Answer to the question and problems: 1

1. When you don't have any device (such as tape, stadia, & etc.), you can measure a
distance by your own pace factor... Knowing pace factor is very useful in the field of
engineering specifically in civil engineering in the field of surveying when you don't
have a instrument in measuring a long distance of course or a line. Different people
have their own pace factor so every individual differ on other pace factor.
2. Note: to determine a more accurate pace factor: walk over a longer distance (at least 250
paces);repeat the measurements at least three times and calculate the average PF. 4.Your pace
factor will vary, depending on the type of terrain you are measuring. Remember that: your pace
will be shorter in tall vegetation than in short vegetation; your pace will be shorter walking uphill
than walking downhill; your pace will be shorter walking on sloping ground than on flat ground;
your pace will be shorter walking on soft ground than on hard ground. To get the best results, you
should first make your paces as nearly the same length as possible. To do this, walk over known
distances, both on level ground and on uneven or sloping ground. Adjust your pace so that it is as
regular as possible.

Answer to the question and problems: 2

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

TECHNICAL MANUAL
ELEMENTS OF
SURVEYING 1971