent neighborhoods
37. What are the 3 main ethnicities in the U.S.?
• Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans
38. What are examples of 2 main races in the U.S.?
• Asians and Blacks
39. What characterizes race?
• The traits that are transmitted genetically
• Ex. Skin color, hair, lactose intolerance, etc.
40. What is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and
those racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race?
• Racism
41. Do contemporary geographers support or reject races characterized by biological traits?
• Reject
42. What is the most important factor in race?
• Skin color
43. How many people in the 2000 census stated that they were white (%)?
• 75%
44. What concept was passed by the Supreme Court that made it acceptable to separate blacks
and whites?
• Separate But Equal
45. What were the laws created in the South to discriminate against blacks?
• Jim Crow Laws
46. What other people did the Jim Crow Laws also discriminate against?
• Blacks, Roman Catholics, and Jews

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47. What phenomena occurred after the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka where
segregation was outlawed?
• The whites fled the cities in anticipation for the black integration
48. What was the practice of real estate agents convincing white homeowners to sell their homes
at low prices because once the black population moved in the value would significantly drop?
The houses were then sold at high prices to black families in an effort to escape the crowded
ghettos?
• Blockbusting
49. What was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas in South
Africa?
• Apartheid
50. What were the 4 races that a baby could be classified as in South Africa during Apartheid?
• Black
• White
• Colored (Mix of black and white)
• Asian
51. The creators of Apartheid laws were descendents from where?
• Holland
52. What are the 2 names of white, Dutch residents in South Africa?
• Boers
• Afrikaners
53. What country caused the Boers to move up farther into South Africa in order to maintain
their own government?
• British Empire
54. What was the name of the political part that was run by Boers and that vowed to not allow
blacks to run the government (thus creating Apartheid laws)?
• Nationalist Party
55. What did the Boers-run government of South Africa do to ensure further geographic
isolation?
• They created 10 homelands where blacks were ordered to relocate to
56. When were apartheid laws repealed?
• 1991
57. Who was South Africa’s first black president after apartheid laws were repealed?
• Nelson Mandela
58. Who rules South Africa’s government today?
• Blacks
59. What is the identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal
allegiance to a particular country?
• Nationality

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60. What is the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves?
• Self-determination
61. What is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has
been transformed into a nationality?
• Nation-state
62. In what century were many ethnicities transformed into nationalities in Europe?
• 19th century
63. What caused the creation of many nation-states to form in Eastern Europe?
• World War I
64. What group tried to take over land by claiming they were trying to create a nation-state of
German speakers?
• Nazis
65. What country is considered an almost perfect example of a nation-state?
• Denmark
66. What 2 things disqualify Denmark from being an exactly perfect nation-state?
• In the southern border some people are German and some are Danish (caused by the
change in boundaries during World War I)
• Greenland is a part of Denmark (most people there are Inuit not Danish)
67. What is loyalty and devotion to a nationality?
• Nationalism
68. In the U.S., what is the most effective means of fostering nationalism?
• Media
69. What is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state?
• Centripetal Force
70. What is a state that contains more than one ethnicity?
• Multi-ethnic state
71. What is an example of a multi-ethnic state?
• Belgium (Walloons and Flemish both consider themselves Belgians)
72. What are 2 ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully
by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities?
• Multinational States
73. What is an example of a multinational state?
• United Kingdom
• Divided into 4 other nationalities: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland
74. Which country, when brought together with Great Britain, changed the name to the United
Kingdom?
• Northern Ireland
75. What was the largest multinational state?
• Soviet Union

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76. How were the Soviet Union’s republics established?

• 15 republics based on 15 ethnicities
77. When the Soviet Union was divided, what were the 3 Baltic (named so for their location near
the Baltic Sea) nation-states that were created?
• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania
78. What are the 3 new European nation-states that were created when the Soviet Union split up?
• Moldova
• Belarus
• Ukraine
79. What peninsula did the Russians and Ukranians both desire after the split up of the Soviet
Union?
• Crimea Peninsula
80. Which group was deported from the Crimea Peninsula during World War II (Russian were
suspicious that they sympathized the Germans) and are now returning to the Crimea
Peninsula?
• Tatars
81. What country did Moldova wish to be reunited with because of their almost identical
ethnicity?
• Romania
82. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan form which group of
countries established once the Soviet Union was divided?
• Central Asian Group
83. The central Asian group countries are examples of what type of nationality?
• Multinational
84. How many nationalities does Russia recognize?
• 39
85. Which nationality proclaimed independence from Russia?
• Chechnya (Russian army was sent in to control the situation)
86. What are the 3 Caucasus countries established after the Soviet Union was broken up?
• Armenia
• Georgia
• Azerbaijan
87. Azeris are not only located in Azerbaijan, but also which country?
• Iran
88. In 1921, which 2 countries divided Armenia between them?
• Soviet Union
• Turkey

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89. Which is more important to people, nationality or ethnicity?

• Ethnicity
90. Which 3 large multinational countries were dismantled as a result of minority ethnicities
wanting to become their own nation-states?
• Soviet Union
• Czechoslovakia
• Yugoslavia
91. What countries make up the Horn of Africa?
• Djibouti
• Ethiopia
• Eritrea
• Somalia
• Sudan (more or less)
92. What is the Horn of Africa?
• Places in sub-Saharan Africa where ethnic battles are most brutal and complex
93. Which country made Eritrea a colony in 1890, and captured Ethiopia during World War II?
• Italy
94. What body of water does Eritrea border?
• Red Sea
95. What did the United Nations do after World War II that involved Eritrea and Ethiopia? Why?
• Eritrea was given to Ethiopia
• U.N. believed that Ethiopia would allow Eritrea to have authority in the government
96. What did Ethiopia do once it was given Eritrea?
• Dissolved the Eritrean legislature
• Banned the use of Eritrean language (Tigrinya)
97. What occurred after the Ethiopians revoked many of the Eritreans’ rights?
• Eritreans rebelled (30 year war was stared 1961-1991)
98. What country did Eritrean refugees flee to during the 30 year civil war?
• Sudan
99. In 1991, which side won the 30 year civil war?
• Eritrean rebels
100. Upon defeating Ethiopia, what did the Eritreans do?
• Eritrea became an independent state
101. What dispute caused conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea to flare up again in 1998?
• Boundary disputes
102. Who controlled Ethiopia from the late 19th century until the 1990’s?
• Amharas (Christians)
103. Who took control of the Ethiopian government after the Amharas?
• Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists)

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• Largest ethnicity (40 to 50%)

104. Which ethnic group lives in the far north of Ethiopia?
• Tigris (founded the Ethiopian Orthodox Church)
105. Eritrea was split between which 2 religions?
• Christians and Muslims
106. How many ethnic groups does Eritrea have?
• Nine
107. What groups are at war with each other in Sudan, and where are they located?
• Black Christians/Animists- South
• Arab/Muslim- North
108. Which group holds the most control over Sudan’s government?
• Arab/Muslims- they have been trying to impose religious laws in the South
109. What are the relations like between Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethiopia?
• Sudan accuses Eritrea and Ethiopia of supporting the South/rebels (and Uganda)
• Eritrea accuses Sudan of trying to undermine its government
110. How many clans does Somalia contain?
• 6
111. Who has tried to “mediate” the situation in Somalia, and why?
• U.S.
• In order to protect incoming food to refugees of Somalia (failed)
112. What is Lebanon’s most populous Christian sect?
• Christian Maronites (seceded from the Roman Catholic Church)
113. What is Lebanon’s 2nd most populous Christian sect?
• Greek Orthodox
114. What is Lebanon’s most widely observed religion?
• Muslim
115. What group do the majority of Lebanon’s Muslims belong to?
• Shiites
116. What is the most important non-Muslim and non-Christian group in Lebanon?
• Druze (combines Christianity and Islam)
117. What occurred in 1943 when Lebanon became independent?
• The Constitution required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of
Deputies
118. What is Lebanon’s capitol city?
• Beirut
119. What events caused a civil war to break out between different religious groups?
• Muslims wanted more power from the Christians once they became the majority
120. Who sent troops into Lebanon during the civil war?
• Syria, Israel, and U.S.

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121. Who currently controls most of Lebanon due to historical claims?

• Syria
122. Into what 2 countries did the British divide the Indian subcontinent in 1947?
• India
• Pakistan (east Pakistan later became the independent state of Bangladesh)
123. What is the unifying attribute in India?
• Hinduism
124. What area did the Muslim king of Ghazni led raids to in A.D. 1000?
• Punjab (his original purpose was to find treasure but it became a religious war against
the Hindus)
125. Who was the leading Hindu advocate for nonviolence and reconciliation with Muslims
after the British granted independence to the region after World War II?
• Mahatma Gandhi
126. How and why was South Asia divided?
• Into Pakistan and India
• To separate the conflicting ethnicities (Hinduism in India and Islam in Pakistan)
127. What is the disputed region in Northern India that Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus
have been fighting over since 1972?
• Kashmir
128. Which group wants to have the people of Kashmir vote whether or not to become and
independent state?
• Muslims
129. Which religious group is angry that they were not given their own independent state from
India?
• Sikhs
130. What region are the Sikhs fighting for?
• Punjab
131. In what country are the Sinhalese and the Tamils fighting?
• Sri Lanka
132. What is the majority ethnicity in Sri Lanka?
• Sinhalese
133. Which group practices Hinduism and which practices Buddhism?
• Sinhalese practice Buddhism
• Tamils practice Hinduism
134. What was the largest forced migration in history?
• World War II
135. What is the process of a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removing a less powerful
one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region?
• Ethnic cleansing

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136. What ethnic incident sparked World War I?

• When Austria-Hungry took over land farther south (Bosnia and Herzegovina), a Serb
from Bosnia assassinated the future ruler of Austria-Hungary
• The lower part of the Balkan peninsula, Ottoman Empire, had converted Bosnia and
Herzegovina to Islam
137. How was Yugoslavia created?
• The allies broke up the Balkan peninsula to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke
similar languages
138. What were the 2 major ethnicities in Yugoslavia?
• Serbs and Croats
139. Who led the country of Yugoslavia?
• Josip Broz Tito
140. What was special about Yugoslavia’s 7 neighboring countries?
• They were between western democracies and eastern communists (a strategic
location)
141. How were the six republics governed in Yugoslavia?
• The republics had more autonomy
142. How many nationalities were there in Yugoslavia?
• 5
143. How many languages were there in Yugoslavia?
• 4
144. What were the 3 major religions in Yugoslavia?
• Eastern Orthodox (East)
• Roman Catholic (North)
• Islam (South)
145. What were the 2 alphabets in Yugoslavia?
• Roman
• Cyrillic
146. What was Yugoslavia’s unit of currency?
• Dinar
147. What event began the break-up of Yugoslavia?
• Tito’s death
148. Which countries choose to become independent states after Tito died?
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Croatia
• Macedonia
• Slovenia
149. Which 2 countries choose to stay in Yugoslavia?
• Montenegro

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• Serbia
150. What are the 3 main groups in Bosnia?
• Bosnian Muslims
• Bosnian Serbs
• Bosnian Croats
151. Which group was the majority in Bosnia?
• Bosnian Muslims
152. What did the Serbs and Croats in Bosnia want to do in order to escape the Muslim
plurality?
• They wanted to separate the sections that were primarily Serbian or Croatian from
Bosnia and united the land with Serbian or Croatia
153. How did the Serbs and Croats try to be united with other nations instead of Bosnia?
• Ethnic cleansing- all of the Bosnian Muslims were forced to move out of Serbian or
Croatian land and intervening areas
154. What was the end result of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia?
• Bosnia split up into 3 distinct regions that separated the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims
• The Croats and Muslims formed a federation
• The Serbs have almost complete independence from Bosnia except for name
155. Which group held the majority in Kosovo?
• Armenians
156. Which group had a historical claim in Kosovo?
• Serbs
157. During Tito’s reign, the Armenians were given lots of autonomy in Kosovo, but what
happened once Yugoslavia broke up?
• The Serbs were given control of Kosovo and launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing
158. Which group stepped in to stop the ethnic cleansing of the Armenians by the Serbs in
Kosovo?
• NATO
159. What was the outcome in Kosovo?
• The Serbs relinquished control of Kosovo and most of them migrated to Serbia
• The United Nations took responsibility for administering Kosovo
160. What is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities?
• Balkanization
161. What are the 2 ethnic groups in central Africa?
• Hutus
• Tutsis
162. Which ethnic group in central Africa are farmers?
• Hutus
163. Which ethnic group in central Africa are cattle drivers?

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• Tutsis
164. Which ethnicity in central Africa took control of the kingdom of Rwanda and made the
other ethnicity into their serfs?
• Tutsis took control
• Hutus became serfs
165. Which 2 countries took Rwanda and Burundi as their colonies and embraced the ethnic
distaste between the Tutsis and Hutus?
• Germany
• Belgium
166. What occurred shortly before Rwanda gained its independence from Germany and
Belgium?
• The Hutus began a rampage to ethnically cleanse Rwanda of the Tutsis
• Once the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were assassinated the Tutsis refugees
migrated back to Rwanda and took control of the government again
• Hutus fled Rwanda
167. Where else did the conflict occur between the Tutsis and Hutus?
• Democratic Republic of Congo
168. What ethnic battle occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo?
• The Tutsis overthrew the president (Mobuto) and replaced him with a Tutsis president
(Kabila)
• The Tutsis turned on their new president (Kabila) and eventually were able to gain
control of the eastern half of Congo
169. What did Belgian Congo’s president Joseph Mobuto change the country’s name to?
• Zaire
170. How were the Tutsis able to overthrow Mobuto?
• They joined forces with Tutsis controlled Rwanda
171. What occurred when the Tutsis president Kabila split with the Tutsis?
• The Tutsis began supporting the rebels to overthrow Kabila
• Kabila called upon the Hutus for aid against the rebels
• The Tutsis rebels were able to take the eastern half of Congo
172. What are the 4 steps in ethnic cleansing?
• Surround the area with military trucks and weapons
• Round up all of the men, women, and children
• Force them to leave the area
• Burn the area
173. Palestinians include all but which of the following?
• Jewish citizens of Israel
174. Which is not a West Germanic language?
• Hungarian

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175. The region of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand has what as its major religion?
• Buddhism
176. True/False: As the GNP increase, birth rate increases
• False
177. What was the number 1 thing that held the people on the Balkan Peninsula together?
• Currency
178. What are the 2 main conflicting religions in Sudan, and where are they located?
• South- Animist
• North-Islamic
179. Which militia in Sudan has been destroying cities in Sudan, and which religion does it
belong to?
• Janjaweed-Animist
180. Somalia is run by…
• Clans

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