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(1) Kolarik, William J.: Creating Quality: Concepts, Systems, Strategies, and Tools, MC Graw-Hill, Inc., Singapore, 1995, P. 23.

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(1) Bartol, Kathryn., and David C., Martin: Management, International Edition, MC Graw-Hill Inc., New York, 1991, p, 649.

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(1) Certo, Samuel C.: Modern Management: Diversity, Quality. Ethics, and the Global Environment, (6th ed.), Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 1994, P. 461 .

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Graw-Hill Book Co., Sweden, 1994, P. 183. 8

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(1) Juran, J. M: Quality Control Hand Book, MC Graw-Bill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1951, r.v 1.

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(1) Bound, Grey, and Others: Beyond Total QuaW_r Management: Toward the Emerging Paradigm

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Me Graw .. Hill Inc., Singapore, 1994, P. 77.

(1) Juran, J. M, and Frank M Gryna: Quality Planning and Analysis: Me Graw .. Hill, Inc., (3rd ed.), New York, 1993,P. 142.

11

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(1) Juran, J M, and Frank M. Gryna, 0). Cite, P'1~'

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(1) Shafer, Scott M., and Jack R. Meredith: Operations Management: A process Approach With Spread Sheets, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1998, P, 80.

(2) Schroeder, Roger G.: Operations Management: Decision Making In the Operations Function, MC.

Graw-Hill, Inc., Singapore, (4th ed.), 1993, P. 109.

13

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Applying Total Quality Control in the Company:

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(1) Ansell, Tony: Manging for Quality in the Financial Service Industry, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993, P. 42.

(2) Lochner, Robert H., and Joseph E. Maw: Designing for Quality: An Introduction to the Best of Taguchi and Western Methods of Sitatistical Experimental Design, Chapman & Hall, London 1990, P. 20.

19

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Cascio, Wayne F.: Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, (4th (1) 00.), Mc Draw-Hill, Inc., 1995, P. 24_

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Mean Time to repair C~ ~jll ~_;~..JJ ! MTTR .,;ll ul)..)'jI.5 t,,_).\1 2J1.5. ~ :YjAL;.. 4Jb ~ ~_,rW1 ~I" u\~1 .:l_,:;...5 u} ·cW1 4:ffiJi.JA ..>l_;[J c} ~\A:9 ~W ~~ .~ ~I ~. UlbJ Life Cycle Costs (Lee) : ~4-::J\ S .. lJ.l ~ .2-5

~\:.i.i\1\ - t:.: II. ~. \<,.,,~ .... .1\:.6:; .:l. i'.l· 4.9 . _.1\ , .... Q.l.n.S3]\ ~ . _AI

... t ~ ~ (J..I.A.J.5 ,-.5.Y"'-"'" .. ~.J U.A.::t. .5~ .. (",.,~ .....5

cJi ... , ;\\.J y~l.5 ~~I ~t: 4.ik:W1 :;.»foll ~1.5.iI19 . fl:.1U b1\ wlili t~

.. 'I·L .:lb.JL .. c.;-:II II 4.J .C'.~II 4.c.ll.....:J1 ~..:l :ut.."dl \li\11 wlb II, u~1

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. u .. J= ~ .J .... <.,? JJ"'"'""" ~ ,-- (jJ _y=

::;4=JI :; ~.5..:l u&tSi

:iN,;,,, All ~\ ~ b~1 bJ.J..:l ~t5.:i _)ii:i.5! Parameter Method ~~ 4.i....Ja J ~ - t:.!l\ . ~ ~ • uLl.-l1 - \:..:\ 2.,~ - \.:.: ,~ ~~I 4 .. &~"'i\ ~·I· '-'I I~L

~ (""""""" W.J ~ ~ .. -r. r- <.,? ~ ~ y= f' ..

1- 'i.bJ\ s ~ 4..JSl\ u..J\.S:i11 Jl.ucl 4...Ii6 . -- ;,t • ~ :tiJ . UI o~ .. U. ,~ .Mil I ·-:I~

I,.S""-.. .J.J.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ W. .JJ '+'

.~\ ulytyJ\ tl_,.il

c.:) ~ J.)J.J : Factor Summation Method: J,A\_,..n (e.~) ~~...)::t ~"':l ~ ~I ~\ ~ ~\yJl ~y. ~.J ~ ~ ~.J ~ t-,y1..J1 ~1,Sj .(5~1 \1\ ~ \Jl.uc\ wl)fil ).;";'.J ' ~t5.:i.\l i..$~ ~

10

~ J--lyJ\ =U. ... ,-> ~_;b 1*)\13 ~ ~ , b.fo..Jl ~\_;.J\ ~ ytyJI ~.;b 1*)tiJ , 4;'};,,,,~\ ~\ J~ ~\.S ;ijy:.a el~ 0fi:! jJ -;,fo..-.JI ~\yJ\ ~ . :;_F.\.:i.JI ~\yJl

.~.r;WI ~.lc ~I J:)\_;1J\ ufo \.::J ~t.s::J\ _)4JcjJl 0:!'Y h'l\ (U~ ~\.S'ill ~ ~j~ ~\_)~ U~ ~yu..oll C,JA. ~4_J L..LJ.~I ~ 1~La:ic\ I~ ._91 ~ ufo ~ ~ c;:j_,..u ul-S cl\~ , ("U2ill ~L.u~\ ~l 1i..4 ;aN.j',,'411 ~t5.:il1 ~ Y ($.lll :.ul.S.:ill ~I ~.l_,..u\\j . {.).1IJ_).4I1 ~_,1IJ

: ~\:ill

LCC=I +N(D+U +S)-R

:0l~ .:iy}J)t\ w&\.S'll1 : I _w\_,.i.J\ ~ ~4:J\ b_)..,.:l ~k :N _(,WI .~. ';9i,ll ~1.S:i : D .~ ~4-J1 u.;l\.S:i1\ ,:U~1 ~\Si : U .U!ji.U ~\Si :S .4i9!,cil ~I : R J,.., ... j (':'\ ~ ~I ~(,Us.:n ) ('I~Y\ ~. 4DW4 :o~\ -;,_)..,~ U;ll.s.:i ~ji ul ~J .~jA4Jl.., .lL.:ic.YI ~UJ ~\ j~'jl JS.& c) ~ lJA 4:!b :U :.. ~t\ 4..L..Jl ~ olin Ll ~ .6

~ :JJY""'.J ~ cjJ ~ .J .....

~I 4.lW\ l>.l.\ ~ ~J ' ~ ~I ~I I_$j\.., _)y...Q o- ~..,j..uw F JS ~ ~~ ~j~\J ~\ : ~ ~IJ Product Liability ~ ~~Ull ~J~l

b)tl Sj wWb L .... -;\1 j)tl . --II - • ._-:11 u.J1£j - - ~~ -;\1:; .LUI

~ ~. ~ ~ r.r i.S J _)~ LF ~Y"-" ~ ~ r.r ...>=

YO)w..JI t.}

r, ~. LWI _·----;\1 ~ ~ ~ -:11 ~ -\.1\1 U •. III ~1 ~ ~ -I ~ .J ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~.J-l ~.J~ . ~ u .. ~

o-« ~I ~\ _"~i'", -:, 4..;t.1 J;! ~ ~l .y J.iJ1 _;#..., y\ WI .J¥:. ~WI j4JJ j? Jji

~L.t.., ~ (!\:i.i}.., ~ ('~ ~I w~lul.., . :iy1.a..J1 ~I ~ ~_,.lUlI i.S.JI.c~1

-~I /).l.\ J1.a JLut:i.u:\ 0C ~\Jl1 Jy.:a'il ()C ~h..J1 f'LI ~J-iU 4.l.Jj.u.w u.,5.J

(10) • Sinha, Madhav N. & Walter W. 0 willborn (1985): the Management of Ouality Assurance, John Wiley & sons, Singapore, p. 399

11

.

U"''; Itl U~.l......:..J .s , t--:!jjill 4.b......6 ~ ~ JS l.iA ltl ~I rSh..J1 ~ lA ~JL::. .s

rW:.~_' .(ll)~ ~WI ~I ~ iJ~ ~ ~ ~\ 4.9.ltlll ~I o= Jj~\ :~\:il\ w:1WI ~ 4s~1j 4.:~ ~~ =w.J1 ~ ~ .1 . t.1..i.a.bb 1, --:~··\I t , _" ~ :1' .n b . L~ ~ ~I ..:..u\5. I~I J

~ ~ _, (;_.__.... ~~ UY.Y-' J= •

. J-~t.~JI i _)y..Q ~ ~I ~I f"1~1 o~6} we ~1l11 _;bG...Jl 4..:-. _)~ .y

. ~\~\ s ~~ 4lb ~ ~ 4.J..J1 we ~1l11 _>bUI ~~\ FY :1 L.liL:. .~ . ~4rlI1 (5\14" HI Jl ~I {':!..\1l _J Ifo _)C ~ ~J:~U~ ~I __,c j_jA U~ :1 lA~ . J

~\ b;;.3..~\ 4......iliS. ~\ ~ 4.J .-:.:' . w~ ~. ~ _-:,'A\\ J,.tS .1>

f" ~ ~ we. _J_J ~ ~ _,._,......... ~ r:. '4"' (;_~

.4:i)J}_J L~ ,\:.:1\ ~ ~I' II .I.L~ ~ 1- 4.1:Jh.JL _-:;'.I\ .a, ,t L~

_J ~ . _, . .P-' ~ . r..s»- . r:.:..- r..:r"1l .2! .J

.~4...J..,..J\. ~ l ,~I.:. O..)~ .1:.:ll w'-..w.tl· -;'':--:11. ~ .I"~.

• ~ ~ Yo r.:r ~ U.I.Wi.l •• u..a ~ '-F ~

Product Safety~1 c)LL~ I~ ,A.;.i_J-llill ~_,y.wlll>~ L~i w.J~_)~1 ~_,

ui _)~! ~ b_)JU ~_,.i\.9.l\ ~_Jj.=J1 ufo ,4l:ti.J1 2JWI ~.!J .4.:ili,J1 ~IA. ~1..;,

~ ... ~ .~ ~)rl' ,~·i -x , ~I ... 11 l....lh1l • t:.-:: .. k·~. ~ 4..tLJ1

&-±1 _jJ u . ~ l.JA _J •• U i.J-""":t (.j _) ~ . . _, r-'"""' ~

. ~ . U\ ~ L.J.ii1 ,~I .. L-: 4..J.ac . N ~ ::us ,. .. n ~ .:-: .11 4.l:ut.iYI

~ ~ ~. r ~ J _)J.J-=-I ~ ~ ~ _jJ __,....... >'"'"""'

.4lts.ti ' ;,.\;>~ _)y.all d-F.ji .lClj ~ ~tJI w\S~ y _,.it.ill ~ J~lt A i\,.:l.J1 L»i' ~I {).4 _w.S J,:u;. ~UA , 4.Aly \rl b~1 wy:1 _,II ~

\.l.-.J . . _j .~k.J1 • LI\ 4.b....w1 ~I ... 1\. . .1., -:\1 b ... c .,\ W...J.I

• ~ ~ . C'""""' ~. . _)y-= LJA ~ ~ _)J ~_J

. 4Sfo-Jl ~.J_)}ll i9_,..J\ ?lfo ~ltlt 1985 ?b ~ 4.;.i_,.slill ~_,~ ~_'J}il ~_;.SUl1

.

.L..9_,. ~~_, ~Jj.d!_' tLJl ;YW\ 4.ffijj_,.J1 ~ ~I ~. b~~l u)~.J1 r.F'.J

: ~i 4#~_,.J\ ~~ JJI ~ 0A ~~I w _)_;k .Standardization .h:!.~.un .i

. Redundancy .;I PI _J J.."..ail\ . y .Physics of Failure J.!Jl1 ~4J:!! .~ .Reliability testing ~ y _,.JI _)YJ>,1 ,,J

{)I....,I DILL, 4##4 -L.",IJ,J: '4,j!ffl# -4Pl..i..al/.;,!..JiLJ/ (".J iJeJ/ ~dJ/Jk :(1998) U>=- X-J' 0~1, (II) ~ , L .• ,';si'::l\ ~ , ~\ ~ ~1 ~ .~.i: ulA ' bJ_,J;l.o Ji:> ~L ~L..._)' ,44J!., {'WI ,JipI.k.UI

.20 U'" '~.l

12

.Stress test ~l _)~l ,f> .Failure Mode and effect analysis J,.til\ y~t_, _)~I ~ ,_' Fault tree analysis ~I ~ ~ ~ . j

: ~} u~ ~ .6LJ:u.J\ ~ c.j~1 ~ wl_,J (}A ~tA c.\j 4#Y_,.J\ ~~ ~_, .~ 4..t.LJ\ ~3~ ~jyj l_?' , ~a)g,;,l :lJ_'~J cWiill y~\ j~ .i

.~\ l"~ \.dl ~.:lL· l , tA til .'. ~ 4.U\.S..a\ ,. t ~lll <ill .:Jk....J\ .w

l.J.Ul!! (;-'l ~_) l_? _) ~ ~ ,_, (J.UL1'.I ~ ...".

Robust ~\ ~\ ~ f'~\ ~ 4jJi_jA ~ ~ J~ ~W\ JJ~.J1I3

. .

. . latA \ . :t.w&J1 4.J~\ .Al \~ ., - .. ::~ ~ ~ , .II L:§ •. c .. jJ..llc Design

~ y .» ~ ~ ~ _, ~ y _,..... ()'J. l>"'"";! 3

• 2y.S _,3 yJl 1,Liu

~ 'i " ._\.j u)tL..:..l I .... w\...J.;.LJI jjt5. t, w.::u, • LJI .. _11 • ~I

~ "--&'- _JJ ~ I...?" ..• &. L)..:I ~ (JA ,

dA_)~3'~ J.SJ1\ y~1 ~ upl ~··~~Y.JA (.)'l_).il J,~ ~\.i.....:J\

U;. ~ i9Jl '1 \.I 4.u 'ull 4..J c..; - \\ ,1. -:,ili,. "\. \_ lli ,I.,w ~

_JJy ~ ~.J "t-' • _JJ • _,,,.......... J ~ 61 Y'"' y .3 ~ ~ ~ ~ .J

·i.Y4Jll

13

.~ljLJl ~\ .1

;··}r':~i1\~Jt~:~~4¢i"

14

\,.. G.:A,JI4.lk-i.\U .U ~I\ 1- .. <; ~ L<' .-:11 ~ wl.:.~1 ~I...\I ~ .\ ~ ~ ~_JJ_""" W"" ~ .~...>"'.. ~ JC-- U,

~l :U~\ LJ ".:J.J~L...::J\.J ~Wl ~ ~ ~ ~\ ~ _r.:3 ~ w.;\S. Jewl ~ (.LJl:.ti uk..J----'-'IJ dol....-ail\ t_,_1l lllJ ~ u\.c_y.>l (jjhJ ~ , \~ fol ~ wL.;.b~1 '.' Ik,; 4II ~. W ~ 1, .Jly.. ul.;...J.:lJ ' ~ ~j ul.JJ.:l_"~ _HSjill ~~~I y~)tl ~ oj_, . t,.JJ.:l JS ~ ~.:l w~) ~ ~I uU~ C::l.jjll III ·L..:,.J\.:l1 ,q~\ ~. ,-" ,," ':l t, .. ':< w')Jb . _il , ~\t\ . .:>W'i\ AI>.. U :. . II ,-

lJ.--.4.'U.J ., ..r 0--:: fi"'"" r..r- ~..y- ~ _JJ _,..,... W""

u'iL....u:...1 .:ll~· ~ \.~li·C ;; .':< .d.a..iii .. LJ\ ~ ~I .~ ,4..J';/1 wU ·~\I ~ I~I L ~

.J-l '+" _,...... ~ . ~ C-- ~ Y f:;AJ ~ -'"""'" , :!J ~

.J$S rllilll ~;;JA Jc YJ; wUfi.J1 ~ji y_,lJ 0}! \~ .~\ : ~ji.J\ ~.1

4......!.) . .:11 uL.i .~ .11 . _j 1.11.il1 U ~ .. Co: Series ~ . _j wli·~ .1\ I....ij ~ • \ ·.C.

~ Y'" ~ '-r" f" ~ _JJ ~ W..,..... J r.r ~. y u u->-"':!

: (1) ~\:il1$ ~;;_,..J\ ~ ~I (>1\ ~J .~

Rs· = (RA)(Rs)(Rc)

.(2) eJ.J ~I ~ LS. , ~till ~jilll1;~ 01$ I~),i

~1ji..J1 ~I (2) rJJ JS.!.l1

Rs = (0.955)(0.750)(0.999) = 0.716

lj~J .li.cJ • ~ A ~ B, C wu_,s.J1 JpA,Pa.Pc JlAb.\ c./' RA.RB'Rc wi h:il_, ~ ~.:ll ()4 J!1 rtl:ill\ ~;~ 0foJ . f"lAill ~Ji~ ~ 4.L.J..J\ ~ll..S.fol wlifo J$J ~;;~I ~_, A" B, C • D ~ E uli~ ~w.o ~ f"tJ:...il\ 0\S. \j),i . Wb 41 0~ ~L:il~J 0.985 , 0.890 , 0.985 ~ 0.999 , 0.999 r..I'" ~I_jjl\·~ 4W ~~

Rs=(0.985)(0.890)(O.985)(O,999)(0.999) = 0.862

.(2)J$£ f"U;,.tl1 ~ JJ uUfi.JI ()4 1.#' J.t! 'i.)3:! ~'jil\ ~ ~jill ~.J

(1) • Omachonu, Vincent K., & Joel E. Ross (2004): principles o[loloJ Qualfty, (3rd ed.), CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 438

(2) . Lewis, E. E. (1987): Introduction to Reliability Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York., p. 216

15

:L.J'~ ~.2 ~ 0~ w-- ~ ~~-' ,#1 Parallel '# j\jlll .).c. ~\ uu_#..JI ~y 0\ ~ rll;1l1 ,,-t.t! ~j ~~_:.~ "i uUfi..JI (.).4 i.,?\ ~ 0}9 ~W\ .:.1\ rj..J _(3)~I~ ~\ ($~\ uLifi..J1 ~ J..,tiJ ~ \~J ,ft\ 0~ (,bit-;;.._.,4 J-ll ~ ~\ .foj ~ , ~

.4.J -\ ·-:'1 ~ 1:.:\\ (3)",! . 1(" :"1 ' • 4.J .\ .": .11

~_) _,...... r-""'" ,. _) ~ ~ __ 9:U ~_) _,......

-c;~~!!~\}

4J'~~' (3) ~J J,s.JJ1

: (4}Jt:i.l1.5. 4.\WI.,~ ~ ('t.hil\ ~jJ_jA~.J

Rs =l-(l-R[)(l-RJ)

. .-.A. I .. r . . k' 4..l! :. 'I .-:11 ,~ . ~.~, I , J)' '.~. . u.lbJ <i.:J..J1 • i ~ .~ \~lj

~. ~ ~ ~.J-I _jA f.$ _) _,... c.s- W:!tJ -"'" ();!-l _,...... (".)-4 U.r •

: dJWI .:.~ ~ ufo ('U:illl ~Jj_,... u}! , JI~I ~ 0.750 ) 0.840 Rs = 1- (1- 0,750)(1- 0.840) = 0.960

~ SJl.L>U • ~-' 9-b\ c} uu_,s.J1 J,.!i.9 ~ J\.,4:b..\ ~ (1- RJ ),(1- RJ) d ~_J W '1 .~ ·'1 .'1.:.:\\ U:. ~il' .~-: ,~I..)·~ ij :. . ·'1 'lj, '\ ·-:'1 1_ 4..il ,.11 uU'~ .II

~_) _,....,.. r- ~.J-l _jA , U'_"'" -' Y ~.J-I _,... U. r.; _) _,... r..s- ,..Y"'" .,.......

.;WI .-: ·'1 . '1.:.:\1 U ~ '. t ·A

~ _,_. r- ~.J-I_jA ~ ~

: J\,!L4

o 989 I .'.. tt:'t 4,.,..) .~ U:. ~ ABC,.A. uU .c . ~ 1.l;jl\ 4J:§:' J.l::..

• ,.....,..... (_).;l.I ~.r ~.J-l.JA ,0; .. '-, , , '-T - _,...... ? ~ _JJ-""

• (.j jl _,:ill Jt. ¥ _)A wU _,s.JI .,~ 0'4 Lk 0.996 , 0,994

Rs =1-(I-RA)(I-RB)(I -Rc)

Rs = 1- (1- 0.989)(1- 0.996)(1- 0.994) = 0.99

.4..1 'I ·~.l1 wU'< .,\ ~i ,- w..U ,-:1\ 1.l1A ~t ~.~ U:u11 U ,. . .I 4.iJLJ\ ~I '1

~_) -Y""'" .,....... (,}'l IS""'. ~ .JoU " y ? ~ _JJ _,..... ~ u.

:~.JI_,;i.JI - 4n~ ~I .3 .~jl_,l.J\-, WI_,:WI wUfi.J1 (,}'lW ~ ~jil\ (.jA ~~ s.lk.J\ ~\ ylc.l ufo ~_J , .b.i9 ~~ .l::..\.J ~ ~l ('lhill J,oI.5. ~ J ~ ~\ (]A t_,lil Ii:. ~..!I

(3) . Hayes, Glenn E. & Harry G, Roming (1982), op .cite , p. 417

(4). Besterfield, Dale H. (1998): O!alitr control, (5th 00.), prentice - Hall international, Inc., N. l,p. 394

16

~I (jaJ 9.;:; ~y= ~4 UyY lA 111:13 ' f'U;..i.\\ 4#Ji,JA ~~ ~\ I~ 4.#jiYl L.:!jl~\ wl...J~4 B U__,s..J\ J~ ~ . (5~etwork Reduction technique .(4) ~.) JS.&l1 ~w ("l.G.1l\ 4.#ji~ u}9 J -' I ~_,.s..J!

4.:u1,JlJ1 - 41ljio.!l ~I (4) ~J JS.J.l1

! r)tJl.5. f"\..l:.il\ 4#_,:iy ~ u~ 4.lW\ o~ ~3 Rs =: (RA)(RI,J )(Rc)

Rs == (0.955)(0.960)(0.990) =.0.90

: JU,A .(5) ~_) ~\ ~ ~ ~ ~_)A , ~ufi.a ~ (.)4 ulj.J\ fl.G.1l1 ~;y. ~

'IJI.,:ilI,J ~Ifol (J"1.,...,i uk- .i:;iJ-Q ('WI ~U~ (5) iAJ JUlI

~ 0.900, 0.956 , 0.982 , 0.999, 0.953 , 0.953 ~ wlifi.J1 ~;Y u~ We

:. J. I.l:a.lll U" '\3 \\:ilw , \1 - ~I\

~-- (" ~ ~ Y U. 'F .3 I.i'" .J-'"

Rs = (~.2,3)(R4)(Rs,6)

R s = [1 - (I - R I )(1 - R 2)(1 - R 3 ) ][ R 4]~ - (1 - R 5)(1 - R 6 ) ] s, "" [1- (1- 0.900)(1- 0.956)(1- 0.982)10.99911- (1-0.953)(1-953)]= 0.997 4#]J,JA ~" . s.li- ~ ufo I.#j\jil\_J Jljill ~ 4iu~ ~Ji ~I ~\ y~:J_J : (6)~i ~\_,c ~~ ~ ~\ .:>~

(5) . Rarnakumar, R. (1993): Engineering &liabilitv: Fundamentols and Applications, PrenticeHall Inc., N. J., p. 154

17

Rs = R" = (O.990io = 0.605

: ufo f'l.hll\ 4#JJ.y u~ , J\iJ\ ~ ~ .b:9! 20 f'l.hlll , . .:lli_p.a J.x. 0\5. \~J W Rs =RII = (0. 990io =0.818

0----A ~.1! u1.i_,5..J\ .l..'I.C 4.l! I) 4919' ~~ Jui ~!., 4,J\J ~ J\.W\ \~ d ~ r-t- )4J . r-~\ 4# Ji _jA _,fo 0~ ) , ~4:h\ ) ~~l 0~ ~~ .JA ~JlyJ\ ~ I _ft.1 ~_,6i ~lli. J ~J ~ ~J ¢.bl ~ ~L}'ll 0__,s...JI J,.ti;~ Redundant Component

Design: ~\ .1 ~ . uts.a'jl _,.l! ~ ufo 0i ~ jJ . ~\ Y. 4y!.; _,.Jl ~i fo'J\ <--;-u4J1 0} f'l....J;,il\ 0w 1:::1! . ~i ~;_,.JI '~1"'1'_,j ~i wlJ_fi.JI j~ 0\5. lJ5. <U} , ~L lifo \w W;Y 01-J, Jljil\ J.c. 4..:J_)AJ 0.990 ~ JS ~;_jA u~ 50 ~ I.j~

: ufo ('l.l::ul\

ft

~I Jj9:i ~J 'f'\~)U ~1..iA dUl Y2 I)~ I.j~\ ~I u\5. _,JJ c.Sh ' ~} 1 ~Jb!

1i..J , tJlal fo'JI t_,Jl\ c).o 1>~ ?I~\ ~ , ~~ 1>->6:.. J\ a.:i.;\5. ~} :l..9JJ.__,.J\ y,j:. .wW:u.J1 ~ ~W\ ;Uk) ~ ~ ~I (.:.d~\ Ji;j

Maintenance : l.i~ .2

~h: .j ~.J\. .;uh...::J\ :n .. ~ Lt19 . ~ ~ . .1\ . ~ L\A 1 .l lliilll.;u~ ~

~ u u- t.J---.G ~ ~ r.:::-"""" ~ J-l _,..... I.F' .)J f' ~.

~ 1- • .;uh...,Jl4..:.,W\ .. :,...0':", .w.., ~ .. c:" t\....Q Y\ . .j. ~\ J.j~

~. I..S"'"' ~ • . ..........-::-- U • ~ U_,..,... J ~ y;- J ~

JI_,._.b f'p ,rl 'j) ~ji Jl c;:t:b..::i 'X ~j ~ I.j~ ~\ _'JU\ wI::: ~\.fiJ\ Jt.J\ . 4-a\~1 :;.fo

-

dub o= f'_s.i.J\ I~ J..J.a .wIYlbl\ w\.5.~ ~ ~ lA I~J . ~\.il:i y..."11 ufi.J1

J .29::.;1 ~ J#. 4#~} uu~ j_?_j ~}il I.J.4J • 6\..ifi.J,l t;j\_,J1\ ~ ~jill f'Y" n 'ill &yb we 4# _,j _,.JI JJh'j ~ L.S. • ~ ~\ _j u~ JJ4'o_j ~ ~ ~; y 0GYI ~\_JC :;.)4j ~ lli.J . Overdesign ~I ~ .bl_))!\ J\ (~~'j\) ~\jl\ . \ . _. .. 'I % l>' U c.k,:.. JI~I ·.C. Jt.JI r. u i , 4.J....J1 4..1§ ~ • J.J'~ ~I\

~ (jIl-l. ~. . I..i-"""'!. ~ t..r'"' ~ .J.l.JA V'l ~y I.r'

.1iil~ iY. .illl~: ~, ...l9jUl f>!">1y'1 J= _).J..J"': A.-..,.ly.J ~_;, ;.JeJ!¢F: WAl:(1995) J.), -¥~. (6) .471 U"" D _y.\:o1\ , ~~ts\'\ 4.f&l1 , ~1

18

u.,.s:l 'J ~l tt...;:..J~\ ~ ci~ u\ ':l} c :u~ ~W\ ~ U.JAA,,;OJ\ J._9~ 4....9 ~~lS. w~ u_Jt)\ ~ ul ~ w'JWI I>~ ~ ~...9 ' ~ ...9\ ~ 4.J~\ ~ +¥';':;ll ~...9 ~ :U~I ufo J ~--'

Environmental Conditions : 4111tU u.j.;.ID! .3 .;ljJiy;: _)#. ~ .:.~ ~ ~ ~ .;tll_j jljJA.'JI.J 44;6)I.J ~)y:J1 4.;.,).)...9 _)4;J\ ~ J.;-..k f'\~1 ~I ~ .u.,_):JI o~ ~ ()A 4A..J1 ~ ui ~1 ~- ~.l!?-H ,_;-.})ill1 ) j1 ~)11 (.)...-4 L ~J9';' ill ~ . .blb.J1 f'~' ) , ;;) yJI ()A- <!y~ 4...ah

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(7) -' Besterfield, Dale R (1998) , op . cite, p. 396

19

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(2) . Shafer, Scott & Jack R. Meredith (1998): oper«lions Management: A process approach with spreadsheets. John Wiley & sons, Inc., New York, p_ 777

25

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.1109 '-"" < .fi~ ~ <::::?'Y' (2005) ~..l_>.!A ~ , Co_,$... , ~. (3) 26

6':lL..::.. 0:H u_j_,n J3 ' ~ :lyj\.~ ~\ wYb ufo b~\ f'\biU b~ bfo ~3 • b~ ~j bft ~ J.til\ 0A ~ elliA J rJi ,~L.ull ~~\ C;-:lj_;i.ll ~ ~\ Mean time between J;.L.il\ wU!_..:l ~ ~)I.hwjiJl ~ wi ~ ~1.:ij~_9

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T::= e-T1MIBF

:0i~ .~).hJ1 ~ jll jj. jilll : T .2.7183 '-R3~_9 ~i ~_)t.c,~1 : e .~I wlliji U:H ~j!1 ~_;t.J\ : MTBF

U:iJl\ . t,,~ Jl.a:b._l t.J , 4.J .n, .II b >~"I\ . N , l..1;.!l\ \ ~ I 4....0 .~ ~t:w U ~ _ -'I • .c-

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TIMrBF e-TIMfBF TIMTBF e-TIMTBF TIMTBF e-TIMTBF TIMTBF e-T1MI'BF
0,1 0.90484 2,6 0.07427 5,1 0.00610 1.6 0.00050
0.2 0.81873 2,7 0.06721 5.2 0,00552 7.7 0.00045
0,3 0,74082 2.8 0,06081 5.3 0,00499 7.8 0.00041
0.4 0~67032 2.9 0,05502 5,4 0,00452 7.9 0.00037
0,5 0.60653 3.0 0,04979 55 0.00409 8.0 0.00034
0.6 0.54881 3.1 0,04505 5.6 0.00370 8.1 0.00030
0.7 0.49659 3.2 0,04076 5,7 0.00335 8,2 0.00027
0.8 0.44933 3.3 0.03688 5,8 0.00303 8.3 0.00025
0.9 0.40657 3.4 0,03337 5,9 0.00274 8,4 0.00022
1.0 0.36788 3.5 0.03020 6.0 0.00248 8.5 0,00020
i.i 0,33287 3,6 0.02732 6,1 0,00224 8.6 0.00018
1.2 0.301.19 3.7 0.02472 6.2 0.00203 8.7 0.00017
1.3 0.27253 3.8 0.02237 6.3 0.00184 8,8 0.00015
1.4 0.24660 3.9 0.02024 6.4 0,00166 8.9 0,00014
1.5 0.22313 4.0 0,01832 6.5 0.00150 9,0 0.00012
1.6 0.20190 4,1 0.01657 6.6 0.00136 9.1 0.00011
1.7 0.18268 4.2 0.01500 6,7 0.00123 9.2 0.00010
1.8 0.16530 4,3 0.01357 6.8 0,00111 9.3 0.00009
1.9 0.14957 4.4 0.01228 6.9 0.00101 9.4 0.00008
2.0 0.13534 45 0.01111 7.0 0.00091 9.5 0.00007
2.1 0.12246 4.6 0.01005 7.1 0.00083 9.6 0.00007
2.2 0.11080 4.7 0.00910 7.2 0.00075 9.7 0.00006
2.3 0.10026 4.8 0.00823 7.3 0.00068 9,8 0.00006
2,4 0.09072 4.9 0.00745 7.4 0.00061 9.9 0.00005
25 0.08208 5,0 0.00674 7.5 0.00055 10.0 0.00005 (1) r!J JJ~I

(4) • Shafer, Scott & Jack R. Meredith (1998), p. 782 27

:J~

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100 4._,_;J411 J~'11 :.~ ~~j ~ J_..,J\ ,) 1.»~1 :',h,)\ w~1 . .) .~~ (2400)('JI:!

:I.#.J~ ~I will__':; c.w. ~jll kji.JI u~.J MI'BF = (120 + 900 + 1380 +2400)/4 = 1200

T :::: e-480 11200 = e-O.40

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.% 67 J\~ 'it 0.67032 ~ 0.4 :~~,J.~.t\ j.I.JLi JilJ=! .3

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Build redundant elements into the system : {'l~J r.} oJfo ~lli;. F-~ .1-3

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o- & ~j Increase Components Reliability: ~~ ~..,l.JA &J~J .2-3 wLJfi,.JI ~ S:I! . ;:;,\ ~Jl.JA 1..)4J J)b. i.J.<! ~~ f3:l .'l!.J ,~l;.. ~ wLu.u .»9J1 ~

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u.J~ ~ .lc.l ... ~ Improve working Conditions : J.-l\ uJ.;l= ~ .3-3 ~I b.)~ ~-" ~\)I dft ~ ~j.J\ ~lbc.Jj, ('\.l:u\\ ~y..¥ ~ ~ J.«JI W.J#-3' ~I,) ~i ~i~i.J 4 ~~4 y.l5..Ji ~_,!.J' ~y:...J\ w:j ~ ~

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(5) . Shafer, Scott & Jack R Meredith (1998), p. 775 28

~JI Conduct Preventive Maintenance : 4Alj~ ~~, ~\J: iJ$t'; .4-3 ~1~1 ~w ~ ~\.SJ ut.6..:iJl . Jl~"j\ JI\ , C~11 ) , u-=Jl1 ~ :;U~I ~~

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.~I ~~ j4-l1 wLJ_,s...JI ~ c;l Isolate System Components : r~ ~U.jS.4 JP .7-3 "< .. Jt:i.J\ L. 1_, tu'11 \..l;;u. Q~ • wU< .t\ ~ . '.~ \.1:u\\. at.· L.: \1 \ ~ . - \1

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(1) . Ozeki, kazuo & Tetsuichi Asaka (1990): Hand Book of Quality tools: the Japanese approach, productivity press, Inc., p.195

(2) . Adam, Everette E. JR. & Ronald J. Ebert (1992): production and operations management: concepts. Models. and behavior, (5th ed.), Prentice - Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., p. 597

3

Wl_.~.til JA>3 Assignable Variations &J~ ~ 41'iii ~~ ~I u\.M~";/\ -y b.LA y~ ~~_, .I.>.)-L~ ~J~ y~t ~~ ~ (ji~I., , ~I ~ 6~ l.f.ill :~ ~ ul!I~i!\ .JL,.JI L»1 u~YI .i

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(3) . Sincich ,Terry (1990) : Business Staii"tics bv exampies,(3rd ed.),Macmillan publishing CO., Singapore ,p·.601

4

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(4) . Omachonu, Vincent K, & Joel E. Ross (2004), op .cite , pp 421 - 423

(5) , Montgomery, Douglas C. (1991); Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, p. 365

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(CUI) wJU:il1 ')JA ~_)~ J)G. QAJ . ;)_).illl ~I_)..:l Jt.s.Ji; ~ (jA _)fo ~ c:;:w

J ~ w~I_,..JII..G:L..4 ~ ~I wJU:il1 ($i.>J' wll....:alyJl .:lJh ~ ~I

:(7) JW)u ~I ~tll.1 6\1W\ J} J..a~

.~ ) ~ r.;~ r4il1 f.)$;. .1 .r.;jSyJ\ ~I ~ .y

• ,,:.-:11 U\.§ .. :",,4';" •

.J:!:"'"'" ~. v-:=-- e;:

. w\.S...o\ _,JI ~ . .)

(6) . Montgomery, Douglas C. (1991), op . cite ,p. 367

(7) • Grant, Eugene L. & Richard S. Leavenworth (1988): Statistical Qualitv Control, (6th ed.), Me Graw - Hill companies, Inc., New York, p. 156

6

.y~ 1y~'l1 .:. :~I SJJ9 ~ ~I~ .5 ~\ :; _)~ wL.,,\.J.:l 0'" i..fl j~l ~ y. I~ , ~~ ~I _)~ ell.lA ~ , .1:.:J\ ¢ ~ :;~ u ,,~~ YI w.I.l:uJ ~ ,Lab ~ JiAi I.:. Sl5. .y ~ wI .L! II ' I,,~i,

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:(8b..;ltll ~I w\~1 J.c- ~~ ~\ (,.J~ JJ.:..:;

Establish control over the process : ~\ ~ij.J ~_cl~ ~b.J~.J .i ~.J . .l......cl_,iil :.~ ~b ~ ~k...J\ ~I_,!.J ' 2yJ~'l1 w\_)~'l\ .lC-Gil.J .4.;LJ1 s _)~ w~\ _)~ 4.:9k:i.J\ cll:i ~6.

~I ~jiA.J ,~);,t\;...B~ i..fl Analyze process data : ~\ wu~ JJ.:..:; .~

~ 2y_)\ fi1l1 wL:-. .J~\j . ~I Clj"':; ~ 2J ~ 2y) foil w\..:., _)~I ~ _).J

, .

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.:. _)~ ~ t Gil'll

L.....tl_)~ ~ 0\ ~ Analyze Sources of Variation : ~\ .J~L...:w JJ.:..:; .[

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,21,b.;, <Ill ~I.lll <\:i.i I,.. 4..w...J\ wuW\ ~

.J ~ IS"""' ~. ~. 1,;,,-'-

: ~\ ~JJi~).4.6 l.J-...C ~~ J ~ :;.J.ill! :.i.l..J .:;.:l~1 ~~I.JA J_,iJ ) ~ J ~ ~I :;.J~ _# J ~ ~\ wlL......o\_,.J\ ~ ~ J::l;.. (j.o:. ~ i..f~\ (CP) 2yl-l1 ;;_)~ _.,.&j.<l ~_;b .~1

(8) . Grant, Eugene L. & Richard S. Leavenworth (1988) , op .cite , p. 167 7

JSL .~;: (~0 LS:."'<Y)

G ~~ ~G Cr:.i~·:-

~~I_,.JI ~ ~I jSjl (1) r-iJ JS.SJI

01-! CP?:J ut5._, (1) r!_) JS,JJ\ ~ ~ ~ w~\_,.Jll..S.u. ~ ~I wft_; 1~}9 (.:'-~ ~I ~ 0' _)41cy 'l+i~IY' ~\1jll .)c 4J.uJ1 ;;_),ill'~ ;ytjA ~ ~~ .l.....:r. ~ J.;.il~ w~\yJl ~ ~ ~l ~1_,l1~.J' wti....:sl_,...J1 ~ ~ ~~l~lI w~\_,J\~.J Upper Specifications Limit (USL) ~"XI w~I_,J1 wUIy:...i1 ~ JL-:w4 ~16~.J Lower Specifications Limit (LSL) wly:...i"XI ~\ ui ~ (68) J~I ~ J.hWl u}.J (60) ~\yJ' ~\ (_)JlYiJ ~_)~ wUI~1 ~ t~ ), ~_,ll l.JA 4_)~ isl~1 (±3 ) ~ ~l (_)Jl4! ~

:(9)~bl\ 4.bk...J\ ~l ;; _)~ ytjA .:x:..~ ell~ . ~_)~ cp= USL-LSL

68

~U11\ ~ ;;_)~U ~I ~ CP=1 ul£.J w~I_,...J\ I..S~ ~ ~I w ft y \~l_,

,

wl~,!1 ~ CP <1 01£ \~} ~I ~ ui~.J' r,s3§;{\tA.l:l.. c) w~I_,..J1

. w\L..o\ _,..JI ~ ljj}\ .)c ;; _)~\.9 ~I ~ ~ _)~I ~\.9)1 ~.J w~I_,..J1 ~ ;;ftfo ~I.J CP =1 u\.5.I~\ ~\ Cljjill ~4.J .l. .... sl:ill ~ .w~1 - -II' . ~ ~I - LJ\ . (99, 74 ex ).\.9 jj.ili:, 4...Ut....-"X1

~.J _,...., ~ ~.............. c-'" c.JA 0 w< ~,

o

.', .1 CP) "._,_j . <Ljl\ ~~ ~ t.J\.c . - "U\ 1l4b. 'i\ . _~ll J ~ J~L ~m .

u---'\ ,..- (j!. ~..J ~ cr t:j_)_,.....J . • 1,.)-<1

(9) . Schroeder, Roger G. (1993): operations Management: Decision Making in the operation Function, McGraw - Hill, Inc., Singapore, p. 143

8

:;~\-, ~ e;cl~-, • :;.)~ ~W\ ~~ ~ \.)W,cl (2) ~l ~) (1.5) ~I (1) ~.l...J\ U'l4il1 cj:_>b 0C- w~I_,..J1 tS~ ~ :;jS_}i.4 ~ ~ AJi ~(CP) U'lt# ~ : ~ leWI JiSI y:...\ U'l49 ~ <li}9 ~I (>~ ~-' • ~\ b_)~ CPK = min( USL- Jl p-LSL )

35 ' 35

~\~-'~: ~wi~ ~.J ' ~I ~ 4..d1_,l1 w..Jl ~I-, ~_Jt._;..J1 .)\.,y~1 0:H J.;Sl\ ~ ~j.J\ 1~_J : (1O)1...oA ~\ fol ~

.(~I j,!iUl\ y. ~\ ~ ~_,l1 _>.!iUl1 )~U)I ()A 4lh ~ 2ykJ1 0_,$.j J .i .~I OIjjil\ f\~1 .y ~I :;.)~ y~ ~~ 0C- :;.l~I~' ~ ;~ ;.s.~1 =41-11 b.)iil (.»l4il1 \~_J ~\ ~ ~ w. (>.H6;:Ji ~§.i\ ~I hi li.llc_J . ~I Oljjill ~ ~ JQ .( i ,-2) ~.)

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~ .) ~ ~ u. .~ ~ ../'"'~ ~ U_,......

. CPK =0 ~I yl_,;J1 CPK ~ 4. w~\_,..J\ ~\lill ~ ~\.S

->--*- c--.djill ~ ~ CPK=l 0i ~ (Y -2) ~\ ~~ y:...1 ~~l J~_J

(LO). Render, Barry & Jay Heizer (2001): principles of operations Management, (4th ed.), Prentice HaIl, upper saddle River, N. J., p. 213

9

,4 JI..J.l ~l ;;_).lill 4.i~ ysI ~ ~ CPK U1 w~I_,.JllS~ fi.;-al k)1 ~

.(ll):i.,cli......JI . .J L ~ LillI I~

~. _JAC f' ~ cY' ~ Jl

!'J 9)11,1 Jli4 f'~1 ~ ~I ;; _)~ .:l.h-; u\ .1,..J;.i.J ~\.:il\ ~bJ":{\ ('L..u!'11 hl ~. w4l-l1 .):l.14 ~.J:! ~I ~. ~ :.uJl~ ~\ w~ ~Jl'f'41 (4) ~~ ~ w4:Jbli (.S~} ~ ~\Jl ?,Jl-:l (1) 'f_)~ ul_>---::>..iIJl ?,~I (8) <>_).l9 J~Jl'4~.:Ut; i.JA f'yl (10 )J'_,b

: ~ .. ,ll=.4n J ~I ~ U' ~ ~, wYL.-.lI <>~ (,)JlW ~Jl ~ CPK Jl CP ~I .1 .f4.l~

LJ..-.a ~~ rYi (7) J-AA J~4 ()SlJl CPK yb ~iJl~ ~ wli\..WI ~I .y

. frY) (8)

f'~1 0A 2/3 i.f_)~ wl_;.:..Jy CJSl CPK y~ .:l.eiJl~ ~'11 w\j~\ ~I .<!_

wI -'1I . .J .. .:..-:\\ \, J~\ ... ~ .. dl~, w~\ _t:. __ " d l ,

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. f~1.1ll1 ~ ui ~ J.;. Jl ' i.f _)y_ll

: J.=JI .\

CP = 10-4 = 1 6(1)

10-8 8-4

CPK = min{--,-} =: min{0.667,1.333} = 0.667 3(1) 3(1)

~ :;Jl:L.c.w~I~\ ~ ~I ~ b_).:l\j ~\ 01 ~J CP yb ~ ~ :; _).:lU ~ ~ ~I .)} r. \h:i ~I u}.9 (1) 0A J9i CPK u\ ~,~j

. ~,)y\ tA..l:.. ~ ~\ ~~I~ ~\1l11 (,41(8) (.w y~ ?yl (7) J~ J~y .~ CPK = min{1O-7 7 -4} =: min {I I} = 1

3(1) , 3(1) ,

: ('~\ 0A 2/3 i.f_)'y- w\_ro..ll J~y .r.

CP K - min { 10 - 8 8 - 4 } - min {I 2} - 1

- 3(0.667) , 3(0.667) - ,-

(11) . Schroeder, Roger G (1993) , op . cite, p. 143 10

ij....S~ ~ J.=.JI J ~ w~\yJ\ II-UJ.\\ ~ ;)_)~u ~ .} ~ J ~ ~\ w} t..f2J 9f.,( k]' Q l~ >.9L...:il1 ~ y~ J~\ ~J ,~ i~ wl..i...:.l_,..J1 .)J~ ~ . ~oJl f>_)Ji .1t}:Lil ~ uly..,i"jl_, JMI ~ ~.4i\ J..,uy J ~ J .ul~\l1

Measurement Systems: 0"4il' ~ .7

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• (13) t ':11 t.J;j. r.r. -: .. \ ~. ,..,,\ .

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• 1 ::IL 'U· k'l ~ .. 11 ~I wbLil\ '1.:i..i" \J..:i ~ •

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11

Maintenance

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(1) . Dilworth, James B. (1996): operations Management, (2nd ed.), Me Graw- Hill, Inc., New York, p. 637

.272 r.Y" 'ul=- ,.l.<.WI j,j ,~~j..Jc:I:i.lll ij..J/:(2000) y1.S 'J~I. (2)

3

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.~~ r-W\ _).J~\ y. I~.J ,4.:lt.c 4..l~ _J.J:!.l..-a.;l Maintenance Engineer :u~ y.>l~ ~l.....::s.J1 ~ ~1 .. Aul~ w'iYl_, ~~\ ~ Lhlb....J1 ~ ~_9~ ~ Maintenance Manager

;." ~ ~ 4..iL......J1 ~ .iliJ '~I . . ~ .~ _ I - 4.36. > ~ 1 > ~tiJ wI ~. > ~ -:1\

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• (3)~~ L:JI (_)Jl~ ~

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.) , Jtk:,)l1 t_,i.J ei.J U~3 Preventive Maintenance ; ~\l.Jon ~~ .e;:: 4..i~1 ()A t_,lll \~ M!_J . ~I ~\.?-'j 4b..l1 ~t£aj ~.l:U.J ' ~_,§3 ~h ~ 4J1~1 '-:.I-?-I~I ~I-»YI \# ~ ~ ~ o~ ~ ~j J_,\~ ~.J

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Jl,\-»}..-$ ~3 Corrective Maintenance : (~~'.a:.ill) ~I 4"j~ . .'l 19.,lSb ) 4.lYI ~ ~1_p..YI ~ ~jJ ~ cill~ 0~ ~.J ' ;UYI ~jJ ~ ~

(3) . Shafer, Scott & Jack R Meredith (1998) , op.cite , p. 785

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4

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(7) . Buffa, Elwood S. & Rakesh K. Sarin (1987): Modern production / operations Management, (8th ed.), John Wiley & sons, New York, p. 385

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