Ans:1

Graphical representation is a good way to represent summarised data. However, graphs

provide us only an overview and thus may not be used for further analysis. Hence, we use
summary statistics like computing averages. to analyse the data. Mass data, which is collected,
classified, tabulated and presented systematically, is analysed further to bring its size to a single
representative figure. This single figure is the measure which can be found at central part of the
range of all values. It is the one which represents the entire data set. Hence, this is called the
measure of central tendency.
In other words, the tendency of data to cluster around a figure which is in central location is
known as central tendency. Measure of central tendency or average of first order describes the
concentration of large numbers around a particular value. It is a single value which represents
all units.
Statistical Averages:   The commonly used statistical averages are

 Arithmetic mean,
 Geometric mean,
 Harmonic mean.

Arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of all values divided by number of values and is
represented by X.

Before we study how to compute arithmetic mean, we have to be familiar with the terms
such as discrete data, frequency and frequency distribution, which are used in this unit.
If the number of values is finite, then the data is said to be discrete data. The number of
occurrences of each value of the data set is called frequency of that value. A systematic
presentation of the values taken by variable together with corresponding frequencies is called a
frequency distribution of the variable.

The Geometric means (GM) of a series of “n” positive number is given by

(1) In case of discrete series without frequency,

n
GM=√ x 1. x 2 … … xn
(2) In case of discreate series with frequency,
n
GM=√ x 1f 1 . x 2f 2 … . xnfn
Where,
n= f1+f2+…….fn
(3) In case of continuous series,
n
GM=√ x 1f 1 . x 2f 2 … . xnfn

Where,

n= f1+f2+……+fn and x1,x2,……xn are the mid points of class

intervals.

It is also given by GM=antilog{ Σlogx| N }

If x1,x2…….xn are “n” values for discrete series without frequency, then their harmonic
mean (HM) is
 N
H.M= fi
Σ( )
xi