c c At the end of 60, Cicero declined Caesar's invitation to join the political alliance of

Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, which he considered unconstitutional, and also

Caesar's offer in 59 of a place on his staff in Gaul. When Publius Clodius, whom
Cicero had antagonized by speaking and giving evidence against him when he was
tried for profanity early in 61, became tribune in 58, Cicero was in danger, and in
March, disappointed by Pompey's refusal to help him, fled Rome

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c . On the following day Clodius carried a bill forbidding the execution of a Roman
citizen without trial. Clodius then carried through a second law, of doubtful legality,
declaring Cicero an exile. Cicero went first to Thessalonica, in Macedonia, and then
to Illyricum. In 57, thanks to the activity of Pompey and particularly the tribune Milo,
he was recalled on August 4. Cicero landed at Brundisium (Brindisi) on that day and
was acclaimed all along his route to Rome, where he arrived a month later.
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