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 Resonance

o Different ways to show a compounds arrangement of electrons


o Resonance vs. Isomer
 Resonance structures that differ in the arrangement of electrons
 Isomers differ in the arrangement of both the atoms and electrons.
o Hybrid resonance structures
 Composite of all possible resonance structures
 Strain (Newman Projections)
o Torsional strain
 An increase in energy due to eclipsing interactions
o Steric Strain
 An increase in energy when atoms are forced too close to each other
o Angle strain
 An increase in energy when tetrahedral bond angles deviate from 109.5
 Newman Projections
o Staggared
 Lower energy
 More stable
o Eclipised
 Higher energy
 Less stable
o Gauche conformations
 Higher in energy because of Steric strain
 Cis & Trans
o Cis
 Two groups on the same side of the ring; both up or down
o Trans
 Two groups on opposite sides of the ring; one up and one down
 Optical activity
o Active solution
 Chiral compound
o Inactive solution
 Achiral compound (no stereogenic centers)
 Meso compound (achiral compound with two or more stereogenic centers
 Racemic mixture (an equal amount of two Enantiomers
 Specific rotation
o Specific rotation=[a]=a/l*c
 a=observed rotation
 l= length of sample tube
 c=concentration

 Enantiomeric excess
o Ee= % of enantiomer - % of other enantiomer= a(mixture)/a(pure enantiomer)*100%
 Ee= enantiomeric excess

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