WELCOME

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 THEORIES AND MODELS OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING

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 Introduction
All professional disciplines are based on a
unique body of knowledge that is expressed
through conceptual models and theories that
guide practice. The hallmark of professional
nursing is theory – based nursing.
Community oriented nursing practice blends
nursing and public health theory into a
population-focused practice to promote and
preserve the health of communities.

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 Definition

“Theory is a set of interrelated concepts or

hypothesis that seeks to explain or predict
phenomena.”
“Model is a description or analogy used as a
pattern to enhance our understanding of
something that is known.”

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 Essential Characteristics of
Nursing Service to Populations
Community oriented, population focused
Community orientation is a process that is
actively shaped by the unique experiences,
knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and
culture of a given community
Population focus implies that a nurse uses
population-based skills such as epidemiology,
research in community assessment, and
community organizing as the basis for
interventions

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 Theories and models of
Community Nursing Process
Nightingale’s Theory of Environment
Orem’s Self Care Model
Neuman’s Health Care System’s Model
Roger’s Model Of The Science Of Unitary
Man
Parser’s Human Becoming Theory
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Roy’s Adaptation Model

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 Theories and models of
Community Nursing Process
Milio’s Framework For Prevention
Salmon White’s Construct For Public Health
Nursing
Minnesota Wheel The Public Health
Interventions Model
Omaha System Model
Block and Josten’s Ethical Theory Of
Population Focused Nursing
Canadian Model For Community
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 Nightingale’s Theory of
Environment
Focused on preventive care for populations
Nightingale used observations to validate
her hypothesis
Poor environmental conditions are bad for
health
Good environmental conditions reduce disease
Others have added social services and
health care in addition to environment

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 Orem’s Self-Care Model
Communities can be considered to have a
collective set of self-care actions and
requirements that affect the well-being of
the total group
Self-care deficit: demand exceeds client
abilities related to
Universal requirements
Developmental requirements
Health deviation requirements
Nursing care supports client
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 Neuman’s Health Care
Systems Model

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 Rogers’ Model of the Science
of Unitary Man
Based on systems theory
Whole is greater than the sum of the parts
Three principles:
1. Life proceeds in one direction along a
rhythmic spiral
2. Energy fields follow a certain wave pattern
and organization
3. Human and environmental energy fields
interact simultaneously and mutually, leading
to completeness and unity

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 PENDER’S MODEL

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 Parse’s Human Becoming
Theory
Originally “Man-living-health” theory
Three themes:
1. Meaning
2. Rythmicity
3. Transcendence

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 PARSE’S MODEL

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 Pender’s Health Promotion
Model

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 Roy’s Adaptation Model

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 Milio’s Framework for
Prevention
Premise: Behavioral patterns of populations
are a result of habitual patterns and limited
choices
Challenged “lack of knowledge” concept
Proposed that government and institutional
choices set the range of options for
aggregate and individual choices

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 Salmon White’s Construct for
Public Health Nursing
Categories of nursing interventions
Education directed toward voluntary change in
the attitudes and behavior of the subjects
Engineering directed at managing risk-related
variables
Enforcement directed at mandatory regulation to
achieve better health
Interventions target determinants in four categories:
human/biologic, environmental,
medical/technologic/organizational, and social

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 Minnesota Wheel – the Public
Health Interventions Model

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 Omaha System Model

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 Block and Josten’s
Ethical Theory Of
Population Focused Nursing
Three essential elements of population
focused nursing
An obligation to population
The primacy of prevention
Centrality of relationship - based care.
The first two are from public health and the
third element from nursing.
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 Canadian Model For Community
Basis for the Canadian Community Health
Nursing Practice Model

The values and beliefs of Community

Health Nurses

The community health nursing process

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 Canadian Model For Community

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 Application of Eight Tenets of
PHN to CHN
1. Use a comprehensive and systematic process
2. Work in partnership with the people
3. Focus on primary prevention
4. Promote a healthful environment
5. Target all who might benefit
6. Give priority to community needs
7. Promote optimum allocation of resources
8. Collaborate with others in the community

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 Social Issues Influencing CHN
Care
Communication technology
Genetic engineering
Global economy
Migration
Terrorism and bioterrorism
Climate changes

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