6. Mathematics (Code No. 041) The syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes from time to time in accordance with growth of the subject and the emerging needs of society. Senior Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the student go either for higher academic education in Mathematics or for professional courses like engineering, commerce or Computer applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed to meet the emerging needs of all categories of students. In order to relate Mathematics to real life situations and other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on applications of various concepts. OBJECTIVES ‘The broad objectives of studying Mathematics at senior school stage intend to help the pupil to * acquire knowledge and critical understanding of basic facts, concepts, terms, principles and symbols and mastery of underlying processes and skills. apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems. * — develop positive attitude to think, analyse and articulate logically. * develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions. * — develop necessary skills to work with modem technological devices such as calculators and computers. COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI PART A Note : Part A is compulsory for every student. In addition, he/she should opt for either Part B or Part C, Chapter 1. Sets = Chapter 2. Relations and Functions 4 Chapter 3. Mathematical Induction 52Chapter 4. Logarithms Chapter 5. Complex Numbers Chapter 6. Linear Inequations hapter 7. Quadratic Equations ipter 8. Sequences and Series ter 9. Trigonometry 10. Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 11. Straight Lines and Family of Straight Lines t 12. Circles 13. Conic Sections 14, Permutations and Combinations /15. Binomial Theorem . Exponential and Logarithmic Series (7. Mathematical Logic Statistics PART B coduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry PART C Shares and Debentures ‘and Partition Values bers 53Chapter 1 : Sets (Periods 8) Sets and their representations, Finite and infinite sets, Empty set, Equal sets, Subsets, Power set, Universal set, Venn diagrams, Complements ofa set, Operations on sets (union, intersection and difference of two sets), Applications of sets. Chapter 2 : Relations and Functions (Periods 12) Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets, Relations, domain, co-domain and range, Functions - into and onto functions, one-one into and one-one onto functions, Constant function, Identity function, Composition of functions, Invertible functions, Binary operations. Chapter 3 : Mathematical Induction (Periods 6) The principle of mathematical induction, Simple applications. Chapter 4 : Logarithms (Periods 10) Meaning of logarithm of a number to a given base a, a> 0, 1, Laws of logarithms ineluding change of base, Common logarithm (Base 10), Characteristic and mantissa, Antilogarithms, Logarithmic tables, Applications of logarithms to problems of compound interest, growth and decay (depreciation). Chapter 5 : Complex Numbers (Periods 10) Complex numbers in the form a + ib, Real and imaginary parts of a complex number, Complex conjugate, Argand diagram, Representation ofa complex number by a point in a plane, Modulus and argument of a complex number. Algebra of complex numbers, Triangle inequality |Z, + Z| s |Z * |Z,| and also \Z,Z,|=[Z,|- |Z, Polar representation of a complex number, Square root of a complex number, Cube roots of unity. Chapter 6 : Linear Inequations (Periods 8) Solution of a linear inequation in one variable and its graphical representation, Solution of system of linear inequations in one variable, Graphical solutions of linear inequations in two variables, Solution of system of linear inequations in two variables. } Chapter 7: Quadratic Equations (Periods 12) Solution of a quadratic equation in the complex number system by (i) Factorization, (ii) Using formula, Relation between roots and coefficients, Nature of roots, Formation of quadr equations with given roots, Symmetric functions of roots, Equations reducible to quadratic forms. Chapter 8 : Sequences and Series (Periods 12) Sequence and examples of finite and infinite sequences, Arithmetic progression (A.P.) - first. term, common difference and nth term, Sum to n terms of an A.P. Arithmetic mean (A.M,), 54insertion of arithmetic means between any two given numbers, Geometric Progression (G.P.), fist term, common ratio and nth term, Sum ton terms and infinite number of terms of Gre ‘ Reourring demical numbers as geometric series, Geometric mean (GM), insertion of Geomesc means between any two given numbers. Harmonic Progression, Harmonic Mean (HM), relationship among;A.M., G.M. and H.M., Arithmetico - geometric series, sum to n terms ang sum of infinite arithmetico-geometric series, Special series : En, n*, Zw’, Sum of series using above special series. Chapter 9 : Trigonometry (Periods 35) Degree measure and radian measure of positive and negative angle, relation between degree and radian, Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of a unit circle, Periadic funetions, concept of periodicity of Trigonometri functions, Values of trigonometrs functions of x for x = 0, mi6, mi/4, n/3, m /2, x, 3n/2, 2n, Trigonometric functions of sum and difference of numbers : sin (x + y) = simx cosy + cosx siny; cos (x + y) = cosx cosy F sinx siny; tax x + tan y Wi a in (2m + x) = + sin x, cos(2n + x) = cos x, cos (-x) x 5 Lee ee a sin (= 7x} = c0s x, cos (n F x) = cos x, sin (w ¥ x) = + sin x, Trigonometric functions of multiples and submultiples of numbers, sin 2x = 2sinx cosx, Cos2x = | - 2sin’x = 2cos’x — 1 = cos’ — sin’x, ‘sin 3 x = 3sin x ~ 4sin’x, cos3x = 4c0s%x — 3c0s x, 3tan x ~ tan'x 1 ~3 tan’x 3x = ee X+sin y = 2sin z 7 eos xty fe cos ¥ = 2e0s —— cos i =sin y= 2008 <= sin tor 2sin sin 55Conditional identities for the angles ofa triangle, Graph of the following trigonometric functions sin x, y = c0s x, y = tan x, y =a sin x, y =a cos x, y =a sin bx, y= a cos bx. Solution of Trigonometric equations of the type sin@ = sinc, cos® = coso, tan = tana,, and equations reducible to these forms, Solution of triangles : Proof and applications of the following formulae : be Gii)_a = b cosC + € cosB, ete. (iv) sin A2=*\ eyes sete. (vi) A= (1/2) be sin A, ete. Problems on heights and distances, Concept of inverse trigonometric functions and their use to reduce expressions to simplest forms (i) sin“! (sin x) = x and other similar formulae. (ii). sin! (1 /-x) = cosec-'x and other similar formulae. sin! (x) = —sin"'x, tan-(-x) = tax cosec"! (x) = —cosee-!x, cos! (-x) = x — cos"x. sec"! (-x) = m —sec"'x, cot'(-x) = m -cot“!x. sin'x+ costx = m/ 2, tan'x + cot'x = x / 2, cosec"'x + sec!x = 0/2 (W) tan'x + tay (vi) tax — tan'y ) 2tan-'x, sil += +. and its graph igarithmic function (log x) and its graph. The infinite series for log, (I + x), log, (I — x), 37Chapter 17 : Mathematical Logic (Periods 12) Statements, Use of Venn diagrams in logic, Negation operation, Basic logical connectives and compound statements including their negations, Truth tables, Tautology, Duality, Algebra of statements, Applications of logic in solving simple problems. Chapter 18 : Statisties (Periods 7) ‘Mean deviation for ungrouped data, variance for grouped and ungrouped data, Standard deviation. PART B Chapter 19 : Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry (Periods 14) Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensional space, Coordinates of @ points in space, Distance between two points, Section formula, Direction cosines and direetion ratios of a line joining two points, Projection ofthe join of two points on a given line, Angle between two lines who direction ratios are given. Chapter 20 : Vectors (Periods 16) Vectors and scalars, Magnitude and direction of a vector, ‘Types of vectors - equal vectors, unit vector, zero vector, position vector of a point, localized and free vectors, parallel affil collinear vectors, negative of a vector, Components of a vector, Addition of vectors, Multiplication of a vector by a scalar, Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio, Application of vectors in geometry. PART C Chapter 21 : Stocks, Shares and Debentures (Periods 12) Shares and their types, Face value and market value of a share and dividend, Stock and Brokerage, Calculation of income on stocks and shares. Market value of a stock, Sale and purchase of stocks, Shares, debentures their sale/purchase and income thereon. Chapter 22 : Average and Partition Values (Periods 10) ‘Types of averages, mode and median, Partition values, quartiles, deciles and percentiles, Computation of partition values, Merits and Demerits of different partition values, Chapter 23 : Index Numbers (Periods 8) Index numbers - definition and uses, Construction of index numbers, Aggregate method, Simple average of relative method using arithmetic mean and problems. 58CLASS XII fe: Part A is compulsory for every student. In addition, he/she should opt for either Part B or a PART A (CORE TOPICS) (COMPULSORY) |. Matrices and Determinants 2 2. Boolean Algebra 4 3. Probability 6 4, Functions, Limits and Continuity 4 Differentiation 8 Applications of Derivatives 10 Indefinite Integrals 10 Definite Integrals 10 Differential Equations 6 PART B | Vectors (continued) 6 Three-dimensional Geometry 10 Elementary Statics 8 entary Dynamics 6 PART C ership 4 ‘of Exchange 6 Programming 6 4 ions of Calculus in Commerce and Econor 4CLASS XIE PART A (CORE) Chapter 1 : Matrices and Determinants (Periods 20) Concept of a matrix, types of matrices, Equality of matrices (only real entries) may be considered, Operations of addition, scalar multiplication and multiplication of matrices, State- ‘ments of important results on operations of matrices and their verification by numerical problems only. Determinant of a square matrix, Properties of determinants, Minors and cofactors, Applications of determinants in (i) finding area of a triangle, (ii) solving a system of linear equations, Transpose, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, Consistency and iiconsistency of system of linear equations, Solving system of linear equations, in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix. Chapter 2 : Boolean Algebra (Periods 15) Boolean algebra as an algebraic structure, Principle of duality, Boolean function, Conditional and biconditional statements, Valid arguments, Switching circuits, Application of Boolean algebra toswitching circuits. Chapter 3 : Probability (Periods 18) Random experiments and sample space, events as subsets of sample space, occurrence of an event, sure and impossible events, exhaustive events, algebra of events, meaning of equally likely outcomes, Probability of an event, theorem on probability; addition rule, multiplication rule, independent experiments and independent events [finding P (A or B), P (A and B)], Random variables, Probability distribution of a random variable. Chapter 4 : Functions, Limits and Continuity (Periods 12) Chapter § Concept of a real function, its domain and range, Types of functions and their graphs, Limit of a function, meaning and related notations, Left and right hand limits. Fundamental theorems on limits (statement only), Proof of the standard limits : sin x lim xa =na-(a> 0), lim x90 x Limit at infinity and infinite limits, Continuity ofa function (i) ata point, (ii) overan open/closed interval, Sum, product and quotient of continuous functions. Continuity of special funetions- polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, inverse trigonometric functions. (Periods 25) Derivative of a function, its geometrical and physical significance, Relationship between con- tinuity and differentiability, Derivative of some simple functions from first principle, Derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions, Derivative of polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, inverse trigonometric and implicit functions. Logarithmic differentia. 60san ervative of functions expressed in parametric form, chain rule and differentiation by Substitution. Derivatives of second order. Chapter 6 (Periods 25) increasing and decreasing functions and st and least values, Rolle’s theorem and (Periods 25) "erals. Integration by substitution, use in integrating rational functions, Integral of the type « Tate ES. fate. fete Partial fractions and their f dx (px + q)dx we +b te Jax + ox be i dx, = Var + bx te Sats bx re Integration by parts, Integral of the types : Jem sin bx dx, I ba dx, Na? x? dx Nowe ¥ bx + 6) dx, Jpx + q) Varo ix re dx ete. aes je Isinr' * dx ete atbeosx ’ J a+b sing’ SM” % dx ete, + Definite Integrals (Periods 25) lamental theorems of intega ral calculus (without proof), substitution, (ti) using properties of definite integrals e = I 2 = z a 2 i baie z e : —, = & = 61i dx= (es dx ° ° a a a [ro J tear eer o ° ° a a Poros-2 f f(x) dx if f 2a — x) = fx) ° b A [to 6-0 iF enn = f(x) ° a f fox) dx = 2 frm dx if f(x) is even function and -a o =0 if f(x) is odd function of x Application of definite integrals in finding areas bounded by a curve. Circle, parabola and ellipse in standard form between two ordinates and x-axis, Area between two curves, line and circle, line and parabola, line and ellipse. Chapter 9 : Differential Equations (Periods 15) Definition, order and degree, General and particular solution of a differential equation, For- mation of differential equations whose general solution is given, Solution of differential equa- tions by method of separation of variables, Homogeneous differential equations of first order and their solutions. Solution of linear differential equation of the type : dy e+ PO) y = QO), where P(x) and Q(x) are functions of x, Solution of second onder differential equations : é PART B Chapter 10 : Vectors (continued) (Periods 12) Scalar (or dot) product of vectors, Projection of a vector on a line, Vector (or cross) product of two vectors. Application of dot and cross products in (i) finding areas of triangle and a parallelogram, (ii) problems of plane geometry and trigonometry, (iii) finding work done by a force, (iv) vector moment of a vector about a point, Scalar triple product and its applications, Moment ofa vector about a line. Coplanarity of three vectors or four points using scalar triple product. Vector triple product. 62apter LL: ‘Three Dimensional Geometry (Periods 18) ns of line through (i) a point and parallel to a given veetor, (i) through two points. Collinearity of three points, Coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance amwen two tines, condition forthe intersection oftwo lines. Cartesian and vector equations of 1 plane (i) when the normal vector ‘and the distance of the plane from the origin is given, {iy passing through a point and perpendicular to agiven vector ) passingthrough a point and parallel to two given Fines or through the intersection of two other planes, (iv) containing two Fines, (x) passing through three points, Angle between (}) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and aplane, Condition of coplanarity oftwo lines in vector and ‘Cartesian form, length of perpendicular of a point from a plane by both vector and Cartesian methods, vector an Cartestan equations of a sphere, its centre and radius, diameter form of the equation of a sphere. : Cartesian and vector equatior 12: Elementary Statics (Periods 14) resultant of forces acting at a librium of a particle under and its converse, basic laws of mechanics, force. resolved parts of a force, Equi ¥ forces and its converse, Lami’s theorem juple and its moment. Introduction, basic concepts and point, parallelogram law of forces, three concurrent forces, triangle law of ‘Two parallel forces, like and unlike parallel forees, €o 13: Elementary Dynamics (Periods 16) average speed, instantaneous speed, accel- ‘Motion of a particle along a line when inder gravity, Projectile motion - the height and time of Basic concepts - displacement, speed and velocity, fon and retardation, resultant of two velocities, ing with constant acceleration, motion of particle m th ofa projectile, its horizontal range, velocity at any instant, greatest PART C (Periods 6) profit, Partner's salaries, interest on capital entof capital for unequal periods, sharing of ment of an existing partner. sharing on the admission of a new partner/retires Bill of Exchange (Periods 8) (Periods 16) definition of related terminology such as constraints, objective Funcion. optimi- nr sooost lines, Advantages of linear programming, Limitations of linear pro- ‘Application areas of linear programming, Different tyPes of linear programming ep, Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, Graphical method of solution for 63problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum feasible solution. Chapter 17: Annuities (Periods 8) Annuity and its types, Present value and amount in case of (i) ordinary annuity, (ii) annuity due, (iii) deferred annuity, Sinking fund. Chapter 18 : Ap| ications of Calculus in Commerce and Economics (Periods 8) Average cost and marginal cost, Total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue, Break even analysis, Maximization of total revenue and total profits, Minimization of average cost. Chapter 19 : Probability (Periods 14) Conditional probability, Baye’s theorem and its applications, Recall of concept of random variables and its probability distribution, Mean and variance of random variables, Binomial and Poisson's distributions, their mean, variance and applications, Applications of these dis- tributions in commerce and industry. 64