فحوصات التربة للاغراض الانشائية

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‫ﺍﻝﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬
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‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻬـﻴﺩ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.....‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.................‬‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪..........................‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪......................‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪ 4-3-1‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ‪...................‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪.............‬‬ ‫‪4-1‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪........‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2-2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.........‬‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ‪.........................‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.......‬‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬

‫‪62‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪........‬‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﻝﻸﻏــﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪...........................‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ 1-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‪.....................‬‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪ 2-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪.......................‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-3‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.........‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﻥ‪..........................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪..........................‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ‪......................‬‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬

‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪ 1-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﺠﺭﺍﻨﺩ‪............‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪ 2-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.............‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻴﻑ‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪................................‬‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪ 4-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.........................‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪...............‬‬ ‫‪4-3‬‬

‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ )ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ(‪......................‬‬
‫‪105‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪........................‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬

‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪ 1-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ‪.......‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪ 2-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.........‬‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪ 3-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪....‬‬
‫‪117‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪..............‬‬ ‫‪6-3‬‬

‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪ 1-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ‪...‬‬

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‫‪126‬‬ ‫‪ 2-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل‪......‬‬
‫‪132‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬

‫‪133‬‬ ‫‪ 1-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪...‬‬
‫‪134‬‬ ‫‪ 2-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺵ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ‪......‬‬
‫‪ 3-7-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.......................‬‬
‫‪ 4-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ‬
‫‪138‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪....................................‬‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪ 5-7-3‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪............‬‬
‫‪154‬‬ ‫‪ 6-7-3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‪...‬‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪166‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل ‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪1-4‬‬
‫‪180‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪........‬‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬ ‫‪3-4‬‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.....................‬‬
‫‪191‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‪......‬‬ ‫‪4-4‬‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ – ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪196‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪............‬‬ ‫‪1-5‬‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪..‬‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬
‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2-5‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪...................‬‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﺒﺭﻙ‪................‬‬

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‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪ 3-2-5‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪....‬‬
‫‪202‬‬ ‫‪ 4-2-5‬ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪....‬‬
‫‪202‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫‪3-5‬‬
‫‪223‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪224‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-6‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬ ‫‪2-6‬‬
‫‪228‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪.......................‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬ ‫‪3-6‬‬
‫‪231‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪........................‬‬
‫‪235‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪236‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-7‬‬
‫‪241‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪...........‬‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬
‫‪247‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ(‬

‫‪248‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬
‫‪255‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ)‪(CBR‬‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬
‫‪263‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪264‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺨل‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪1-9‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬
‫‪266‬‬ ‫ﺇﺤﻼل ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‪.......................‬‬
‫‪272‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪...........‬‬ ‫‪3-9‬‬
‫‪279‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‪..............‬‬ ‫‪4-9‬‬

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‫‪283‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤــــﻼﺤــــﻕ‬
‫‪284‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪.............................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(1‬‬
‫‪285‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪............‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﺴـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‬
‫‪286‬‬ ‫ﻜﺤﺩ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‪.....................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻨﻘـﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸـﺎﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(4‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‪................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(5‬‬
‫‪289‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪..........‬‬
‫‪290‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‪......................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(6‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴـﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(7‬‬
‫‪292‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.....................................‬‬
‫‪293‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬

‫‪295‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬
‫‪298‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫‪299‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬
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‫)‪(Introduction‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺠﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎل‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺏ ﺃﺒﻨﻴـ ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻨـ ‪‬‬
‫ﺱ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺍﻗـ ‪‬‬
‫ﺱ ﺃﺒﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ‪‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺠﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜل ﻓﺤﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻜﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺤﺘـل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻨـﻭﻉ ﺃﺸـﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﻼﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘـﻨﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁـﺎﺕ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻝﻸﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘـﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻫﻅﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻔـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻨﻔﻕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﺼﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ ‪-0.1‬‬
‫‪ %2.0‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻤﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻭﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺩﻝل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹸﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﻴﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻝﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺴﻌﻨﻲ ﻝﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻀـﺤﻴ‪‬ﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠ ﹸ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻹﺸـﺎﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝـﻨﺹ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﻗﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ‪ / /‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜل ﺍﺴﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭُﺃﻗﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﻭﺍﻗﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﺍﺠﺘﻬـﺩﺕ ﻝﻜـﻲ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺍﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴـﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ )‪ (Borehole‬ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ )ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ )ﺒﺌﺭ ﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ )ﺠﺴ‪‬ﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘـﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺴﺒﺭ( ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼـﻭﺩ ﺒﻬـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ )‪ ،(Clay‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝـﺔ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻁﻴﻥ( ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ )ﻏﹸﻀـﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺃﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻭﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﺭﻕ ﻭﺃﺴـﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺒﺘﻌﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻭﺽ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﺨـﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ل ﺘﻌﻭ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﻘﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﻌﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻝﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻗـﺎﺌﻡ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬـﺩﻑ – ﻭﻝـﻭ‬
‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ – ﻓﺴﺄﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﺫل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻪ ﻤﺜﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻤﻔﻴﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺠﺯﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﻜﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﺭ )ﺒﻜﺩﺍﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺸﺠﻊ ﻭﺘﺒﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺘﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﺩﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜﺭ ﻝﻜل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠـﻪ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜﺭ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﺴﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺘﺼـﺤﻴﺢ ﻝﺨﻁـﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻔـﻭﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ –‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (1874‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪hcl@zaytona.com‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﺤﻤــﺩ ﺤﺠــﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪2003‬‬

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‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻝﻐﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺃﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ )……‪ (1,2,3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻝﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻌﺞ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬـﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ )‪ ، (.... ،3،2،1‬ﺭﺃﻴـﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﺃﺘﻪ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻑ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻗﺒﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﹼﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻭﺤﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻡ‪ :‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺒـﻥ ﻋﺒـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺎﺭﺴـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺒـﻥ ﻴﺭﺒـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺒﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺨﺘﺯﻝﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘـﺎﺏ‬
‫)ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ( ﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻲ)ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻬﺠـﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻗﻲ )‪ . (... ،3،2،1‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﻁﻤﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻝﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﻴﺯﹰﺍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺒﺘﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻐﺒـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (1,2,3,….‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺸﺎﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴ ‪‬ﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻘﺸـﻨﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻥ ﻋﺭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺼﻴﻼﻥ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻗﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺨ ﹼ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل – ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-1‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-1‬ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 3-1‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪2-3-1‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪3-3-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪4-3-1‬‬
‫‪ 4-1‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬

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‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫)‪(Preliminary Information‬‬
‫‪ 1-1‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(Nature and Basic Constituents of Soil‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺴـﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻪ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻌـﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺃﻗل‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺯﻻﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨـﺩﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪،(Solid particles‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ )‪،(Voids‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Water‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ (Air‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-1‬ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -S‬ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ -W‬ﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ -A‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(1-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ‬

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‫)‪ ،(Partially saturated‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤـﹰﺎ‬

‫)‪.(Fully saturated‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼـﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )‪ -(Non-cohesive soil‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻔﺘﺕ ﺍﻝﺼـﺨﻭﺭ ﺒﻔﻌـل ﻋﻭﺍﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(Erosion‬ﻭﻴﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝـﻰ ﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Plasticity‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ )‪ ،(Cohesion‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ )‪ (Boulders‬ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺒﺵ )‪ ،(Cobbles‬ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫‪60‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ )‪ (Gravel‬ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻡ )‪ (Fine‬ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪2‬ﻭ‪6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤـﺔ )‪ (Medium‬ﻭﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻭ‪20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ )‪ (Coarse‬ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪20‬ﻭ‪ 60‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ – ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )‪ (Sand‬ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 0.06‬ﻭ ‪ 0.20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 0.20‬ﻭ ‪ 0.60‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‪ 0.60‬ﻭ ‪ 2.00‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )‪ -(Cohesive soil‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻴﻘل ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪0.06‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ )‪ (Silt‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 0.002‬ﻭ ‪ 0.060‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )‪ (Clay‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﻘل ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 0.002‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻔﺼ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ )ﻁـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁﹰﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،(Sandy clay -‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻁـﻴﻥ )ﺭﻤـل ﻁﻴﻨـﻲ –‬
‫‪ ،(Clayey sand‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ )ﻁـﻴﻥ ﻁﻤﻴـﻲ‪Silty -‬‬
‫‪ ،(clay‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻠﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴـﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻁﻔﺎل )‪.(Loam‬‬
‫‪ 2-1‬ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫)‪(Purposes of Laboratory Soil Testing‬‬

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‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫)‪ (Strength requirements‬ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ )‪.(Bearing capacity‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪ (Settlement‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﺤﺼل ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ )‪ (Differential settlement‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )‪ – (Ground water‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ )‪ (Sulphates‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ (Chlorides‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻀـﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ )‪.(Sulphate resisting cement‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ )ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻁـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺜﻠـﻭﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ……ﺍﻝﺦ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺫﺭ ﻜﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺒﻁـﺔ )‪ (Loess or collapsing soil‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻔﺨـﺔ ﺃﻭ –‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺩﺩﺓ‪ (Swelling or expansive soil) -‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺨﺘﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒـﺫﻝﻬﺎ ﺨـﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪ ،(Site investigation‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﻼ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒـﺫﻝﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺨﻠل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﻋـﺩﻡ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺜـل ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـﻤـﻊ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪(Soil Sampling‬‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪(Site Investigation‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤل ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻴﺸـﻤل ﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤـﻲ ﻭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻝﻠﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺘﺘﻠﻭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻝﻴـﺔ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺘـﻪ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁـﻭﺓ ﻴﺠـﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪– (Site‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪exploration‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Boreholes‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Trial pits‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﺼﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻠﺨﻁـﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁـﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻜﻜل ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺒـﺎﻝﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪.1*/3،2،1/‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ) ‪(Types of Soil Samples‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ) ‪ (Site investigation plan‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪– (Undisturbed‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ )‪samples‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺁﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ )‪ (Drilling rig‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ـﻁﺔ ﺍﻝـ‬
‫ـﺔ )‪ (Tube samplers‬ﺒﻭﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺃﺴـ‬
‫ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـ‬
‫)‪ (Rotation‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ )‪ (Block samples‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(2-1‬‬
‫*‪ 1‬ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬

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‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓـﻭﺭ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﻤﻊ )‪ (Wax‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ )‪(Paraffin‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺫﻭﻴﺒﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺒﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨ ‪‬ﺭﻡ( ﻭﻴﺠـﺭﻱ ﺼـﺏ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺠـﻭ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (Shear‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ (Unconfied compression‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪ (Triaxial test‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀــﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Consolidation‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴــﺔ )‪(Permeability‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪– (Disturbed‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪samples‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻘﺎﺏ )‪ (Auger‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻕ )‪ (Percussion‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪ (Wash boring‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﺨـﺫ ﻓﻜـﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻝﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺒـﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ )‪ ،(Visual description‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻫﻡ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (2-1‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺴﺭ )ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ(‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ) ‪Physical‬‬

‫‪ (and chemical properties‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ) ‪Natural‬‬
‫‪ (moisture content‬ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ )‪ (Atterberg limits‬ﻝﻠﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ )‪ (Gradation‬ﻭﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ) ‪Specific‬‬
‫‪ (gravity‬ﻭﻜــﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺤﺘــﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــﺎﺕ )‪ (Sulphate content‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴــﺩ‬
‫ﻷﺱ ﺍﻝﻬﻴــﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (PH value‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫــﺎ ﻤــﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Chloride content‬ﻭﺍ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒل ﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﺴـﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺨﻠل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ -‬ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺼﻐﹶﺭ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﺨﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻲ ﻝﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻀﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ ‪‬ﻴﻌﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻨﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺃﺼ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪/9،5،3،2،1/‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫)‪(Quick Tests for Soil Identification‬‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ )‪ ،(Visual description‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻁـﻼﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ )‪ (1-1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ ﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ ‪/1/‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ‪: /3،1/‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-1‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ‬
‫ﹸﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Gravel and gravelly soil‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻤﻼﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫)‪(Sand and sandy soils‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻼﻤﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ )‪(Silt‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻁﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ(‬
‫‪‬ﻴﺸﻜل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫)‪(Medium plastic clay‬‬
‫‪‬ﻴﺸﻜل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻑ‪ .‬ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪.5‬‬
‫ﺸﺤﻤﻴﹰﺎ )‪.(Fatty‬‬ ‫)‪(Highly plastic clay‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺝ – ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴﻊ )‪: (Reaction to shaking – Dilatancy‬‬

‫ﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ .(40‬ﺘﺅﺨـﺫ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 8200‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺘﻭﻀـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻤﺯﺝ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻌـﺔ )ﻭﻝﻴﺴـﺕ‬
‫ﻝﺯﺠﺔ(‪ .‬ﹸﺘﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻔﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻘﻕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻔﺘﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻱ )‪ ،(Non-organic silt‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻁﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﻬـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﻴﻥ ﻝﺩﻥ )‪.(Plastic clay‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Dry strength‬‬

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‫ﹸﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ .(40‬ﺘﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔـﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺴـﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ ،(Highly plastic clay‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺴـﺎﻭﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻁﻤﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ )‪ ،(Non- organic silt‬ﺘﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺭﻜﻬـﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻴـﻲ )‪(Fine silty sand‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪: (Consistency near plastic limit‬‬

‫ﹸﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ .(40‬ﹸﺘﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻁﻭل ﻀﻠﻌﻪ ‪ 10‬ﻤﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻤﻠﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺍﺤﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﺠـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﻘـﺹ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﻠﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻔﺘﺕ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻠـﻎ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻭﻁ )‪ (Toughness‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺼﻼﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺒﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻀﻌﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (Low plastic clay‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺅﻭﻝﻴﻥ )‪.(Kaolin‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀـﻭﻴﺔ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﺴﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﺏ )ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ( )‪: (Dispersion test‬‬
‫ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪100-50‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﺠـﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )‪ (Jar‬ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺨﻼل ‪ 15‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻴـﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺭﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﺍ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ )‪ (Consistency‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Hard‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺇﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼـﻠﺩﺓ ﺠـﺩﹰﺍ )‪ (Very stiff‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼـﻠﺩﺓ )‪ (Stiff‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺴﺨﺔ )‪ (Medium stiff‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺒﺒﺫل ﺠﻬﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Soft‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺠـﺩﹰﺍ )‪ (Very soft‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻘﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ )‪(Identification of rocks‬‬

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‫َﹸﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺼــﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭﻴــﺔ )‪ (Igneous rocks‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺍﻨﻴــﺕ )‪(Granite‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ )‪ (Diorite‬ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻝـﺩﻴﺎﺒﻴﺯ )‪(Dolorite and diabase‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺎﺒﺭﻭ )‪ (Gabro‬ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺎﺯﻝﺕ )‪ (Basalt‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺩﺴﺎﻴﺕ )‪ (Andesite‬ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ )‪.(Volcanic ash‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (Metamorphic rocks‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻨـﺎﻴﺱ )‪(Gneiss‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺴﺕ )‪ (Schist‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻭﺍﺯ )‪ (Slate‬ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺨﺎﻡ )‪ (Marble‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺕ‬
‫)‪.(Quartzite‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ )‪ (Sedimentary rocks‬ﻭ ﹸﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Calcareous rocks‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭ )‪(Chalk‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ )‪،(Limestone‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭﻱ )‪،(Putty chalk‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻁﻔﺔ )‪،(Tufa‬‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬ﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ )‪،(Marl‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻝ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬ﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻓﻲ )‪،(Shell marl‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻝ ‪‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Arenaceous rocks‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫)‪،(Sandstone‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺼﻭ‪‬ﺍﻥ )‪،(Chert‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ )‪،(Mudstone‬‬
‫ﺫ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﻴﺔ )‪.(Shale‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل )‪ (5-1) ،(4-1) ،(3-1‬ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪./1/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (2-1‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ)‪ (200‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻼﻤﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻜل‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﺼﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻘﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪( 200‬ﻭ)‪ (60‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﺒﺵ‬
‫ﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤــــﺎﺴـــﻙ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻴـــــﺭ ﻝـــــــــﺩﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪(60‬ﻭ)‪(2‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﺭﻭﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﻭ)‪ (0.06‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﻭل ﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻑ‪ .‬ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫ﻤﺘﺸﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺇﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺨﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (0.06‬ﻭ)‪(0.002‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺠﻬﺩﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤــــﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (Dilatancy‬ﺘﺠﻑ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﺒﺒﺫل ﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺴﺨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻴﻘل ﺴﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ )‪ (6‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺎﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻁﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ )‪ (6‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﻘل ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ )‪ (0.002‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻻ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁــــــــﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻘﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻔﺘﺕ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻠﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻭﻝﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺘﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺠﻑ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻑ ﻭﻴﺼﺤﺏ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺒل‬

‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺴﺦ ﺃﺴﻔﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺙ‬
‫ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﻪ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (3-1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻤﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺍﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺨﺸﻥ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫‪60‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺠﻤﺎﺘﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ )‪ (50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺨﺸﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺨﺸﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺩﺍﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺩﺍﻜﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫)ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﻗﺎﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺠﻴﻭﻜﻠﻴﺯ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪60‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺸﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺒﻠـــــــــــــــﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺠــــــﻭﻓـــــــــﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺠﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﺠﻴﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ )‪ (20‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (20‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻓﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺭﻨﺒﻠﻨﺩ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﻨﻴﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﺩﻭﺘﺎﻴﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺒﺭﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻉ )‪ (50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﺍ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﻜﺒﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻌﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺼﺎﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻜﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺸﻤﻌﻲ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺘﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﻁﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻅﻬﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻅﻬﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﻨﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻝﺏ ﺒﻌﺭﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪0.06‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻨﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﺒﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺍﺤﺴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺭﺍﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻉ )‪ (50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﺍ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﻜﺒﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻀﺭﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺩﺍﻜﻥ )ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺭﺩﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ )ﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ‪ /‬ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺤﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺨﻀﺭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻅﻼل ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺠﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﻭﻻﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺫﻭ ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻜــــــــﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻝﻭﺯﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺯﻝﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻝﻭﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﺴﻴﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ)ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﺎﻑ(‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺫﻭ ﺒﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﺼﺩﻉ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﺒﺴﻴﺩﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺫﻭ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻗﺎﺘﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺸﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭ )ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺸﺴﺘﻭﻥ(‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(4-1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﻝﺔ‬

‫ﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﺸـﻭﺍﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ )ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺴﺕ ﻤﺘﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺎﻴﺱ ﻤﺘﺤـﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺼـﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺤﻲ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺭﻱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﺘﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﺎﺘﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺏ ﺒﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻗـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺭﻨﻔﻠﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﺕ )ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻋﻤﻭﻤـ ﹰﺎ ﻓـﺎﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺭﻨﺒﻠﻨﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺎﺌﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺸﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻭﻤﺎﻴﺕ ﺒﺩ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻴﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻭﻤﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔـﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻭﻤﻴﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺫﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼـﺤﻭﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺒـﺎﻝﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺌﺤﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺍﻨﻭﻻﻴﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻭﺠﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ )‪ (95‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻴﻤﻴل ﻷﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻠﻁﺤﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﺎﻋﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺕ )ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺒﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﺯﻉ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻠﹼﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ‬
‫)‪ (0.06‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻅﻬﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻘﻁ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻼﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺯﻉ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺼـﻔﺎﺌﺢ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻭﺍﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5-1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺭﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘـل ﻋـﻥ)‪(50‬‬ ‫ﺸﻅﺎﻴﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺼـﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺩﺴـﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭىﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪ %50‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ )ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ(‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺼـﺨﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻤﺫﺍﻕ ﻤﻠﺤﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺨﺩﺵ ﺒﻅﻔـﺭ ﺍﻻﺼـﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻝﻴـﺕ )ﻤﻠـﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭﻱ(‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺨﺩﺵ ﺒﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺼﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻌﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻝﺒﻀﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻠﻭﻤﺭﺍﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻨﺠﻠﺭﻭﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻲ ﺍﺒﻴﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻝﻭﻨـﻪ ﺍﺯﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺨﺸﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻫﺘ ﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻼﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠـﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺫﻭ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺸـﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺩﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻫﻴﺩﺭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﺸﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﺸﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬

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‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺫﻭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ)‪ (1.9-1.8‬ﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺍﺴﺎﺴـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺭﻴﻕ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻭﻤﻜﺴﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﻌﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ـﺨﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻭﺼـ‬
‫ـﻅﺎﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺸـ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺼﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺼــﻔﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺴــﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻏﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (90‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺭﻗﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺒﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭ ﻅﻼل ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻤﻜﺴـﺭ ﻤﺤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (95‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤـﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (90‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺨﺩﺵ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻁﻭﺍﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﻏـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﺼﺨﺭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺼﻼﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺫﻭ ﻤﻜﺴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ ﹰﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ـﻔﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻤﻠ ـﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻜـﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ـﺭﻭ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫)‪ (75‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌـ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫ﻭ)‪ (25‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻭﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺘــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼــﺨﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺩﺴﺒﺎﺭ )ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ـﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـ‬
‫ﺫﺍ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﻏـﺔ‬
‫ـﻔﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻤﻠ ـﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺭﻜﻭﺯ‬
‫)‪ (75‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤـﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﺼﺨﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪0.06‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻅﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘل‬

‫ـﻲ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻤـ‬
‫ـﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـ‬
‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ‪0.02‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴ ُﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻅﺎﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺨﺸﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﺼﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻁﻔﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺠـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺤــﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻴــﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻔﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠـﺭ ﺍﻝـﻭﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘـل‬
‫ﻋﻥ )‪ (50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻠﻤـﺱ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻴـ ﹰﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻬل ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻁﻔﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻝﻴﻭﺘﺎﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻔﺎل‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪(Site investigation report‬‬ ‫‪4-1‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﺘﻘﻴـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺸﺎﻤل ﻝﻠﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﻘﺩﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻝﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺴﺭﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻝﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻤـﺕ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻪ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ…ﺍﻝﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻸﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺭ )ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻝﻔﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺸـﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼـﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻨـﺎﺒﻴﻊ )‪(Cracks, faults, springs‬‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺤ ﹶﻔﺭ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ(‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻶﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴـﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴـﺕ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ ﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ ﻭﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﺼـﺭﺓ‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﻁﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪-‬ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــــﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻸﻏـﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨـﺸــﺎﺌﻴــــﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ – ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-2-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻸﻏـﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﺸـﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪(Soil Properties for‬‬

‫)‪Construction Purposes‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬ﻤﺩﺨــل )‪(Introduction‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ) ‪Physical‬‬
‫‪ (properties‬ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴــﺔ )‪ (Mechanical properties‬ﻭﺃﺨــﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴــﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Chemical properties‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻤـﺔ ﻭﻀـﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪(Natural moisture content‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (Liquid limit‬ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ )‪ (Plastic limit‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (Specific gravity‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Density‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ) ‪Voids‬‬
‫‪ (ratio‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Degree of saturation‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ )‪ (Shear strength‬ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (Cohesion‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪(Angle of internal friction‬‬

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‫ـﺩﻤﻙ )‪(Compaction‬‬
‫ـﻐﺎﻁ )‪ (Compressive strength‬ﻭﺍﻝـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ (Consolidation‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ) ‪Sulphate‬‬
‫‪ (content‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (Chloride content‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻀـﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Organic impurities‬ﻭﺍﻻﻤـﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ ﻝﻠـﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ )‪(Total soluble salts‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ )‪ (Acidity or alkalinity of environment‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (PH value‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Undisturbed‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪ (Disturbed‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺴـﺒﻕ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻗـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪(Physical properties of soil‬‬
‫ﻝﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼـﻠﺒﺔ )‪(Solid particles‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ )‪ (Voids‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪.(1-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Dry‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Partially saturated‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ )‪ (Fully saturated‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤـﻸ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﻜـل‬

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‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻨﻴﻜﻭﻻﻱ ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪(N.Gersevanov‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل )‪ (Three phase soil‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ) ‪Two‬‬
‫‪ (phase soil‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬
‫)ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﺀ(‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-2‬ﺃﺩﻨـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓـﻲ ﻓﻬـﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔـﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻫـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻨﻴـﺔ – ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫)‪(Weight – volume relationships‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )‪ (Water or moisture content‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫)‪x100 (1-2‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ )‪ (Drying oven‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪˚ 110-105‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﺒـﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـﺎﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (1-2‬ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل(‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل – ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ(‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫ﺠـ ‪ -‬ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل – ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﺀ(‬
‫‪(A – Air, S- Solids, W- Water, V- Volume, M – Mass).‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Degree of saturation‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vw‬‬
‫)‪(2-2‬‬ ‫= ‪Sr‬‬ ‫‪x100‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪Vv‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ )‪ (Sr = 0‬ﻭ ‪ % 100‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(Sr = 100 %‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (Voids ratio‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ )ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫‪Vv‬‬
‫)‪(3-2‬‬ ‫=‪e‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ‪ 0.2‬ﺍﻝﻰ ‪ 1.5‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ )‪،(Mineral soils‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻝﻰ ‪ 12‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻀـﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪Mineral – organic‬‬
‫‪ ./4/ (soils‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ )‪ (e < 1‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ )‪ (e >1‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠــﺔ )‪ (Loose‬ﻏﻴــﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀــﺎﻏﻁﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Unconsolidated‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺘﺨـﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (Porosity‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vv‬‬
‫)‪(4-2‬‬ ‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (e‬ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪e‬‬ ‫)‪(5-2‬‬
‫‪1− n‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫)‪(6-2‬‬ ‫=‪n‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ (Air Content‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪VA‬‬
‫)‪(7-2‬‬ ‫=‪A‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Bulk density‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫)‪(8-2‬‬ ‫=‪ρ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ (Kg/m³‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ‪ /‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ = (g/cm³‬ﻁﻥ ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ .(t/m³‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒـ‬
‫)‪ (ρw‬ﻭﻗﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1‬ﻏﻡ ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪ 1000 = 3‬ﻜﻐﻡ ‪ /‬ﻡ‪.3‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (Unit weight‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ )ﻗﻭﺓ(‬
‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪W M.g‬‬
‫)‪(9-2‬‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (M‬ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪ (W‬ﻨﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬

‫‪F=M.a‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – M‬ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭ – ‪ a‬ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ )‪ (a‬ﺒﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻴﺔ )‪ (g‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ )ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺠـﺫﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻝﻠﺠﺴﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ F = W‬ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪W=M.g‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (ρ‬ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (γ‬ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(10-2‬‬ ‫‪γ=ρ.g‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪(Specific gravity of solid particles‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻐل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬
‫)‪(11-2‬‬ ‫= ‪Gs‬‬
‫‪Vs ρ w‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ ،(e‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼـﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﺴـﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (e‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ )ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝـﺔ ‪ .(3-2‬ﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ )‪) (Gs.ρw‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ .(11-2‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺴـﺎﻭﻴﺔ )‪) (W.Gs.ρw‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝـﺔ ‪،(1-2‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(WGs‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘل )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل ‪ 1-2‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﺍﺸـﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫‪W.G s‬‬
‫)‪(12-2‬‬ ‫= ‪Sr‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(Sr = 1‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻨﺤﺼل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(13-2‬‬ ‫‪e = W.G s‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪G s (1 + W‬‬
‫)‪(14-2‬‬ ‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ρw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪:(12-2‬‬
‫)‪(G s + S r .e‬‬
‫)‪(15-2‬‬ ‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ρw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(Sr = 1‬ﺃﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(G s + e‬‬
‫)‪(16-2‬‬ ‫= ‪ρ sat‬‬ ‫‪ρw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(Sr = 0‬ﺃﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫)‪(17-2‬‬ ‫= ‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪ρw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪G s (1 + W‬‬
‫)‪/14-2‬ﺃ(‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫)‪G s (1 + S r .e‬‬
‫)‪/15-2‬ﺃ(‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫)‪( G s + e‬‬
‫)‪/16-2‬ﺃ(‬ ‫= ‪γ sat‬‬ ‫‪γw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪γd‬‬ ‫‪γw‬‬
‫)‪/17-2‬ﺃ(‬ ‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ γw‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ 9.8 = γw‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﺔ )‪ ،(In-situ‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻓﻲ )‪ (Buoyant unit weight‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝـ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪γ ′ = γ sat − γ w‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝـ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(G s − 1‬‬
‫)‪(18-2‬‬ ‫= ‪γ′‬‬ ‫‪γw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-2‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻝﻠﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ – ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ(‬

‫ﻷﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪./3/‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-2‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(W‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫)‪(e‬‬ ‫)‪(n‬‬
‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪1.89‬‬ ‫‪1.43‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.46‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺨﻠﺨل‬
‫‪2.09‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪0.51‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﺜﻴﻑ‬
‫‪1.99‬‬ ‫‪1.59‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻤﺨﻠﺨل‬
‫‪2.16‬‬ ‫‪1.86‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0.43‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻜﺜﻴﻑ‬
‫‪1.86‬‬ ‫‪1.36‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ )ﻝﻭﺱ( )‪(Loess‬‬
‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴل‬
‫‪1.58‬‬ ‫‪0.93‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪1.90‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻱ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫‪1.43‬‬ ‫‪0.68‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜـﺎل )‪ – (1‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ 2290‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬـﺎ‬

‫‪ 0.00115‬ﻡ‪ .3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ ‪ 2035‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤـﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ρ‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ ،(γ‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ )‪ ،(W‬ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ ،(e‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ )‪ ،(n‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Sr‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪.2.68 = (Gs‬‬
‫‪/‬ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ‪./5‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤـل ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪2.290‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1990 kg/m³ = 1.99 g/cm³‬‬
‫‪W 1.15x10 −3‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪g = 1990 x 9.8 = 19500 N/m³ = 19.5 KN/ m³‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪M w 2290 − 2035‬‬

‫=‪W‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.125 or 12.5 %.‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬ ‫‪2035‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (e‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪(14-2‬‬

‫) ‪G s (1 + W‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ρw‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬
‫ﻨﻌﻭ‪‬ﺽ‪،‬‬
‫)‪2.68(1 + 0.125‬‬
‫= ‪1990‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪1+ e‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪e = (2.68x1.25x‬‬ ‫‪) − 1 = 0.52‬‬
‫‪1990‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪0.52‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.34 = 34%‬‬
‫‪1 + e 1 + 0.52‬‬
‫‪WG s 0.125x 2.68‬‬

‫= ‪Sr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.645 = 64.5%‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪0.52‬‬
‫‪A = n (1 − S r ) = 0.34(1 − 0.645) = 0.121 = 12.1%‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﺜـﺎل )‪ – (2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ )‪ (W‬ﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ‪% 27‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ )‪ 1.97 (ρ‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪ .3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪ (ρd‬ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (e‬ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪ .(Gs‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (ρ‬ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ‪/ % 90‬ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./16‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل ‪ :‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺘـﺭ ﻤﻜﻌـﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Soil –phase diagram‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(2-2‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪Vw=Vv‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪V=1m³‬‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Ms‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(2-2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫‪= 0.27 or 27 %‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬
‫‪∴ Mw = 0.27 Ms‬‬
‫‪ρ = Mw + Ms = 1970 kg/m³‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪∴ 0.27 Ms + Ms = 1970 ⇒ Ms = 1550 kg.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋ ﹸﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ρd = 1550 kg/m³‬‬
‫‪∴ Mw = 0.27 x 1550 = 420 kg‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪420‬‬
‫= ‪Vw‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.420 m³‬‬
‫‪ρw‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪∴ Vs = 1 – 0.420 = 0.580 m³‬‬
‫‪Vv 0.420‬‬
‫=‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.724‬‬
‫‪Vs 0.580‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ (11-2‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬ ‫‪1550‬‬
‫= ‪Gs‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.68‬‬
‫‪Vs ρ w 0.580 x1000‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪% 90‬‬
‫‪Mw = 420 x 0.9 = 378 kg,‬‬
‫‪Ms = 1550 kg,‬‬
‫‪MA = 0‬‬
‫‪∴ Mw + Ms +MA = 378 + 1550 + 0 = 1928 kg/m³‬‬
‫‪).‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻝﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ( ‪∴ ρ = 1928 kg/m³‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 2-2-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﹼـﺔ )‪(Index properties‬‬
‫ﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁـﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪– (Grain properties‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﺍ ﻓﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﻬل ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﻴﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺃﻡ ﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Particle size distribution‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪(Standard sieves‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ (Hydrometer analysis‬ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤـﻲ )‪ (Silt‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁـﻴﻥ )‪ ،(Clay‬ﻭﻫﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ )‪ – (Consistency properties‬ﻭﺘﻌﺒـﺭ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺤـﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ )‪ (Atterberg limits‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﻭﻴﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1911‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (Liquid Limit - LL‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﺤـﻭل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (Plastic Limit - PL‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ )‪ (Shrinkage Limit - SL‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪ (Semi-solid state‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫)‪،(Solid state‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (Plasticity Index - PI‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺤـﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(19-2‬‬ ‫‪PI = LL − PL‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (Liquidity Index – LI‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪W − PL‬‬
‫)‪(20-2‬‬ ‫= ‪LI‬‬
‫‪PI‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ )‪ (Consistency Index – Ic‬ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪LL − W‬‬
‫)‪(21-2‬‬ ‫= ‪Ic‬‬
‫‪PI‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺩﻝﻴﻼ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (LI‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ )‪ (Ic‬ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(22-2‬‬ ‫‪I c = 1 − LI‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-2‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ ،(LI‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل )‪ (2-2‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ ‪./4/‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪(2-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻔﺎل‬
‫)‪(Sandy loams‬‬ ‫)‪(Clays and Loams‬‬
‫‪LI<1‬‬ ‫‪Hard‬‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫)‪LI<0 (W<PL‬‬ ‫‪Hard‬‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫‪0≤LI≤1‬‬ ‫‪Plastic‬‬ ‫ﻝﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪LI=0.0-0.25‬‬ ‫‪Semi-hard‬‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫‪LI=0.25-0.50‬‬ ‫‪Stiff-plastic‬‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺩ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪LI=0.50-0.75‬‬ ‫‪Soft –plastic‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻱ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪LI>1‬‬ ‫‪Liquid‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫‪LI=0.75-1.0‬‬ ‫‪Liquid-plastic‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪LI>1‬‬ ‫‪Liquid‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-2‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ‬
‫ﻤﺜــﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤـﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ )‪ (Index properties‬ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ(‬
‫ﻭ )ﺏ( ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪0.62‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪(LL‬‬
‫‪0.19‬‬ ‫‪0.26‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪(PL‬‬
‫‪% 25‬‬ ‫‪% 38‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )‪(W‬‬
‫‪2.67‬‬ ‫‪2.72‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ )‪(Gs‬‬
‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪(Sr‬‬

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‫ﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ؟‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ؟‬
‫‪/‬ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./16‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ؟‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل ‪ (1) :‬ﺴﺒﻕ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (PI‬ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ .(19-2‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔـﻪ ﺒﺄﻨـﻪ ﻤﺠـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻝﺩﻨﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪ .(3-2‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ LL‬ﻭ ‪ ،(PL‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ(‬

‫‪PI = LL – PL = 0.62 – 0.26 = 0.36‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ(‬
‫‪PI = 0.34 – 0.19 = 0.15‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ( ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫= ‪ ،1‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(2-2‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ(‬

‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫‪= 0.38 or 38 %‬‬ ‫=‪W‬‬ ‫‪= 0.25 or 25 %‬‬
‫‪Ms‬‬ ‫‪Ms‬‬
‫‪∴Mw = 0.38 Ms‬‬ ‫‪∴Mw = 0.25 Ms‬‬
‫‪∴ Vw ρw = 0.38 ρw Gs Vs‬‬ ‫‪∴ Vw ρw = 0.25 ρw Gs Vs‬‬
‫‪∴ Vw = 0.38 x 2.72 x Vs = 1.03 Vs‬‬ ‫‪∴ Vw = 0.25 x 2.67 x Vs = 0.67 Vs‬‬
‫‪Vw +Vs = 1‬‬ ‫‪Vw +Vs = 1‬‬
‫‪∴2.03 Vs = 1‬‬ ‫‪∴1.67 Vs =1‬‬
‫‪⇒ Vs = 0.5 , Vw = 0.5‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Vs = 0.6 , Vw = 0.4‬‬
‫‪∴Ms = 0.5 x 1000 x 2.72 = 1360 kg‬‬ ‫‪∴Ms = 0.6 x 1000 x 2.67 = 1600 kg‬‬
‫‪Mw = 0.5 x 1000 = 500 kg‬‬ ‫‪Mw = 0.4 x 1000 = 400 kg‬‬
‫‪∴ ρ = 1360 + 500 = 1860 kg/m³‬‬ ‫‪∴ ρ = 1600 + 400 = 2000 kg/m³‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ( ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Ms‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺃﻥ )‪ (Ms‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vv 0.5‬‬
‫= ‪ e‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ(‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 .0‬‬
‫‪Vs 0.5‬‬
‫‪Vv 0.4‬‬
‫= ‪ e‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺏ(‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.67‬‬
‫‪Vs 0.6‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃ( ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 3-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫)‪(Mechanical properties of soil‬‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Superstructure‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﺹ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬـﺎ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻀـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـ‬
‫ـﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـ‬
‫)‪.(Consolidation‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻼﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻴـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺹ )‪ .(Shear‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪ .(Failure‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪ (4-2‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫)‪ (Vertical stress‬ﻭﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Deformation‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﻝﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝـﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤـﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻜﹼﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ )‪ (Cohesion‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ ،(Angle of internal friction‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪ (Lateral earth pressure‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺍﺘـﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤـﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴـﺔ ) ‪Slope stability‬‬

‫‪ (analysis‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﻯﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼـﻭل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬

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‫‪ 4-2‬ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌـﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫)‪(Chemical properties of soil‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺨﻴـﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻴﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻼﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸـﺄ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻼﻤﺴـﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺘﻼﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻷﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪:(Sulphate content‬‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (Sodium sulphate – Na2SO4‬ﻭﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴـﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫)‪ .(Magnesium sulphate – MgSO4‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻡ ) ‪Calcium‬‬
‫‪ (sulphate – CaSO4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺠﺒﺱ )‪ ،(Gypsum‬ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻴﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ )‪ (Sulphur trioxide – SO3‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻨﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻝﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ (Aluminate compounds‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻀـﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺕ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬

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‫ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻤـﻭﺭﺓ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝـﻰ ﺼـﺩﺃ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ‬

‫)‪ ،(Corrosion‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺭﺏ )‪.(Leakage‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴـﻨﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻻﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ )‪ (Sulphate resisting cement‬ﺃﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺤـﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫)‪ ،/14/ (Building Research Establishment‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ ﻗـﺎﻡ ﻤﻬﻨـﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺭﺱ ﻡ‪.‬ﺘﻭﻤﻠﻴﻨﺴﻭﻥ )‪ (M.Tomlinson‬ﺒﺸﺭﺤﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-2‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓﻕ ‪./5/‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(3-2‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻀـﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻱ )‪ (Normal Portland Cement‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻼﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺔ )‪ .(Water cement ratio – W/C‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ )‪:(Organic matter content‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﺒﻌـﹰﺎ ﻝﺘﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﺸـﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨـﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻭ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:/6/‬‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪ (Swelling‬ﻭﺍﻝـﺘﻘﻠﺹ )‪(Shrinkage‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓـﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫•‬
‫)‪ ،(Immediate settlement‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺸـﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Consolidation coefficients‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻭﻁﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ )ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻝﻠﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،(PH‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻝﻪ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻀﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ )‪:(Chloride content‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴـﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﻤﻠـﺢ‬

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‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﹰﺍ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ‪./12،6/‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ )‪ ،(Steel reinforcement‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺼﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺼﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ ﻝـﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻭﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (BS 8110‬ﺘﺤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (% 0.4‬ﻝﻼﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻌـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (% 0.2‬ﻝﻼﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ )‪:(Acidity or alkalinity – PH value‬‬

‫ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺘﺩل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (PH‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 4.3‬ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻙ )‪.(H2SO4‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (3-2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﺒل ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ )‪(Recommended precautions‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ )‪ (SO3‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (SO3‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ *‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ )‪(cap‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﻊ )ﺃﻭﺘﺎﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻝﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒ‪‬ﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻁﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪ 1:2‬ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ‬ ‫‪000‬ﺍﻝﺦ(‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﻝﺘﺭ(‬ ‫)ﺠﺯﺀ ﻝﻜل‬
‫‪(100000‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﻭﺠــﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁــﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫>‪0.2‬‬ ‫>‪30‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ـﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴــ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁـﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ـﺩﻱ ﻋـ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫‪330‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪310‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـــــ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.55‬‬ ‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ≤‬
‫ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫‪310‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ≤‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.55‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫‪370‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫‪370‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.55‬‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪0.55‬‬
‫ـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﺴــ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜــ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺯل‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.5-0.2‬‬ ‫‪120-30‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ـﺎ **‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫‪370‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪330‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪370‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪310‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫ـﻥ‬‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬
‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴـــﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴـــﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺨــﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴـــﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴـــﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ≤‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫‪380‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ≤‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ≤‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪380‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬

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‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬

‫≤ ‪340‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫≤ ‪340‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫≤ ‪310‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫≤ ‪310‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜــ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺯل‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫‪3.1-1.9‬‬ ‫‪1.0-0.5‬‬ ‫‪250-120‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ـﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺴــ‬
‫‪400‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪400‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫‪380‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪340‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫≤ ‪340‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـــــ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺨــﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴـــﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴـــﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ـﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻴﺴــــ‬
‫‪390‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫≤ ‪380‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺍﺴـــﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـــﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬
‫‪) 0.50‬ﻷﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ‬ ‫ـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜــ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ(***‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺯل‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.50‬‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫‪5.6-3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.0-1.0‬‬ ‫‪500-250‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴـﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪400‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪400‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪400‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫‪380‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ‪ 0.45‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪0.45‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬
‫‪ 0.45‬ﺃﻭﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬
‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـــــ‬ ‫ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل ﺩﺭﻉ ﻤــﻥ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴـﺘﻴﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋـﻥ ‪300‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻝﻜـل ‪100000‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬
‫ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﻴﻭﻨــﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴــﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪390‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.40‬‬
‫ﻋـــﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋــﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋــﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘـــﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺘـﺩ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻔﻠﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺯل‬
‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻨﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـــﺕ‬ ‫‪5.6‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫<‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼــــﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴـﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨــﺩﻱ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﻱ ≤‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪400‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ≤ ‪400‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪400‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـل ﻤـ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗـ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ‪ 0.45‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪0.40‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻘـــــ‬
‫‪ 0.45‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــﺎﺕ ≤‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫≤ ‪350‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪390‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫‪350‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.40‬‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.45‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـــــ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪0.40‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺴــﺔ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋـﻥ ‪300‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴـــ‬
‫ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻝﻜـل ‪100000‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴــــ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــــــﺎﺕ ≤‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺴــــﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫‪390‬ﻜﻐـــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫≤ ‪390‬ﻜﻐــﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋـــﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـــﺔ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗــل ﻤــﻥ‬ ‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗــل ﻤــﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘـــﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ‬ ‫‪0.40‬ﻭﻴــﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻌــﺯل‬ ‫‪0.40‬ﻭﻴــﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻌــﺯل‬ ‫ل ﺩﺭﻉ ﻤـــﻥ‬
‫ﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺘـﺩ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴــــﻔﻠﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴــــﻔﻠﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌـــﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴـــﻤﻨﺕ ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴــــﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘـــــﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘــﺎﺕ ≤‬
‫‪390‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ W/C‬ﺃﻗل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ‪0.40‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪: (3-2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)*( – ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Workability‬ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺏ ﻭﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ‪ Slump‬ﻤﻥ ‪ 24-10‬ﻤﻠﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ )ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪ 75-50‬ﻤﻠﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻸﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ‪ 100‬ﻤﻠﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫)**( – ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ )‪.(PH ≥ 6‬‬
‫)***(‪ -‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫)‪ (PH ≥ 3.5‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻴﺔ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 5-2‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻸﻏـﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨـﺸــﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪(Soil Testing for Construction Purposes‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻫـﻡ ﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻜـﺭ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻷﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻲ ﺍﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ )‪ ،/10/ (BS 1377‬ﻭﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ،/11/ (ASTM‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁـﺭﻕ )‪ /12/ (AASHTO‬ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒـﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ )‪(Laboratory tests‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Soil classification tests‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 1‬‬
‫‪ASTM D-2216‬‬
‫‪Moisture content‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 2‬‬
‫‪ASTM D-423‬‬ ‫)‪Liquid Limit (LL‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪AASHTO T-89‬‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 3‬‬
‫‪ASTM D-424‬‬ ‫)‪Plastic Limit (PL‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 5‬‬ ‫‪Shrinkage Limit‬‬
‫‪ASTM D-427‬‬ ‫)‪(SL‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬

‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
___________________________________________________________________
BS 1377 Test No. 6

Specific gravity ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬ -5
ASTM D-854
BS 1377 Test No. 7
Sieve analysis ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‬ -6
ASTM D-422
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘل‬
Percent finer
ASTM D-1140 sieve 75 micron 75 ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ‬ -7
(sieve # 200)
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬
Dry preparation ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ‬
BS 1377 , ASTM D-421 -8
of samples ‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
BS 1377, ASTM D- Wet preparation ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‬
-9
2217 of samples ‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
:‫( ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬Soil strength tests) ‫)ﺏ( – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
ASTM D-3080 Direct shear ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ -1
BS 1377 Test No. 21 Triaxial ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬
-2
ASTM D-2850 compression ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
BS 1377, ASTM D- Unconfied
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‬ -3
2166 compression
BS 1377 Test No. 17 One-dimensional
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬ -4
ASTM D-2435 consolidation
BS 1377 Test No. 16 California
ASTM D-1883 Bearing Ratio - ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬ -5
AASHTO T-193 CBR
:‫( ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬Compaction tests) ‫)ﺠـ( – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‬
BS 1377 Test No. 12
Standard Proctor ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
ASTM D-698 -1
AASHTO T-90
test (‫)ﺒﺭﻭﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬
BS 1377 Test No.13
Modified
ASTM D-1557
compaction
‫ل‬‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‬ -2
AASHTO T-180
:(Permeability tests) ‫)ﺩ( – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ‬

ASTM D-2325, D-2434
71 ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)ﻫـ( – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (Chemical tests‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Organic matter‬‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No.8‬‬
‫‪content‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 9‬‬ ‫‪Sulphate content‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪Sulphate content‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No.10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪in groundwater‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 11‬‬ ‫‪PH value‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪BS 812‬‬ ‫‪Chloride content‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Field tests‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Field density tests‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 15‬‬
‫‪Field density by sand‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ASTM D-1556‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪replacement method‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬
‫‪ASTM D-2167‬‬ ‫‪Field density by rubber‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪AASHTO T-205‬‬ ‫‪balloon method‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫‪ASTM D-2922‬‬ ‫‪Field density by nuclear‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪AASHTO T-238‬‬ ‫‪methods‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ )‪(Vane shear test‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬

‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 18 , ASTM D-2573‬‬

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‫)ﺠـ( – ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪(Standard Penetration Test - SPT‬‬

‫‪BS 1377 Test No. 19 , ASTM D-1568‬‬
‫)ﺩ( – ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ )‪BS 5930 (Field permeability test‬‬
‫)ﻫـ( – ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪(Load bearing test‬‬
‫‪BS 5930 , ASTM D-1194, 1195‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-3‬ﻤﺩﺨل‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﻥ‬
‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ 3-3‬ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ‬
‫‪ 1-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ‬
‫‪ 2-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫‪ 3-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﺴﻴﻠﻴﻴﻑ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫‪ 4-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 4-3‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ )ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ(‬
‫‪ 5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

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‫‪ 1-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ‬
‫‪ 2-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ 3-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ 6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ‬
‫‪ 2-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺴل‬
‫‪ 7-3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 3-7-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 4-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 5-7-3‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 6-7-3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬
‫) ‪(Soil Classification Tests‬‬
‫‪ 1-3‬ﻤﺩﺨـل )‪(Introduction‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻻﺌل‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ –‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ – ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻋـﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺼـﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻜـﻭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ (ASTM‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪ ،(BS‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﻌل ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻓﺤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﻩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻜﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺨﻼل ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜـل ﻓﺤـﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻝﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬

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‫ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫)‪(Water or Moisture Content‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻴﻌ ‪‬ﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ )‪.(1-2‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﻥ‬

‫)‪(Oven-drying method‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard references‬‬

‫‪- BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-ASTM D-2216.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ) ‪(Moisture cans‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻤـﻊ ﻀـﺎﺒﻁ ﻝﻠﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪Thermostatically controlled‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪(drying oven‬‬
‫ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ )‪(Balance‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( )‪.(Desiccator‬‬ ‫ﺙ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ )‪ (30‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ (500) ،‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (3‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺘـﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻁﺎﺌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ )‪.(m1‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤـﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻐﻁﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m2‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪ (m2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ )‪ (110-105‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺘﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴـﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m3‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculations‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2 − m3‬‬
‫)‪(1-3‬‬ ‫=‪W‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪m 3 − m1‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-3‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ )‪:(Notes‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻷﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘـﻴﻥ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒـ ‪24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺈﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﻥ ﻋﺩ‪‬ﺓ ﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻴﺜﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (110-105‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﻭﺇﻁﺎﻝـﺔ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ(‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪59.20‬‬ ‫‪60.12‬‬ ‫‪53.45‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪52.90‬‬ ‫‪53.28‬‬ ‫‪48.10‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪4.30‬‬ ‫‪6.84‬‬ ‫‪5.35‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪15.84‬‬ ‫‪15.98‬‬ ‫‪15.95‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪37.06‬‬ ‫‪37.30‬‬ ‫‪32.15‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪17.00‬‬ ‫‪18.34‬‬ ‫‪16.64‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪17.33‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫)‪(Sand – Bath Method‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard reference‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺤﻭﺽ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺭﻤل ﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪25‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﺴـﺨﺎﻥ ﻜﻬﺭﺒـﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺘﻭﺠﺎﺯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﻴ‪‬ﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m1‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫)‪.(m2‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ )‪ (Spatula‬ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜـﺩ ﻤﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m3‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ‪: (Calculations) :‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪.(1-3‬‬
‫‪m2 − m3‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪m 3 − m1‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ )‪: (Notes‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ )‪-3‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪ (1-2‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓـﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺠـﻭﺀ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻝﻠﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﺱ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘـﺭﺒـﺭﻍ‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬

‫)‪(Atterberg Limits‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺭﺨﺎﻭﺘﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻭ ﺒﺂﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜل ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻝﺩﻨﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﻭ‪‬ﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻠﺯﺝ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ .(Liquid state‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺠـﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ .(Plastic state‬ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻘﻠﺹ )‪ (Shrink‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺼﻼﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺸـﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺼـﻼﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Semi-solid state‬ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻼﺒﺔ )‪ (Solid state‬ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺠﻔﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ ( LI‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (20-2‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ )‪) (I c‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪:(22-2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪W − PL W − PL‬‬ ‫‪LL − W‬‬

‫)‪(2-3‬‬ ‫= ‪LI‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪, IC‬‬
‫‪LL − PL‬‬ ‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪PI‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (LI‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(2-2‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ )‪ (1-3‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁـﻴﻥ )‪،(Clay activity‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ) > ‪ 2‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ( ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺴﻜﻤﺒﺘﻭﻥ )‪ (Skempton‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1953‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (PI‬ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ ،(Clay fraction‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪(PI‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-3‬ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(LI‬‬ ‫)‪(Ic‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻝﺏ‬ ‫<‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(PL‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(PL‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‪1-‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‪1-‬‬ ‫)‪(PL‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(LL‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫)‪(LL‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫<‪1‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻝﺏ‬ ‫)‪(LL‬‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺠﺭﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )‪:(Activity‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪(3-3‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ = ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ ÷ (PI‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪: /6/ (2-3‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (2-3‬ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫>‪0.75‬‬ ‫) ‪(Inactive clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓ ‪‬ﻌﺎل‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪1.25-0.75‬‬ ‫)‪(Normal clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪2.0-1.25‬‬ ‫)‪(Active clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻓ ‪‬ﻌﺎل‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫<‪2.0‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ )‪(Highly active‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫≤‪6.0‬‬
‫)ﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺘﻭﻨﺎﻴﺕ(‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ ،(Casagrande plasticity chart‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺄﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 1-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﺠﺭﺍﻨﺩ‬

‫)‪(Liquid Limit Determination Using Casagrande Method‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D- 423‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASSHTO T-89‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻝﻭﺡ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ )‪.(Glass plate‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ )‪.(Palette knives‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ (Casagrande apparatus‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﺤﺯﻴﺯ )ﺸﻜل ‪-3‬‬
‫‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ )‪.(Distilled water‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( )‪.(Desiccator‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 425) 40‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ )‪(LL‬‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻔﺘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(40‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (1-3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ ﺏ‪-‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺯﻴﺯ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻝﻭﺡ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻭﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻝﻤـﺩﺓ ‪24‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ‪24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩ ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻤـﺩﺓ ‪10‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺒﺴـﻁ ﺠﻴـﺩﹰﺍ‬

‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻪ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ )ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻓﺎﺼل( ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺯﻴﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻴﺴﺠل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﺯﻤﺕ ﻹﺤـﺩﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺌﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺼﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻥ ﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 13‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﺼـﺤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (7‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺸـﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫)ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺌﺎﻡ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪13‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻭﻴﺨﻠﻁ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ )ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻝﺘﺌﺎﻡ ﻴﻘل ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﻊ ﺘﺴـﺠﻴل ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ = ‪ 25‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪.(LL‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﺤـﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ‪:(Notes) :‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻴﺼـﺒﺢ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺜﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ ﻭﺘﻨﺯﻝﻕ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺠـﻭﺀ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪.(2-3-3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(2-3‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬

‫)‪(PI‬‬ ‫)‪(LL‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ(‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪29.6‬‬ ‫‪30.3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪58.8‬‬ ‫‪47.8‬‬ ‫‪50.6‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‬
‫‪28.0‬‬ ‫‪28.8‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪52.2‬‬ ‫‪42.5‬‬ ‫‪44.1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‬
‫‪19.0‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪18.9‬‬ ‫‪18.2‬‬ ‫‪16.8‬‬ ‫)ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪1.6‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪6,6‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬ ‫)ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪9.0‬‬ ‫‪9.6‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪33.3‬‬ ‫‪24.3‬‬ ‫‪27.3‬‬ ‫)ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪17.8‬‬ ‫‪15.6‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪19.8‬‬ ‫‪21.8‬‬ ‫‪23.8‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪16.7‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪c) 4ccccccc48. <F@,‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫@‪c cccc \P-.‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪% 16.7 = (PL‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪% 21.4 = (LL‬‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪4.7 = (PI‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 2-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫)‪(Liquid Limit Determination Using Cone Penetrometer‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪: (Standard reference‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(2-3‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ )‪.(Distilled water‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( )‪.(Desiccator‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 425) 40‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﻙ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (40‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠـﻭﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺠـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﻠﻁ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻭﺡ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺴـﻜﻴﻥ ﻋـﺭﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺼل‪.‬‬

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‫‪ .3‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒـﺔ( ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺴﻭ‪‬ﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻝﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻝﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺜـﻭﺍﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺩﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﻴﻨﻅﻑ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻋـﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪ 0.5‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﺅﺨـﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 1.0-0.5‬ﻤﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ‪ 1.0‬ﻤﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪10‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ( ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺤﺼـل ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ ﺍﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 20‬ﻤﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺤﺩ ﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (3-3‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻴﺼـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (BS 1377‬ﺃﻓﻀل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻼﺌـﻡ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (2-3‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(3-3‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ =‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15.68‬‬ ‫‪4.32‬‬ ‫‪20.00‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪32.5‬‬ ‫‪15.63‬‬
‫‪15.57‬‬ ‫‪4.41‬‬ ‫‪19.98‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪17.48‬‬ ‫‪2.52‬‬ ‫‪20.00‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪39.0‬‬ ‫‪17.25‬‬
‫‪17.02‬‬ ‫‪2.69‬‬ ‫‪19.71‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪22.73‬‬ ‫‪1.27‬‬ ‫‪24.00‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪52.8‬‬ ‫‪20.51‬‬
‫‪20.31‬‬ ‫‪3.59‬‬ ‫‪23.90‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪22.73‬‬ ‫‪1.27‬‬ ‫‪24.00‬‬ ‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪61.2‬‬ ‫‪22.43‬‬
‫‪22.13‬‬ ‫‪1.62‬‬ ‫‪23.75‬‬ ‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪cc6ccccc5I -B‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪c) 5ccccccc59/ =IB-‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ = ‪% 50‬‬

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‫‪ 3-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﺴﻴﻠﻴﻴﻑ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫)‪(Liquid Limit Determination Using Vasilyev Balance Cone‬‬

‫)‪- GOST, 5183 (Russian Standard‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ )‪) (Balance cone‬ﺸﻜل ‪ (3-3‬ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ‪ 76‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﻋﻠﺒﺔ( ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪ 40‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪.(3-3‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ )‪.(Distilled water‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ )ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( )‪.(Desiccator‬‬
‫ﺫ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 425) 40‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺨﻠـﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 425) 40‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ( ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻝﻠﺤﺼـﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻭﻴﺨﻠﻁ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻭﺡ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -3‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺒﺔ( ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﻜﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺴﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﻤﺴﻙ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﺫﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺒﻀﻪ ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺒﺏ ﻤﻼﻤﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﻝﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ )ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ 10‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺒﺏ( ﺨﻼل ﺨﻤﺱ ﺜﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﺭﻴﻊ )ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪5‬‬
‫ﺜﻭﺍﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻴﻭﻝﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ (40‬ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺠـﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺼل ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺼل ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ )‪ 10‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁ ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻁﺄ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 10‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﻼل ‪ 5‬ﺜﻭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-3‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﺴﻴﻠﻴﻴﻑ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫‪-1‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪-2‬ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺒﺽ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ‪-3‬ﻤﻘﺒﺽ ‪-4‬ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫‪-5‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ≤ ‪40‬ﻤﻡ ‪-6‬ﻜﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ 4-3-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪(Plastic Limit Determination‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-424.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-90.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 425) 40‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (40‬ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺘﺠﻔﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫) ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﺤـﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﹸﺸﻜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻁﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻘﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﹸﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻏـﺭﺍﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ )ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ‪ 8‬ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺼﺒﻌﻲ ﺍﻹﺒﻬـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﺒﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻜﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺴﻁ ﺒﺄﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺒل ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ‪6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺒﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 3‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺘﺒـﺩﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻁ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 3‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺩ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺘﹸﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝـﻰ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻲ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.5‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘــﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺒ ‪‬ﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ )‪(2-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪4-3‬‬

‫)‪(Specific Gravity of Soil‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ( ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺸﻐل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸـﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪،(Mineral particles‬‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻜل ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﻭﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎﻝﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪ -(Absolute specific gravity‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﺤﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺸﻑ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﻱ )‪ -(Apparent specific gravity‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ )‪ -(Bulk specific gravity‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻘﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ )‪ (Saturated surface dry‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ )‪ ،(Wet surface dry‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻔﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺭﻥ )‪.(Oven dry‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪ (Voids ratio‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Porosity‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ )‪ ،(Degree of saturation‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ( ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ ،2.72-2.68‬ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 2.67‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ )ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ )ﺍﻝﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ(‬

‫)‪(Specific Gravity Determination Using the Pycnometer‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377, Test No. 6.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-854.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-100.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﺍﺭﻕ ﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ )‪ (2‬ﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 100‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Dry oven‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺩﻗﺔ ﻝﺴﺤﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Mortar and pestle‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪) 10‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺘﻪ ‪ 2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺤﻭﺽ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ )‪ (Sand - bath‬ﺃﻭ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(Thermometer‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ )‪.(Distilled water‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺜﻡ ﺴﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪.(10‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫)‪ 15‬ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻜل ‪100‬ﺴﻡ‪ 3‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﹰﺎ ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ )‪.(m1‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪) (m2‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ = ‪.(m1-m2‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻭ ‪‬ﻴﺭﺝ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻝﻴﻐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻹﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻓﺼـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻭﻝﻠﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻏﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻝﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻴﺠﻔﻑ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺨل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻕ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻭل‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ) ‪.(m‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ﻴﻔﺭﻍ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﻐﺴل ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻸ‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ) ‪.(m‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculation‬‬

‫ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ( ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m 2 − m1‬‬
‫= ‪Gs‬‬
‫) ‪(m 4 + m 2 ) − (m 3 + m1‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻜﻴﺭﻭﺴﻴﻥ )ﺍﻝﻜـﺎﺯ( ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻨﺒـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﺴﻌﺔ ‪1000‬ﻤﻠﻠﺘﺭ )‪ (BS1377‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻜﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺨـﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻗﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ( ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝـﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺯﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ )‪ ،(0.02‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ × 0.02‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗل < ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(4-3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـــﺎﻭﻝــﺔ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬

‫‪2110‬‬ ‫‪2112‬‬ ‫)‪ (m3‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪1595‬‬ ‫‪1600‬‬ ‫)‪ (m2‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪1495‬‬ ‫‪1495‬‬ ‫)‪ (m4‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫‪620‬‬ ‫‪620‬‬ ‫)‪ (m1‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬
‫‪510‬‬ ‫‪512‬‬ ‫)‪ (m3 – m2‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫‪975‬‬ ‫‪980‬‬ ‫)‪ (m2 – m1‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪365‬‬ ‫‪363‬‬ ‫)‪ (m4 – m1)-(m3 – m2‬ﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪2.67‬‬ ‫‪2.70‬‬ ‫‪m 2 − m1‬‬
‫= ‪Gs‬‬
‫) ‪(m 4 + m 2 ) − (m 3 + m1‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪) 2.70 <2.72 = 2.67 + 2.70 ×0.02 :‬ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬

‫)‪(Bulk Density of Soil‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩ‪‬ﺓ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﺒﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ )‪.(Retaining walls‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ )‪.(Slope stability analysis‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Settlement‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ )‪.(Stress distribution‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴـﺔ )‪ ،(Field density tests‬ﺃﻭ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻝﺘﻔﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺼل ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ )ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ(‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 1-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ‬

‫)‪(Bulk Density Determination Using the Core-Cutter‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard reference‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺃﺤـﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻓﻬـﺎ ﺤـﺎﺩ )‪،(Hardened cutting edge‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ )‪ (130‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (100‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ ) ‪BS‬‬
‫‪) (1377‬ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(4-3‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Consolidation ring‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻋـﻥ )‪(50‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻓﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ )‪ -(Steel hammer‬ﺸﻜل )‪.(4-3‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﻠﻘﻁﻊ )‪.(Palette knife‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Steel ruler‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﺯﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺤﻤﺔ )‪.(Oil‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺯﻴﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺸﺤﻴﻡ )‪ (Lubrication‬ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-3‬ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪(/10/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪πD 2‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ -D‬ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻝﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -h‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴـﺔ ) ‪Steel‬‬
‫‪ (dolly‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ )ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ ﻝﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻐﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻕ ﻭﻏﺭﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺩﻭﺀ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﺫﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻏﺭﺯﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﻼﺀ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻅﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘـﺔ ﻭﺘﺴـﻭﻴﺔ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Trimming‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ )‪ (m4, m3‬ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﺴـﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪) (m2‬ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ +‬ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻲ ﺯﺠﺎﺝ(‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻝﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(5-3‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪mo‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪m o = m 2 − ( m1 + m 2 + m 3‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ 0.03‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪ /‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )= ‪ 0.03‬ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﺭﻯ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻭ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺠﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Dry density‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓـﻲ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ)‪ ،(Compaction‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪100ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬
‫‪100 + W‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬
‫‪1+ W‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ )‪ ،(wet density‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬
‫)ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺠﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(5-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫)‪(V‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(W‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪m3,m4‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫) ‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬
‫)‪ρ = m1-(m1+m3+m4‬‬
‫)‪ρd = ρ÷ (1+W‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬ ‫‪m3+m4‬‬ ‫‪m1‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪1.73‬‬ ‫‪15.61‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪114.00‬‬ ‫‪455.98‬‬ ‫‪100.5‬‬ ‫‪127.30‬‬ ‫‪6.00‬‬ ‫‪4.00‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 1-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫)‪(Bulk Density Determination Using Immersion In Water‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377, Test No. 15 (E).‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ )‪.(Water-tight container‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ 1‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺤ ‪‬ﻤﺎﻝﺔ )‪ (Cradle‬ﻤﻊ ﻫﻴﻜل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Supporting frame‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(5-3‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺸﻤﻊ ﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ )‪ (Paraffin wax‬ﻝﻪ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ) ‪.( ρ‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﺫﻭﻴﺏ ﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ )‪.(Melting tank‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻘﻁﻊ )‪.(Knife‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ )‪.(Filter paper‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻴﻠـﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 30‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻨﻅﻑ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺴﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ )‪.(m‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 60‬ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻝﺘﺘﻐﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ‪1.0-5.0‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺘﺠﺯ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺓ ﻤﺩﺒﺒﺔ ﺴـﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﺼﺒﻊ ﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻁﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ) ‪.(m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ )‪.(mp = m - m‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ )‪ (Vp = mp / ρp‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ‪ -ρp‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪0.9‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺨﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻝﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ،(5-3‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m2‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺠﻔﻑ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪(m1‬‬
‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪0.02‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻﻏﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﺴﺭ ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪m1 − m‬‬
‫‪V = (m1 − m 2 ) −‬‬
‫‪ρp‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪-‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪100ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬
‫‪100 + W‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬
‫‪1+ W‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - W‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ )‪:(Note‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻥ ‪0.03‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪ /‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (5-3‬ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪(/10/‬‬

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‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(6-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪m1 − m‬‬
‫‪V = (m1 − m 2 ) −‬‬
‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪ρp‬‬ ‫‪ρp‬‬ ‫‪m2‬‬ ‫‪m1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪1.68‬‬ ‫‪14.70‬‬ ‫‪1.93‬‬ ‫‪31.11‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪28.00‬‬ ‫‪68.00‬‬ ‫‪60.00‬‬

‫‪1.66‬‬ ‫‪14.60‬‬ ‫‪1.90‬‬ ‫‪38.13‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪33.34‬‬ ‫‪81.00‬‬ ‫‪72.42‬‬
‫‪ 3-5-3‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪(Bulk Density Determination By Direct Measurements‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪GOST, 5182 (Russian Standard).‬‬

‫ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﺩ )‪.(Knife‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ )‪.(Ruler‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸـﻜﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ )ﺍﻝﻁﻭل × ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ × ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ( ) ‪.(V‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ )‪.(m‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬ ‫‪6-3‬‬

‫)‪(Particle size distribution of soil‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 20‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 0.002‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻭ ﻓـﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠـﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ ﻨﻌﻭﻤـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،(Percentage finer‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴـﻨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل )ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻠﺔ( )‪ (Sieving‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ )‪.(Sedimentation‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل‪ ،‬ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Gravel and sand size‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺘﻤﺭﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل )ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺒﻴـل( ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Standard sieves‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﻓﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫﺯﺍﺯ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ )‪ ،(Mechanical shaker‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻔـﺭﺯ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﻭﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘـﻲ )‪(Percentage retained‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ )‪ (Parentage passing‬ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻓﺘﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨـل )‪ (Aperture size‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ )‪(ASTM‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (BS‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (AFNOR‬ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(DIN‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ )ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻨﺨل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﺘـﺩﺍﻭل ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‪ 200‬ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺘﻪ ‪0.075‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴـﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ ،(Hydrometer‬ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ )ﺍﻝﻤ‪‬ﻜﺜﺎﻑ(‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﻭﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺈﻝﻘـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬
‫ﻤــﻥ ﺍﻝﻤــﺎﺀ ﻤــﻊ ﻤــﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻜﺴﺎﻤﻴﺘﺎﻓﻭﺴــﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼــﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ) ‪Sodium‬‬
‫‪ (hexametaphosphate - Na PO3‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻼﺼـﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴـﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴـﺯﻱ ﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﻭﻜﺱ )‪ ،(G.Stokes‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻝﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل )‪.(Viscosity‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪،(200‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺘﺴـﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ )‪) (Particle size distribution curves‬ﺸﻜل ‪ .(6-3‬ﻭﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻌﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻜﻠﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻌﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺸﻥ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴـﺔ ﻝـﻸﻭل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻨﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻠﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ ﻝﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸـﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ‪Soil classification for engineering‬‬
‫‪ ،(purposes‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪) (Uniform‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ )‪) (Well-graded‬ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ )‪) (Poorly- graded‬ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻭﺘﺴـﺎﻋﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ) ‪Uniformity‬‬

‫‪:(coefficient‬‬
‫‪D 60‬‬
‫)‪(4-3‬‬ ‫= ‪Cu‬‬
‫‪D10‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﺠﻭﻴﻑ )ﺘﻘﻌﺭ( ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪:(Concavity coefficient‬‬

‫‪(D 30 ) 2‬‬
‫)‪(5-3‬‬ ‫= ‪Cc‬‬
‫‪D 60 D10‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﻤﺯ ‪ ،D60 ،D30 ،D10‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻌﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ 10‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪30 ،‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ ﻭ ‪ 60‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ D10‬ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﻌ‪‬ﺎل )‪.(Effective size‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﺌﺔ )‪ ،(Fill material‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ ﻝﻠﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤـﺎ ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )‪ (Sub-base‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )‪ (Base‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺕ(ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ )‪،(Filters‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻠـﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺙ(ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻤـل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻜﺎﻡ )‪ (Fine and coarse aggregates‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤـﺩﺩ ﻝﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫)ﺝ(ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺏ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘـﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤـﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫)‪ ،(Grouting and chemical injection‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺡ(ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴـﺔ ﺘﺤﺴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ )‪،(Compaction‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﻏﻬﺎ ﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ )‪(%‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6-3‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(BS‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪(ASTM‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 1-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻑ‬

‫)‪(Particle Size Distribution By Dry Sieving‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-421, D-422‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-88.‬‬
‫ـﻊ‬
‫ـﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Set of standard sieves‬ﻤـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨـ‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـ‬
‫ﻏﻁﺎﺀ)‪ (Lid‬ﻭﻭﻋﺎﺀ )‪ (Pan‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﻨـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ‪:/8/‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )ﺏ(‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )ﺃ(‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻏﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﻁﺎﺀ‬
‫‪4.75‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪4‬‬
‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0.850‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0.600‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪0.425‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪0.300‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0.250‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪0.150‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪0.106‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬
‫‪0.075‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻫﺯﺍﺯ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ )‪-(Mechanical Shaker‬ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،-‬ﻤـﻊ ﺴـﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ )‪.(Balances‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Drying oven‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Metal trays‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺯ )‪ ،(Riffle box‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻝﻀـﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻭﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻠـﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-3‬ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﻤﻘـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،/6/‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ) ‪BS‬‬
‫‪ ،(1377‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻠل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴـﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 110-105‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ )‪.(m1‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ )ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ )ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺜـﻡ ﺍﻷﺼـﻐﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺃﺼـﻐﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ )ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ( ﻭﺘﻐﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻬﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻲ‬

‫‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻝﻜـل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨـل‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﻴﺩﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(3-3‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪100‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫> ‪2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪14.0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪20.0‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪28.0‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪37.5‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪50.0‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪63.0‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪75.0‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪100.0‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪150.0‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪200.0‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) ‪.(m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ÷ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ‪%100× (m1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل‬

‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺸـﺭﺤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤـﻊ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-6-3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺴل‬

‫)‪(Particle Size Distribution By Wet Sieving‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴـﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺴل‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺒﺭﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺼﻐﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM, D-421, D-422‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO, T-88.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻁـﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﻋـﺎﺀ )ﺃﻨﻅـﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻫﺯﺍﺯ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ )‪-(Mechanical Shaker‬ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،-‬ﻤـﻊ ﺴـﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ )‪.(Balances‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Drying oven‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Metal trays‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﻤﻊ ‪‬ﻤﺩ‪‬ﻗﺔ ﻝﺴﺤﻕ )ﻁﺤﻥ( ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Mortar and pestle‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ )‪ ،(1-6-3‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﺴﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺜﺒـﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺠل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ )‪.(m1‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(10‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(10‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺭﺸﺎﺵ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻨﺒﻭﺭ ﻝﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻭﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ )ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،(200‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(7-3‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬

‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪4.75‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪81.86‬‬ ‫‪18.14‬‬ ‫‪76.20‬‬ ‫‪2.36‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪61.79‬‬ ‫‪20.07‬‬ ‫‪84.30‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪38.19‬‬ ‫‪23.60‬‬ ‫‪99.10‬‬ ‫‪0.600‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪24.24‬‬ ‫‪13.95‬‬ ‫‪58.60‬‬ ‫‪0.425‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪14.07‬‬ ‫‪10.17‬‬ ‫‪42.70‬‬ ‫‪0.300‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪4.21‬‬ ‫‪9.86‬‬ ‫‪41.40‬‬ ‫‪0.150‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪1.59‬‬ ‫‪2.62‬‬ ‫‪11.00‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪1.59‬‬ ‫‪6.70‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪420.0‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫ﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺭ ) ‪(%‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (10‬ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬

‫ﺨﺎﻝﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪ (200‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺼﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻠﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻝﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﻓـﺭﻥ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 110-105‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ )ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪ ،(1-6-3‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻐﺴـﻴل‬
‫)‪.(m‬‬
‫)ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل ÷ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل ‪%100× (m1‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل‬

‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(200‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(mL) (200‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ )‪ ،(mp‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪mF = mL + mP‬‬
‫‪m L = m1 − m w‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - mw‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﹻ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mF‬‬
‫‪x100%‬‬
‫‪m1‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺴﻴل‬
‫‪./6/‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(8-3‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪4.75‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪96.00‬‬ ‫‪4.00‬‬ ‫‪20.00‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪89.00‬‬ ‫‪7.00‬‬ ‫‪35.00‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪77.00‬‬ ‫‪12.00‬‬ ‫‪60.00‬‬ ‫‪0.600‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪48.00‬‬ ‫‪29.00‬‬ ‫‪145.00‬‬ ‫‪0.250‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪28.00‬‬ ‫‪20.00‬‬ ‫‪100.00‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪10.00‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ )‪ 10) = (mp‬ﻏﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ 140) = ( mL+ mp) = (mF) (200‬ﻏﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(%28) = %100 × (m1 ÷ mF) = (200‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬

‫)‪(Soil Classification For Construction Purposes‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘـﻰ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴـﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(U.S Bureau soil classification system‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(M.I.T* soil classification system‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(U.S Department of Agriculture Textural classification of soil‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(AASHTO soil classification system‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(Unified Soil Classification System-USCS‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(Soil classification according to Russian Standards‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻻ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤـﺔ‬
‫*‬
‫‪M.I.T – Massachusetts Institute of Technology.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﻜـﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘـﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-7-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫)‪(U.S Bureau Soil Classification System‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4-3‬ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(4-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘـﺭﺒـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪1.00-2.00‬‬ ‫)‪(Fine gravel‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪0.500-1.00‬‬ ‫)‪(Coarse sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪0.250-0.500‬‬ ‫)‪(Sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪0.200-0.250‬‬ ‫)‪(Fine sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪0.05-0.100‬‬ ‫)‪(Very fine sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪0.005-0.05‬‬ ‫)‪(Silt‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫> ‪0.005‬‬ ‫)‪(Caly‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪2-7-3‬‬

‫)‪(M.I.T Soil Classification System‬‬

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‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﺘﻘﺴـﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5-3‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5-3‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘـﺭﺒـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪0.60-2.00‬‬ ‫)‪(Coarse sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪0.20-0.60‬‬ ‫)‪(Medium sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪0.06-0.20‬‬ ‫)‪(Fine sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪0.02-0.06‬‬ ‫)‪(Coarse silt‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪0.006-0.02‬‬ ‫)‪(Medium silt‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪0.002-0.006‬‬ ‫)‪(Fine silt‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫> ‪0.002‬‬ ‫)‪(Caly‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ )‪0.0006-0.002‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ )‪0.0002-0.0006‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻭﻱ )‪) (Colloidal clay‬ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤـﻥ ‪0.0002‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ )‪ 1-7-3‬ﻭ ‪ (2-7-3‬ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠـﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل‪:-‬‬

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‫)‪ %5‬ﺤﺼﻰ‪ % 43 ،‬ﺭﻤل‪ % 16 ،‬ﻁﻤﻲ‪ %36 ،‬ﻁﻴﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3-7-3‬‬

‫)‪(U.S Department of Agriculture Textural Classification of Soil‬‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺤﺠـﺎﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ )‪ (2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ )ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻀﻠﻊ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻀـﻼﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﻡ )ﺸـﻜل ‪،(7-3‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﻀﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪(7-3‬‬
‫ﻤﺜـﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤـﻲ‬
‫ﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (7-3‬ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨـﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺨﻴـل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل = ‪%67‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ = ‪%23‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ = ‪%10‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ؟‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤـل ‪:‬‬

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‫)‪ (1‬ﻨﻤﺜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )‪ (%67‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﺴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺨﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴـﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻀـﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﻤـﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻨﻤﺜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ )‪ (%23‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺨﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (M‬ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﹸﻔـﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠـﻲ‬
‫)‪) (Sandy loam‬ﺸﻜل ‪ .(7-3‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﻔﺎل )‪ (Loam‬ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـل‬

‫ﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ‪ :‬ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﹸ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (6-3‬ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺨﺘﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (6-3‬ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـــــــــﺔ‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪100-80‬‬ ‫)‪(Sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

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‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪50-0‬‬ ‫‪80-50‬‬ ‫)‪(Sandy loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪30-20‬‬ ‫‪30-0‬‬ ‫‪80-50‬‬ ‫)‪(Sandy clay loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪50-30‬‬ ‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪70-50‬‬ ‫)‪(Sandy clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪100-30‬‬ ‫‪50-0‬‬ ‫‪50-0‬‬ ‫)‪(Clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪50-30‬‬ ‫‪70-50‬‬ ‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫)‪(Silty caly‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫‪30-20‬‬ ‫‪80-50‬‬ ‫‪30-0‬‬ ‫)‪(Silty caly loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪80-50‬‬ ‫‪50-0‬‬ ‫)‪(Silty loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﻁﻤﻴﻲ‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪100-80‬‬ ‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫)‪(Silt‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫‪30-20‬‬ ‫‪50-20‬‬ ‫‪50-20‬‬ ‫)‪(Caly loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل ﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫‪20-0‬‬ ‫‪50-30‬‬ ‫‪50-30‬‬ ‫)‪(Loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﹸﻔﺎل‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪4-7-3‬‬

‫)‪(AASHTO Soil Classification System‬‬
‫ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻤﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺸﻴﻭﻋ ﹰﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ) ‪Bureau of Public Roads-‬‬
‫‪ (BPR‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ ) ‪،(Highway Research Board- HRB‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1928‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ )‪ (BPR‬ﻝﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﺜﻼﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1945‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻝﺠﻨﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻝﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ )‪ ،(HRB‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،1949‬ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ 1966‬ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫)‪ ،(AASHTO‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ ﻫـﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴـﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Groups‬ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (Subgroups‬ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺘـﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ )ﺠﺩﻭل‪.(7-3‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻘﺴـﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ )‪ (Inorganic soil‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺒﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ )‪ A-1‬ﺇﻝـﻰ ‪،(A-7‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺜﻨﺘﻲ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ ،(A-8‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ )‪ .(7-3‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒـ "‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ " )‪ ،(Group Index-GI‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺠـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﺭﺍﺒـﻲ )‪ ،(Subgrade‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (GI‬ﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻗل‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (7-3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪(AASHTO‬‬

‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ )ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ %35‬ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ‪(200‬‬ ‫)‪ %35‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪(200‬‬
‫‪A-7‬‬ ‫‪A-6‬‬ ‫‪A-5‬‬ ‫‪A-4‬‬ ‫‪A-2‬‬ ‫‪A-3‬‬ ‫‪A-1‬‬
‫‪A-7-5,‬‬
‫‪A-1-b‬‬ ‫‪A-1-a‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪A-7-6‬‬ ‫‪A-2-7‬‬ ‫‪A-2-6‬‬ ‫‪A-2-5‬‬ ‫‪A-2-4‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨل‪:‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪max‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪10‬‬
‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪40‬‬
‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪200‬‬
‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬
‫‪ CDEFG‬ا‪?@A‬و=< ‪:‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ ?L‬ا‪LL <AIJKA‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻝﺩﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪6 max‬‬ ‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ‪PI‬‬
‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬
‫‪NP‬‬
‫‪≤20‬‬ ‫‪≤16‬‬ ‫‪≤12‬‬ ‫‪≤8‬‬ ‫‪≤4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪GI‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ ﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻤﻴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺭﻤل ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫)‪(subgrade‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (GI‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(6-3‬‬ ‫‪GI = 0.2a +0.005ac + 0.01 bd‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - a‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(200‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺒـﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻥ )‪ (%35‬ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ )‪ (%75‬ﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠـﺏ )‪≤ a ≤40‬‬
‫‪.(1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -b‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(200‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺃﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫)‪ (%15‬ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ )‪ (%55‬ﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ )‪.(1 ≤ b ≤40‬‬
‫‪ -c‬ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (LL‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (40‬ﻭﻴﻘـل ﻋـﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،(60‬ﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ )‪.(1 ≤ c ≤20‬‬
‫‪ -d‬ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (PI‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (10‬ﻭﻴﻘل ﻋـﻥ )‪،(30‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ )‪.(1 ≤ d ≤20‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل – ﻝﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (A-6‬ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )‪ (200‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ ،(%65‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ = )‪ (32‬ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ = )‪.(13‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪./12/ GI‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل ‪:‬‬
‫– ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪:(6-3‬‬
‫‪30 = 35-65 =a‬‬
‫‪) 40 = 15-55 =b‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ‪65‬ﺒـ‪ 55‬ﻷﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ‪ B‬ﻫﻭ ‪.(55-15‬‬
‫‪ =c‬ﺼﻔﺭ )ﻷﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪.(40‬‬
‫‪3 = 10-13 =d‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ‪،‬‬
‫‪7.2 = 3×40×0.01+30×0.2 =GI‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠـﺏ‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪ ،7=GI‬ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ )‪.A-6 (7‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝـﺔ )‪(6-3‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻝﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ،(8-3‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (GI‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(200‬ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ ،(6-3‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ )‪ (0.01bd‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺴـﻔﻠﻲ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ )‪ (0.2a + 0.005 ac‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻤﻘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ،(9-3‬ﻓﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪ (PI‬ﻭﺤـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (LL‬ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪.(A-7) ،(A-6) ،(A-5) ،(A-4‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(8-3‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪(/12/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(9-3‬ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﻭﺁﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪./8/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ )‪ ،(AASHTO‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺭ )‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬

‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫‪69.3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪59.1‬‬ ‫‪79.5‬‬ ‫‪68.5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪48.3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪38.5‬‬ ‫‪69.0‬‬ ‫‪36.1‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪28.4‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪19.8‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪54.3‬‬ ‫‪21.9‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻝﺩﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪53.5‬‬ ‫‪34.1‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪31.6‬‬ ‫‪16.5‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤــل‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ‪11< 17.6 = 16.5-34.1 = PI‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،%21.9 = 200‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )ﺃ(‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ ،(A-2‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (7-3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ( ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ )‪= LL) (A-2-6‬‬
‫‪.(11<17.6 = PI ،40 >34.1‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (GI‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪:(6-3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ = a‬ﺼﻔﺭ )ﻷﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪.(%35‬‬

‫‪6.9= 15.0-21.9 = b‬‬
‫‪ = c‬ﺼﻔﺭ )ﻷﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ >‪.(40‬‬
‫‪.7.6 =10-17.6 =d‬‬
‫‪ ×0.2) = GI‬ﺼﻔﺭ( ‪ ×0.005) +‬ﺼﻔﺭ × ‪(7.6×6.9×0.01) + (6.9‬‬
‫= ‪ 0.52‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻷﻗﺭﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪.1 = GI‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ )ﺸﻜل ‪ (8-3‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ GI‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝـﹻ‬
‫)‪ (1.2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﺏ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ )‪ ،(1‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ + 1 = GI‬ﺼﻔﺭ = ‪.1‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ( ﻫﻭ )‪.A-2-6 (1‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺏ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ‪10<21.9=31.6-53.3 =PI‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ‪< 54.3) %35‬‬
‫‪ (35‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻹﺤـﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ )‪،(A-5) ،(A-4‬‬
‫)‪ (A-6‬ﺃﻭ )‪.(A-7‬‬
‫ـﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻤــﻲ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ % 53.5 =LL‬ﻭ ‪ ،% 21.9 = PI‬ﻓــﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـ‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺒﻤـ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ ،(A-7‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (A-7-5‬ﺃﻭ )‪A-‬‬
‫‪ ،(7-6‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ ،(9-3‬ﻭﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻭ )‪.(A-7-5‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (GI‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ )ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(8-3‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺤﺼـل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (4.3‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(5.2‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ )‪ .(9.5 = 5.2+4.3 =GI‬ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل )‪ ،(10=GI‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺏ( ﻫﻭ )‪.A-7-5 (10‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺝ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻫـﻲ )‪ (A-1‬ﺃﻭ )‪،(A-3‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،%38.5 =(40‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (7-3‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ )‪ .(A-1-B‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻝﺩﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺩﻝﻴل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻝﻬـﺎ )‪=GI‬‬
‫)‪. A-1-B (0‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺝ( ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪5-7-3‬‬

‫)‪(Unified Soil Classification System-USCS‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺴﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،1942‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺁﺭﺜﺭ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ (A.Casagrande‬ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻜﻠﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﻴﺵ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜـﻲ ) ‪Crops of‬‬
‫‪ ،(Engineers, U.S Army‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌـﺔ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻁﻠﻘﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤـﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،1969‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫)‪ (ASTM‬ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪.(ASTM D-2487‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ – ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ )‪ (Gravel and gravelly soils‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ ﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(G‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺭﻤل ﻭﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Sand and sandy soils‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(S‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ )‪ (Well-graded‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(W‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺍﺒـﻁ ﻁﻴﻨـﻲ ﻤﻤﺘـﺎﺯ )‪(Excellent clay binder‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(C‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ )‪ (Poorly-graded‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(P‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ )‪ (Coarse materials‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻨﺎﻋﻤـﺔ )‪(Fines‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(M‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ – ﻭﺘﻘﺴـﻡ ﺒﻤﻭﺠـﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺜـﻼﺙ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤـﺔ ﺠـﺩﹰﺍ ) ‪Silty and very fine sandy‬‬
‫‪ (soils‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(M‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Inorganic clays‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ‬
‫)‪.(C‬‬
‫)ﺕ( ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﻴﻥ )‪ ،(Organic silts and clay‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ ﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(O‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺤـﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (LL‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪) (50‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪.(H‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺜﻴﺔ )‪ (Peat‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺹ )‪-3‬‬
‫‪ ،(8‬ﻭﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪) (Plasticity chart‬ﺸـﻜل ‪-3‬‬
‫‪.(10‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺒﻬـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅـﺎﻡ )‪(Cu‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻭﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻌﺭ )‪) (Cc‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪ 4-3‬ﻭ ‪ ،(5-3‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (8-3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ )‪(USCS‬‬

‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻤﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫‪4< Cu‬‬
‫‪5-0‬‬ ‫‪GW‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪،‬ﺤﺼﻰ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪1< Cu<3‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫)ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪5-0‬‬ ‫‪GP‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﺴﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺤﺼﻰ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ‪GW‬‬ ‫‪ %50‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺨﻁ )‪(A‬‬
‫<‪12‬‬ ‫‪GM‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﺼﻰ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ‪4 > PI‬‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺨﻁ )‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺨﺸﻨﺔ‬
‫<‪12‬‬ ‫‪GC‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ ﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﺼﻰ ﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ(‬
‫ﺃﻭ ‪7 < PI‬‬ ‫)ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪6< Cu‬‬
‫‪1< Cu<3‬‬
‫‪5-0‬‬ ‫‪SW‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤل ﺤﺼﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ %50‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪5-0‬‬ ‫‪SP‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺴﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤل ﺤﺼﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫)ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪SW‬‬ ‫‪ %50‬ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪(200‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺨﻁ )‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫<‪12‬‬ ‫‪SM‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻁﻤﻴﻲ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪> PI‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺨﻁ )‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل(‬
‫<‪12‬‬ ‫‪SC‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪< PI‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪(8-3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﻁﻴﻥ‬

‫‪ML‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻁﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(10-3‬‬ ‫)ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬
‫‪-"-‬‬ ‫‪CL‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﻁﻴﻥ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪(50‬‬
‫)ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪-"-‬‬ ‫‪OL‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ %50‬ﻴﻤﺭ‬
‫‪-"-‬‬ ‫‪MH‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫‪-"-‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪(200‬‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪-"-‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫ﻁﻤﻲ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻝﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫‪(50‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (10-3‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ(‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ‪ -‬ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ﺝ( ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ )ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺩ ‪ ،(4-7-3‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪./8/ (USCS‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻫﻲ ‪ ،%50>21.9‬ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪) %50‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻫﻭ ‪ ،(%68.5‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻤﺎ )‪ (SM‬ﺃﻭ )‪-(SC‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪-3‬‬

‫‪.(8‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(10-3‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ 34.1 =LL‬ﻭ ‪ ،17.6=PI‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ)‪ ،(CL‬ﻨﺄﺨﺫ )‪ (C‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ) ‪.(SC‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺏ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻫـﻲ ‪ ،%54.3‬ﻭﺤـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ‪ ،50< 53.3 =LL‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻤﺎ‬
‫)‪ (MH‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (OH‬ﺃﻭ )‪.(CH‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ ،(10-3‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ‪ 53.3 =LL‬ﻭ ‪=PI‬‬
‫‪ ،21.9‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫) ‪ (PI‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ‪:‬‬
‫= )‪PI = 0.73 (LL-20‬‬
‫)‪= 0.73 (53.5-20‬‬
‫‪= 24.5 > 21.9‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (MH‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺝ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻫﻲ ‪ ،%5.1‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ )‪ (GW‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (GP‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (SW‬ﺃﻭ )‪.(SP‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ‪ Cu‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻌﺭ ‪ ،Cc‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪D60 = 2.0 mm‬‬ ‫‪, D30 = 0.29 mm‬‬ ‫‪, D10 = 0.086 mm‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪D 60‬‬ ‫‪2 .0‬‬
‫= ‪Cu‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 23.3 >6‬‬
‫‪D10 0.086‬‬
‫‪(D 30 ) 2‬‬ ‫‪(0.29) 2‬‬

‫= ‪Cc‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.49 <1‬‬
‫‪D 60 D10 2.0x 0.086‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ )‪.(P‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻫـﻲ ‪ ،%94.9‬ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (200‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪64.2‬‬ ‫‪5.1-69.3‬‬
‫= ‪30.7‬‬ ‫‪) 69.3-100‬ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪(4‬‬
‫= ‪5.1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪(200‬‬
‫‪%100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ = ‪ ،% 64.2‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﹸﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻤل ) ‪ ،(S‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ )‪.(SP‬‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪6-7-3‬‬

‫)‪(Soil Classification According to Russian Standard‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸـﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﺤﻭﺯﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺒـ"ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻠﻬﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻭﻤﻬﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﺘﺤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻴـﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻌﻠـﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻜﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻙ ﺘـﺭﺍﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺩﺍﻓﻌﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﻹﻝﺼﺎﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺠﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻸﺤﻤـﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺃﻜﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻼ ﺸﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃُﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ "ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻨـﺎﺀ"‬
‫) ‪ (Building Normes and Rules-SNIP II-15-74‬ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠــﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋــﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪:(Sandy soils‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ )ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (9-3‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻀﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ )ﺠﺩﻭل‪ ،(9-3‬ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘـﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺴﻠﺴل‪ :‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻭ ﹰ‬
‫‪2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪0.5‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﻁـﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(9-3‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼــﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ )‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺤﺼﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 25‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Gravelly sand‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 0.5‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Coarse- grained sand‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪0.25‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Medium- grained sand‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪0.1‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 75‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Fine- grained sand‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪0.1‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 75‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Dusty sand‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ )‪ (Initial voids ratio‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )‪(eo‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ρd‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ -Gs‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫‪ -ρd‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (eo‬ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (10-3‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(10-3‬ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪(Density‬‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(Loose‬‬ ‫) ‪Medium‬‬ ‫)‪(Dense‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪(dense‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل ﺤﺼﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫)‪(Gravelly sand‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ‬
‫)‪(Coarse- grained sand‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫‪0.70< eo‬‬ ‫‪0.55≤ eo ≤0.70‬‬ ‫‪0.55> eo‬‬ ‫)‪(Medium- grained sand‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪0.75< eo‬‬ ‫‪0.60≤ eo ≤0.75‬‬ ‫‪0.60> eo‬‬
‫)‪(Fine- grained sand‬‬
‫‪0.80< eo‬‬ ‫‪0.60≤ eo ≤0.80‬‬ ‫‪0.60> eo‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫)‪(Dusty sand‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ )‪ (Degree of saturation‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪:(12-2‬‬
‫‪WG S‬‬
‫= ‪Sr‬‬
‫‪eo‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ -W‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (11-3‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺘﺸـﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺤﻤﺎل )‪ (Ro‬ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(12-3‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﻁـﺎﺀ ﻭﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﺸﺎﻤل ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﺘﻀـﺢ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(11-3‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪(Sr‬‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ <Sr ≤ 0.50‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫)‪(Low moist‬‬
‫ﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
‫‪0.50 <Sr ≤ 0.80‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫)‪(Moist‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪0.80 <Sr ≤ 1.0‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫)‪(Saturated‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(12-3‬ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Ro‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪(Med. dense‬‬ ‫)‪(Dense‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪0.40‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫)‪(Low moist‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ) ‪(Moist & Saturated‬‬
‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫)‪(Low moist‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬
‫)‪(Moist‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺭﻁﺏ‬
‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫)‪(Saturated‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪:(Calyey Soils‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ ،(Plasticity Index - PI‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪(13-3‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (13-3‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪(PI‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪1 ≤PI ≤ 7‬‬ ‫)‪(Sandy loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪7 ≤PI ≤ 17‬‬ ‫)‪(Loamy soil‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻔﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪17 < PI‬‬ ‫)‪(Clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ )‪ (Initial Voids Ratio‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )‪:(eo‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ρd‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ -Gs‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ – ρd‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪.(3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪-3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ )‪ (Liquidity Index-LI‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‬

‫)‪:(20-2‬‬
‫‪W − PL‬‬
‫= ‪LI‬‬
‫‪PI‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Consistency‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل )‪(14-3‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪.(LI‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (14-3‬ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪(LI‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪:(Sandy Loam‬‬ ‫ﻁﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ > LI‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫)‪(Hard‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ < LI ≤ 1‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫)‪(Plastic‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪1 < LI‬‬ ‫)‪(Liquid‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫)‪:(Loam and Clay‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫)‪(Hard‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ > LI‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫)‪(Semi-Hard‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ ≤LI ≤ 0.25‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫)‪(Stiff Plastic‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬ﺼﻠﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪0.25 ≤LI ≤ 0.50‬‬
‫‪0.50 <LI ≤ 0.75‬‬ ‫)‪(Soft Plastic‬‬ ‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻁﺭﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪0.75 <LI ≤ 1.0‬‬ ‫)‪(Liquid Plastic‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
‫‪1 <LI‬‬
‫)‪(Liquid‬‬ ‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺤﻤـﺎل )‪(Ro‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(15-3‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪.(eo‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل )‪ (Interpolation‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ )‪ (Ro‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ )‪ (12-3‬ﻭ )‪ ،(15-3‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(15-3‬ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ)‪(Ro‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫)ﻤﻴﻐﺎﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪1=LI‬‬ ‫‪=LI‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫)‪(eo‬‬
‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬
‫ﻁﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ )‪(Sandy Loam‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻁﻔﺎﻝﻴﺔ )‪(Loamy Soil‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬
‫‪0.40‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬
‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬
‫)‪(Clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬
‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪1.10‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ( ﻭ )ﺏ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪PL‬‬ ‫‪LL‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪-0.25‬‬ ‫‪-0.5‬‬ ‫‪-0.2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫‪Gs‬‬ ‫>‪1‬‬ ‫<‪2.0‬‬
‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪2.61‬‬ ‫‪16.4‬‬ ‫‪31.2‬‬ ‫‪25.8‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪7.4‬‬ ‫ﺃ‬
‫‪9.2‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪12.0‬‬ ‫‪2.10‬‬ ‫‪2.77‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺏ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ(‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺒﻊ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋـﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫‪ 7.4‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 25‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (9-3‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺤﺼﻭﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘــﻲ ﻴﺯﻴــﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴــﻬﺎ ﻋــﻥ ‪0.5‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘــﺭ=‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫‪26.6=19.2+7.4‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺭﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺨﺸﻨﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘــﻲ ﻴﺯﻴــﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴــﻬﺎ ﻋــﻥ ‪0.25‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘــﺭ=‬
‫‪ 52.4 =25.8+19.2+7.4‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(9-3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ )ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪.(eo‬‬

‫‪Gs‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫= ‪− 1 = s (1 + W ) − 1‬‬
‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬
‫‪2.61‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(1 + 0.04) − 1 = 0.467‬‬
‫‪1.85‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (10-3‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻷﻥ )‪(0.55 >0.467 =eo‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ )ﺭﻤل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﻴﻑ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ) ‪: (Sr‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪WG s 0.04 x 2.61‬‬

‫= ‪Sr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.22‬‬
‫‪eo‬‬ ‫‪0.467‬‬
‫<‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (11-3‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ )‪Sr <0.5‬‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃ( ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ‪) :‬ﺭﻤـل ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ(‬
‫)‪.(Medium- grained sand, dense and low moist‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺏ( ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) ‪:(PI‬‬
‫‪PI = LL – PL =16-9.2 = 6.8‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (13-3‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻁﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻷﻥ‬

‫)‪.(1< PI < 7‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪:(eo‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫= ‪− 1 = s (1 + W ) − 1‬‬
‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬
‫‪2.77‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(1 + 0.12) − 1 = 0.48 = 0.50‬‬
‫‪2.10‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ ) ‪:(LI‬‬
‫‪W − PL 12 − 9.2‬‬
‫= ‪LI‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.41‬‬
‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪6.8‬‬

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‫ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (14-3‬ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻥ ) ‪.(1 > LI‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺏ(‪:‬‬
‫)ﻁﻔﺎل ﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺴﻲ(‪(Hard sandy loam) ،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Ro‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل‬

‫)‪ (15-3‬ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.50 =eo‬ﻭ )‪ (0.41=LI‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝـﹻ‪0.3‬‬
‫ﻤﻴﻐﺎﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل = ‪ 3‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــــﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-4‬ﻤﺩﺨـل‬
‫‪ 2-4‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 3-4‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ 4-4‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

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‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒـﻊ‬
‫)‪(Soil Shear Tests‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨــل )‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-4‬‬

‫ﺃﺸﺭ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭ‪‬ﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻘـﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ ،(Direct shear test‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ )‪،(Triaxial test‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ ،(Unconfined compression‬ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ ،(One-dimensional consolidation‬ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ )‪(Penetration‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (California Bearing Ratio‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺸـﺘﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪ .(C.B.R‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺤﻘﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨـﺎ ﻋـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺏ ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪ .‬ﺃﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻘﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ )‪ :(Shear strength of soil‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘل ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴﺭﺘﻜـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (Stresses‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

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‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ )‪ .(Deformations‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﻤـﺎ ﻤﺭﻨـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (Elastic‬ﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Volume change‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Consolidation‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻓـﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ ) ‪Slippage of soil‬‬
‫‪ ،(particles‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪ ،(Failure‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ ﺒـﺎﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫)‪ .(Shear‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺤ‪‬ﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺼﻠﺏ )‪ (Rigid stamp‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P1‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ )‪ ،(S1‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P2‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ )‪ ،(S2‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ )‪(P→S‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(1-4‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺭﺍﺹ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺘﻨـﺩﻤﻙ ﺒﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺴـﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺩﻋﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ ) ‪Compaction‬‬
‫‪ ،(phase‬ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )‪ (P2‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ )‪.(S2‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻼﺸﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴـﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝِﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻨﻴﻜﻭﻻﻱ ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪ ،(N.Gersevanov‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ )‪،(Linear‬‬

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‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (Theory of elasticity‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼـﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻁﺎﻝﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝـﻰ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻝﻭ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻼﺸـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ .(Shear phase‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Non-linear‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼﻝﻬـﺎ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻉ "ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺔ" )‪.(Non-linear soil mechanics‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺯﺍﻨﺘﺴﻴﻑ ) ‪V.‬‬
‫‪ (Berezantsev‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺼﺔ )‪ (Compacted core‬ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﺸﻜل ‪ (2-4‬ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ‪ P3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ،(1-4‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﻝﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ،(Loss of stability‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪.(Failure phase‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (1-4‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (Cohesion‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪(C‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺒﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (Angle of internal friction‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺘﻴﻨﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪ (Columb‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1773‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ‪:‬‬

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‫)‪τ = C + σ tan φ (1-4‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - τ‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ‬
‫‪ -C‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -σ‬ﺍﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫‪ -φ‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ (1-4‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌ‪‬ﺎل ) ‪Effective‬‬
‫‪:(stress‬‬
‫)‪(2-4‬‬ ‫‪τ′ = C′ + σ′ tan φ′‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - C′,φ′‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫‪ - σ′‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪:(Normal effective stress‬‬
‫)‪(3-4‬‬ ‫‪σ′ = σ - u‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - u‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ )‪.(Pore-water pressure‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ (Direct shear test‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒـ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ ،(Shear box‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ل ﻋﻤـﻭﺩﻱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ )‪ ،(σ1,σ2,σ3‬ﻭﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺤﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻗﺹ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪ ،(τ1،τ2 ،τ3‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬

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‫ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪) (σ →τ‬ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(4-4‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (φ‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (2-4‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﺼ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺨﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻗل )‪ ،(φ‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺃﻗل‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(φ=0‬ﻭﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼـﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(C=0‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪ (1-4‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )ﺸﻜل ‪ 5-4‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﺸﻜل ‪ 5-4‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ )‪ – (Triaxial shear test‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻌـﺭﻴﺽ‬

‫ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ( ﺍﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Cell‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻀﺦ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻏﺸـﺎﺀ‬

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‫ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ )‪ ،(Rubber membrane‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ ﻝـﻪ‬

‫)‪ .(σ3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ (σ3‬ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺒﺤﻤ ٍ‬
‫)‪ (6-4‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ‪./7/‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (σ→τ‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪-4‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝـﻰ‬
‫‪ ،(7‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﻤﻭﺭ )‪ (Mohr circles‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﹸﺘ ﹶﺜ ‪‬ﺒﺕﹾ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (σ3‬ﻭ )‪(σ1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﻤـﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (7-4‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ }ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪.{(104‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5-4‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(φ=0‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(C=0‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (6-4‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (7-4‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪-‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ‪‬ﻤﺼ‪‬ـﺭ‪‬ﻓﺔ )‪Unconsolidated-‬‬
‫‪ (Undrained UU‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻜل‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (Drainage‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﺔ )‪Consolidated-‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪-‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ‪‬ﻤﺼ‪‬ـ ‪‬‬
‫‪ (Undrained CU‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ ‪‬ﺭﻓﺔ )‪(Consolidated-Drained CD‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪ -‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ) ‪σ1 -‬‬
‫‪ (σ3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ (Unconfined compression test‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬

‫ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ( ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪-4‬‬
‫‪ ،(6‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(σ3 =0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺤـﺩﺙ ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ ﺒـ )‪ (qu‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪:(σ1‬‬
‫‪qu = σ1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪ ،(σ‬ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (8-4‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪qu‬‬
‫)‪(4-4‬‬ ‫=‪C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

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‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (8-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ ﺝ‪ .‬ﺒﻭﻝﺯ )‪ (J. Bowles‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪: /8/‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺼﻨﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﻔﺘﺭ‪‬ﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ )‪ (Pore-water pressure‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ )‪ (Modulus of elasticity‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻭﻥ )‪ (Poisson’s ratio‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ )‪.(Triaxial apparatus‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻭﺭﺩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﺒﻭﻝﺯ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻌﻤل ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻻ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidated-Undrained CU‬ﻭﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidated-Drained CD‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﺘﺼـﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴل‪،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻤﻜﱢﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺘﻘﻠﻴـل ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬

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‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (C‬ﻭ )‪ (φ‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬

‫)‪(Direct Shear Test of Soil‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-3080.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ (Direct shear box‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (9-4‬ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ – ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻗـﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﹼﻥ )‪،(Serrated porous disc‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ )‪ (N1‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨـﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻗـﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫)‪،(N1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼـﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﺠﺯﺌـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (9-4‬ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺴﺎﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪،(N1‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪(T1‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻜل ‪ 15‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠـﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ‪ 30‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻘﺹ( ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )‪ (10-1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (N2‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻤل )‪ (N3‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪.(N1<N2<N3‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ )‪ ،(Undisturbed‬ﻭﻴﺠـﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎﺀ ﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Consolidation‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻔﺼل ﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،(5‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculations‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴـﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (Normal stress‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪Ni‬‬
‫= ‪σi‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (Shear stress‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Ti‬‬
‫= ‪τi‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - i‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ )‪:(Plotting‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ τ‬ﻭ‪ σ‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ) ‪Horizontal‬‬
‫‪ (displacement‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪.(Vertical displacement‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-4‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪ (10-4‬ﻤﺜـﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-4‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ‪σn‬‬
‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ‪τ‬‬
‫‪128‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪0.14-‬‬ ‫‪0.15-‬‬ ‫‪16.0-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪1.71‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(10-4‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ = (C‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫)ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ(‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ 41 = (φ‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 3-4‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫)‪(Triaxial Compression and Shear Test‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard references‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-2850‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﻔﹼﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜـل‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ )‪) (Loading frame‬ﺸﻜل ‪،(11-4‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ )ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴـﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻠﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ‪،(...‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ )‪،(Rubber membrane‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗل( ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻨﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )‪ ،(D = L/2‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل ‪ 76‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 38‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪ 1.4‬ﻭ ‪ 2.8‬ﺇﻨﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 38‬ﻭ ‪100‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ‪ 50‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻨﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Block sample‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )‪.(Tube sampler‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺒﺔ )‪ (Loose‬ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺴﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﻗﻤـ ﹴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (11-4‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ُ -3‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻭل(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼـﺹ ﻝﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ ﺒـ )‪- (σ3‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪، -(6-4‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫)‪- (σ1-σ3‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪،-(6-4‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁـﻭﺍﺕ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (7-2‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝـﻰ )‪ (σ′3‬ﺜـﻡ )‪ (σ′′3‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪.(σ3<σ3′<σ′′3‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculation‬‬
‫ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (Normal stress‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌـﺎل )‪ (Strain‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -Lo‬ﺍﻝﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -D‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -Ao‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪πD 2‬‬
‫= ‪Ao‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ -X‬ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫=‪ε‬‬ ‫)‪100(%‬‬
‫‪Lo‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪σ1 − σ 3‬‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – P‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ )‪:(Plotting‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ )‪،(τ‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(2-4‬‬
‫‪118-3-54‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬ ‫‪78.2‬‬ ‫ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪1.71‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ(‬ ‫‪38.0‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫‪1134‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ)ﻤﻠﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل )‪ %‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‬ ‫‪88.7‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ=‪(div‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬
‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬
‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬
‫‪1.50‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪1.20‬‬
‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪152‬‬ ‫‪1.60‬‬
‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫‪187‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬
‫‪3.00‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫‪2.40‬‬
‫‪3.50‬‬ ‫‪245‬‬ ‫‪2.80‬‬
‫‪4.00‬‬ ‫‪272‬‬ ‫‪3.20‬‬
‫‪4.50‬‬ ‫‪291‬‬ ‫‪3.60‬‬
‫‪5.00‬‬ ‫‪297‬‬ ‫‪4.00‬‬
‫‪5.50‬‬ ‫‪252‬‬ ‫‪4.40‬‬
‫‪φ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(º‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫‪(σ‬‬ ‫)‪σ 1‬‬
‫‪σ3-σ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪σ1 (2‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪425‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪573‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1.83‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪7.0‬‬ ‫‪672‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1.86‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (12-4‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ‪/‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪/7‬‬
‫‪ 4-4‬ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫)‪(Unconfined Compression Test of Soil‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard references‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-2166‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﻜل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading frame‬ﺫﻭ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻝﻲ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 4 – 0.50‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴـل )‪ (Load measuring ring‬ﺫﻭ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪2‬‬
‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌـﺎل‬
‫)‪،(Strain‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ )ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴـﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻠﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ‪،(...‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻭل ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﺭ ) = ‪L‬‬
‫‪ ،(2D‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻭل = ‪ 76‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻗﻁـﺭ = ‪ 38‬ﻤﻠـﻡ )ﺍﻨﻅـﺭ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ(‪،‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ )ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴـﻔﻠﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺭﻴـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺇﻨﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻝﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﹸﺜﺒـﺕ ﺴـﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻝﻼﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻔﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪،‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪-5‬ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻨﻪ ﻝﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ‪ 15) %20‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ 38‬ﻤﻠﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪-7‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻥ )‪) (Plastic failure‬ﺸﻜل ‪ 13-4‬ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻥ )‪) (Semi-plastic failure‬ﺸﻜل ‪ 13-4‬ﺏ(‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻑ )‪) (Brittle failure‬ﺸﻜل ‪ 13-4‬ﺠـ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-8‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ )‪:(Calculations and report‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﺒﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀـﻲ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (13-4‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻥ ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻥ ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺸﻜل ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ )ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ( ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ( ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪.(qu) (Unconfined compressive strength‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪.(%‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )‪ (Sensitivity of clay‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ ،(qu‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺸـﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Remoulding‬ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ)‪ .(qr‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪St = u‬‬
‫‪qr‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-qu‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪-qr‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ – ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــــﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-5‬ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ 2-5‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘـﻀﺎﻏـﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘـﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫)‪(One - Dimensional Consolidation of Soil‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬ ‫‪1-5‬‬

‫)‪(Compressibility and Consolidation‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻨﻀــﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ )‪ (Soil compressibility‬ﻭﺘﻀــﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ ) ‪Soil‬‬

‫‪ (consolidation‬ﻴﺩﻻﹼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴ‪‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺒﺩﺍ ﻝﻠﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝـﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺩﻻﹼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺄﻤـل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻼﺤـﻕ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺼـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(Compressive stress‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻀﺎﺅل ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪.(Consolidate‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ؟‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻴﺅﺘﻰ ﺒﻪ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ ﻝﺸـﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻓﺭﻀـﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻌ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ )‪One-‬‬
‫‪.(dimensional consolidation theory‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨـﻼل‬

‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬

‫)‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺭل ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ )‪ (K.Terzaghi‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻁﻭﻴـل ﺍﻷﻤـﺩ )‪ (Long-term consolidation‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪ (Erdbaumechanik‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1925‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬـﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴـﻭﺭ ﻨﻴﻜـﻭﻻﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪ (N. Gersevanov‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ‪،1948-1931‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻴﻥ )‪ (V.Florin‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻋـﺎﻤﻲ‬
‫‪.1961-1937‬‬
‫ل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨ َ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺩﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ ،(Oedometer‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪(Oidem‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪.(Swelling‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 1-2-5‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪ (Solid particles‬ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (Voids‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﺎ(ً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺠﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪،(Compression of solid particles‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ) ‪Compression of water in‬‬
‫‪،(voids‬‬
‫ﺕ‪" .‬ﻓﺭﺍﺭ" ﺃﻭ ﺇﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪.(Escape of water from voids‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃ( ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻀﺌﻴل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ )ﺏ( ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺫﻜﺭ‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ )ﺕ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻀـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﻓﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (Volume change‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪ (Settlement‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ‪‬ﻱ )‪.(Ultimate settlement‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺩﻴـل"‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻭﺯﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﻝﻑ ﺒﻴﻙ )‪ (R. Peck‬ﺴـﻨﺔ ‪،1948‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪./7/ (D. Taylor‬‬

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‫‪ 2-2-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﺽ )ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ(‬

‫)‪(Spring and Piston Analogy‬‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-5‬ﻝـﻪ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋـﺩﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (Frictionless piston‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻪ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪.(Valve‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ )‪ 200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺏ(‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ )‪ (Hydrostatic pressure‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪) A÷200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪‬ﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪ (t = 0‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﻯ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ 1-5‬ﺯ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺸـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ) ‪Excess‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺎﻤ ﹰ‬

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‫‪ ،(pressure in water‬ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪ ،(1-5‬ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ ،%100‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-5‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪(Basic assumptions‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Soil skeleton‬ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ )‪.(Darcy’s law‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 4-2-5‬ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫‪ (volume compressibility‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(mv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ـﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـ‬
‫ـﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺨـ‬
‫ـﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝـ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫‪ (consolidation‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ ،(Rate of consolidation‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(Final settlement‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Permeability‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀــﺎﻏـﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘـﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫) ‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Test of Soil‬‬

‫‪- BS 1377‬‬
‫‪- ASTM D-2435‬‬
‫‪- AASHTO T-216.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏـﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(BS 1377‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

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‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ -(Oedometer‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidation cell‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Ring‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (50‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (75‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ )‪(20‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪.(Cell body‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﻔ‪‬ﺫﺓ )‪ (Porous discs‬ﻋﺩﺩ )‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading yoke‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (Beam‬ﻴﻨﻘل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل )ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ( )‪.(Weights‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (2-5‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪.(Trimming Knives‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ )‪.(Watch glass‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ D‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ (H‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ )‪.(mR‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ ،(Tube sampler‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤ‪‬ﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ )‪) (Block sample‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(2-1‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻨﺔ‬

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‫)ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ‪ .(Remoulded sample‬ﻭﻝﻜـﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﹰﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪ (Undisturbed sample‬ﻭﻤﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺯﺯ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻅـﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﺭﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻭ‪‬ﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ )‪،Wo (Initial moisture content‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ‪ -Gs‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.-‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘـﺔ )‪ (m = m1-mR‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‪– m1‬ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ - mR ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﻀـﻊ ﻗـﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔـﺫ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻭﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل –ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪2-5‬ﺃ(‪.-‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2-5‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ( ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪) ،‬ﺏ(ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺤﺢ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻀـﺒﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Beam‬ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻏﻲ )‪ (Screw‬ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ )ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠىﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ (Initial pressure‬ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (γH‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - γ‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ -H ،‬ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻝﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻓﺔ )‪ ،(Room temperature‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻝﻠﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺘﹸﺸﻐل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ‪.‬‬

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‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﻼ ﺒﻌـﺩ‪،15 ،10 ،6‬‬
‫)ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ )ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪30‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ 30 ،15 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪24 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨـﺫ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪،‬ﻷﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴـﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘـﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪ (24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﻝﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )‪ ،(13-12‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading stage‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﻤل )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﻬـﺎﺩ( ﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﻤﻀـﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ ،(γH‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺴـﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫)‪ ،(Unloading‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﺯﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪-16‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﻓﻙ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺇﺨـﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ( ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻝـﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫)‪.(mp = m2 - mR‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪ ،(m2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪-17‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪ ،(m3‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪.(ms = m3 - mR‬‬
‫‪-18‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wo‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ "ﺘﺸﻴﻴﻙ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (Final moisture content‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪mf − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wf‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫‪-19‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Area of specimen‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪A = π D ÷ 4 (mm²‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Initial volume of specimen‬‬
‫‪AH o‬‬
‫= ‪Vo‬‬ ‫)‪(cm²‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺹ‪((210-209‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺹ ‪((210-209‬‬

___________________________________________________________________
:(Moisture content) ‫ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬-

m − ms
Wo =
ms
: (Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬-
ρ = m÷Vo (g/cm³)
:(Dry Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬-
100
ρd = ρ (g/cm³)
100 + Wo
:(Voids ratio) ‫ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
Gs
eo = −1
ρd
:(Degree of saturation) ‫ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬-

Wo G s
So =
eo
:(Voids ratio change factor) ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
1 + eo
F= (mm-1)
Ho
:‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‬.‫ﺏ‬
:(Moisture content) ‫ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬-
mf − ms
Wf =
ms
:(Height of specimen) ‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬-
Wf = Ho- (∆H)f (mm)
211 ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – (∆H)f‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﻭﻩ )ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺴـﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Density‬‬
‫‪mf‬‬
‫= ‪ρf‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪AH f‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Dry density‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ρ df = ρ f‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪100 + Wf‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪:(Voids ratio‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ρ df‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪:(Degree of saturation‬‬
‫‪Wf G s‬‬
‫= ‪Sf‬‬
‫‪ef‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ)ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ()‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪e1 = eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫)‪(Voids ratio change during an increment‬‬
‫‪δe = e1 - e2‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻝﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪(Coefficient of volume compressibility‬‬
‫‪δ e 1000‬‬
‫= ‪mv‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪δ p 1 + e1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of consolidation‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ( )‪(m²/year‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ( )‪(m²/year‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫‪H1 + H 2‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of compressibility‬‬
‫)ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ( )‪K = C v m v × 0.31 × 10-9 (m/s‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻠﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-5‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-5‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫)‪ (e-log P curve‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪.(1-5‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪:(Analysis of settlement- time curves‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ( ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Degree of consolidation‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺩﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ ) ‪Pore-water‬‬
‫‪.(pressure‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘـﺎﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺘـﺎﻥ ) ‪Empirical‬‬
‫‪ (methods‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (Square root -time‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪ ،(Log time‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-5‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪( e - log P‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫‪÷ t50‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬

‫})‪÷ (1+ e1‬‬
‫‪ H= H1+ H2÷ 2‬‬
‫÷) ‪Cv = (0.026 × H2‬‬
‫)‪δe ÷δ p‬‬
‫)‪(F= 0.0807‬‬
‫) ‪(eo= 0.622‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪(∆H‬‬
‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪ /‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫) ﻡ‪/2‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ(‬
‫‪e1= eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ )‪(P‬‬
‫)ﻡ‪/2‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ(‬
‫)‪(1+ e1‬‬
‫∆‪H=Ho-‬‬
‫‪ H)2‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δp‬‬
‫‪t50‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δe‬‬
‫÷‪{(1000‬‬
‫‪mv=(δ‬‬
‫‪(‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.804‬‬ ‫‪0.106‬‬
‫‪402‬‬ ‫‪20.05‬‬ ‫‪19.99‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.107‬‬ ‫‪1.613‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪0.613‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.63‬‬ ‫‪0.360‬‬
‫‪395‬‬ ‫‪19.87‬‬ ‫‪19.74‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪0.251‬‬ ‫‪1.593‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.020‬‬ ‫‪0.591‬‬ ‫‪0.0291‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.432‬‬ ‫‪0.762‬‬
‫‪382‬‬ ‫‪19.54‬‬ ‫‪19.34‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪0.205‬‬ ‫‪1.561‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.032‬‬ ‫‪0.561‬‬ ‫‪0.0615‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0.498‬‬ ‫‪1.269‬‬
‫‪364‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪0.135‬‬ ‫‪1.520‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪0.041‬‬ ‫‪0.520‬‬ ‫‪0.1024‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪200-‬‬ ‫‪0.012-‬‬ ‫‪0.532‬‬ ‫‪0.0902‬‬ ‫‪1.118‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪150-‬‬ ‫‪0.032-‬‬ ‫‪0.562‬‬ ‫‪0.0598‬‬ ‫‪0.741‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪0.63‬‬
‫‪0.62‬‬
‫‪0.61‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.59‬‬
‫‪0.58‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪0.56‬‬
‫ ا‬
‫‪0.55‬‬
‫‪0.54‬‬ ‫ ر ال‬
‫‪0.53‬‬
‫‪0.52‬‬
‫‪0.51‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫)آ

‪ /‬م‪P (٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(3-5‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪: (Square root –time method‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪ (Taylor‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1942‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (√ t‬ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل ‪.(4-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ )‪،(BQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (Q‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Corrected Zero point‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺯ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ )‪ (√ t‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ )‪=U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( q‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (1.15‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ) ‪.(r‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (r‬ﻭ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (C‬ﻤﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪.(%90=U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ) ‪ ،(%100=U‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ (d0‬ﻭ)‪ (d90‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ ﻗﺴـﻡ ﺒـﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (%100=U‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ )‪.(U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Cv‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪, t 90 = ( t 90 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪, t 50 = ( t 50 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(4-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ )‪ – (H‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(1-5‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪:(Log –time method‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ (Casagrande‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ)‪(Log scale‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل‪.(5-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ )ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨـﺫ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ (a d) a‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻠﻊ )‪ (a c‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠـﺙ‬
‫)‪ (a b c‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (d‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ = U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (Log t‬ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪ (%100 =U‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋــﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ ،(%75 =U‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(AB‬ﻭﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(DF‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺘﻘـﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺴـﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ )‪=U‬‬
‫‪.(%100‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(U‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (do‬ﻭ )‪ (d100‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (C v‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬ ‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫= ‪, Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪t 90‬‬ ‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (6-5‬ﻭ )‪ (7-5‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ ،(1-5‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (6-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ )‪(P=200 KN/m²‬‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-5‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(7-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ )‪(P=200‬‬

‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-5‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﻓـﺤـﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﻨﻔـﺎﺫﻴـــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-6‬ﻤﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪2-6‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫‪3-6‬‬

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‫ﻓﺤـﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـــﺔ‬
‫)‪(Soil Permeability Tests‬‬
‫‪ 1-6‬ﻤﺩﺨــل )‪(Introduction‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻝﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ )‪ (H. Darcy‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ )‪ ،(Porous medium‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1856‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ )‪ (Darcy’s law‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـل ﺍﻝﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻲ )‪،(Hydraulic gradient‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-6‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪(1-6‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪H1‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

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‫‪q = A.K.i‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= K.i‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪( H 2 − H 1 ) ∆H‬‬
‫=‪i‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ –q‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻓﺫ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ –A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -K‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪.(Coefficient of permeability‬‬
‫‪ -i‬ﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -V‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ (K‬ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ (K‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﻜـﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ )‪ -(Falling head test‬ﻭﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ -(Constant head test‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

‫ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ – ﻭﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺼﻐﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ ،(K‬ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝِـ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ )‪ ،(K20‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ )‪ (K‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 10‬ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ‪ 77‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ 56‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (K20‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪K10 = 0.77 K20‬‬
‫‪K0 = 0.56 K20‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ (K‬ﻝﻸﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻲ‬

‫ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪./15/(1-6‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-6‬ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪) (K‬ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪10-‬‬ ‫‪7-‬‬ ‫‪7-‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪10‬‬ ‫‪4-10‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪10‬‬ ‫‪4-‬‬
‫‪1-10‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪10‬‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪1‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪10‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺎل ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬
‫ﺭﻤﺎل ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻁﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺸﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻁﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Clean sands and sand‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻤﺔ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫‪Very fines sands, silts‬‬ ‫‪gravel mixture‬‬ ‫‪Clean gravels‬‬
‫‪Unfissured‬‬ ‫‪and clay- silt laminate‬‬
‫‪clays & silts‬‬
‫ﺃﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺸﻘﻘﺔ ‪Fissured clays‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Seepage‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﺢ )‪.(Seepage pressure‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺤﺼﻭل ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﺒﺔ ﺒل ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ "ﻏﻠﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل" )‪ (Sand boiling‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻐﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻲ )‪ (i‬ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻴـل ﺍﻝﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺝ‬
‫)‪ ،(ic) (Critical hydraulic gradient‬ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ‬
‫)‪ ،(Quick sand‬ﺃﻭ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪(Subsurface erosion‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺤﺭ )‪ ،(Piping‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ) ‪Storage‬‬
‫‪.(reservoirs‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺤﻭل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ) ‪Drainage‬‬
‫‪.(system‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 2-6‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬

‫)‪(Falling Head Soil Permeability Test‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-2434.‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (2-6‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻭﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺸﻜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪ ،(2-6‬ﻭﻴﻐﻁﻰ ﺴﻁﺤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﻔﻠﻲ ﺒﻐﻁـﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻔـﺫ‬
‫)‪.(Filter‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻼﻤﺴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻋـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻼ ﺒـﺄﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﺠـﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺼ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (Standpipe‬ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺫﻱ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ )‪.(a‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻸ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪ (h1‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻗـﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ )‪.(t1‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺯﺠـﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﻝﺘﻜﻥ )‪ (t2‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪.(h2‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘـﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -6‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‬

‫‪Loge‬‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪L÷(t2-t1‬‬ ‫‪h 1 ÷h 2‬‬ ‫)‪(h2‬‬ ‫)‪(h1‬‬ ‫)‪(t2-t1‬‬
‫)‪(h2÷h1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫)ﺴﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪0.116‬‬ ‫‪1.0986‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪215‬‬ ‫‪24.0‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪0.1225‬‬ ‫‪1.0986‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪18.0‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (2-6‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬

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‫ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ (K‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪aL‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪log10 1‬‬
‫) ‪A( t 2 − t 1‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪aL‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪K = 2.3‬‬ ‫‪ln 1‬‬
‫‪A( t 2 − t 1 ) h 2‬‬
‫)*(‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪A= 81.07 cm²‬‬
‫‪a = 7.1 cm²‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (K‬ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺘﻴﻥ ‪ 2،1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )*( ‪:‬‬
‫‪aL‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫= ‪K1‬‬ ‫= ‪log10 1‬‬
‫) ‪A( t 2 − t 1‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬
‫‪7.1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪x 0.116 x1.0986‬‬
‫‪81.07‬‬
‫‪= 1.07 x10 − 2 cm / sec‬‬
‫‪K 2 = 1.18x10 − 2 cm / sec‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (ρ‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )‪(W‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 3-6‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬

‫) ‪(Constant Head Soil Permeability Test‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-2434.‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-6‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻭﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ) ‪Perspex‬‬
‫‪ (cylinder‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Wire mesh filter‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻤﺭ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺸﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻝﻠﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ )‪.(Steady state‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-6‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = K.i‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪= A.V‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪= K.A.i‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫=‪⇒i‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪QL‬‬
‫=‪⇒K‬‬
‫‪Aht‬‬
‫)ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫÷ ‪K=QL‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺯﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺸﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪(Aht‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(A‬‬ ‫)‪(L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﻥ )‪(h‬‬ ‫)‪(t‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(Q‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫)ﺴﻡ‪/‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ(‬
‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪10×6.9‬‬ ‫‪81.07‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪7.31‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪10×6.6‬‬ ‫‪81.07‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪6.97‬‬ ‫‪134‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-7‬ﻤﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬

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‫ﻓـﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﻤـﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒـﻊ‬

‫)‪(Soil Compaction Tests‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨـل ) ‪( Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-7‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (Shear strength‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔـﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Low permeability‬ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴل ﻝﻠﻤـﺎﺀ )‪،(Low water absorption‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ )‪ ،(Stability‬ﻭﺘﺤﺴ‪‬ﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ )‪ (Soil compaction‬ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻝﺘﺤﺴـﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼـﻠﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻨﻘﺎﺹ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻁـﺎﺭﻕ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ )‪ (Hammers‬ﺃﻭ ﻤـﺩﺍﺤل )‪ (Rollers‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺯ)‪.(Vibration‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ)‪،(Consolidation‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻨﺩﻩ )ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ) ‪Optimum moisture content -‬‬

‫‪ ،(OMC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﻯ ) ‪Maximum dry‬‬
‫‪ ،(density - MDD‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻓﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪.(1-7‬‬
‫ا
ا
اى‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(٣‬‬
‫ى ا ا

‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (1-7‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻬل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ )‪،(Degree of compaction‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ =‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ(‬

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‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‪ 90‬ﻭ ‪ 100‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻤﻜﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺒﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )ﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﻴﹰﺎ( ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻗﻭﺍﻝـﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Moulds‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ )‪ ،(Rammers‬ﻭﺇﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺹ )ﺸـﻜل ‪(1-7‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤـﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨـﺩﺱ ﺭ‪ .‬ﺒﺭﻭﻜﺘـﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪ (R.Proctor‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 1933‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫‪ 1/30‬ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 5.5‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨـﺩ )‪ 2.5‬ﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺍﻡ (‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﺘـﻭﺭ ) ‪Proctor‬‬
‫‪،(test‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪ ،(Standard compaction test‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺩ‪‬ل ) ‪Modified‬‬
‫‪ ، (compaction test‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ ‪ 10‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ 4.5‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺩ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺨـﻼل ﺇﻨﺸـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﻋﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺸـﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻨﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻠﺨﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﻨـﺎﻩ ) ﺠـﺩﻭل ‪1-7‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩﻭل ‪ ( 2-7‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) ‪British‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ ،(Standard – BS 1377‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ (ASTM‬ﻭﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ )‪. (AASHTO‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ - ( 1 -7‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪(BS 1377‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔـﺤــﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫) ﻜﻐﻡ (‬ ‫) ﺴﻡ‪( 3‬‬ ‫) ﺴﻡ (‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪105‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫) ﺒﺭﻭﻜﺘﻭﺭ(‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪(BS 1377 – Test‬‬
‫‪115.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫)‪No.12‬‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫‪105‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌ ‪‬ﺩل‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪(BS 1377 – Test‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪No.13‬‬
‫‪115.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺼﻴ‪‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀـﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴﺠـﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪ ( 2-7‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (ASTM‬ﻭ ) ‪( AASHTO‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻨﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻜﻐﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪(A‬ﺃﻭ)‪(C‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪944‬‬ ‫‪(102) 4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ) ﺒﺭﻭﻜﺘﻭﺭ(‬
‫)‪(ASTM D- 698‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪(B‬ﺃﻭ )‪(D‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2124‬‬ ‫‪(152)6‬‬ ‫)‪(AASHTO T- 90‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪(A‬ﺃﻭ)‪(C‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.54‬‬ ‫‪944‬‬ ‫‪(102)4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌ ‪‬ﺩل‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-1557‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪(B‬ﺃﻭ)‪(D‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.54‬‬ ‫‪2124‬‬ ‫‪(152)6‬‬ ‫)‪(AASHT T- 180‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪4.75) 4‬ﻤﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ) ‪ (C‬ﻭ)‪ (D‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ) ‪ – ( 2-7‬ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ )ﺃ( ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ) ﺏ (ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬

‫)‪(Laboratory Compaction Test‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 698, D – 1557‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-90, T- 180‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻜـﺯﹰﺍ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (ASTM‬ﻭ )‪.(AASHTO‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫)‪ (1-7‬ﻭ )‪.(2-7‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫)‪ (1-7‬ﻭ )‪.(2-7‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ) ﻁﺒﻕ ( ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ) ‪ ( Tray‬ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﻘﻭل ﻝﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ( ﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬
‫)‪.(Straight edge‬‬

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‫‪ .1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪(Air drying‬‬
‫ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝـﺏ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭ)‪4‬ﺍﻨﺵ( ﻭﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 7‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ )‪6‬ﺍﻨﺵ‬

‫(‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪)4‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫‪A‬ﻭ‪ ،(B‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ )ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ‪ C‬ﻭ‪.(D‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ )‪20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ‪ C‬ﻭ ‪ D‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (AASHTO‬ﻭ )‪ (ASTM‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨـﺵ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل‬
‫‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪.4‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺭﺵ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫)ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 2 – 1.5‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺠـﺎﻨﺱ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ) ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ‪ ،(2-7 ،1-7‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫)ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ(‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﺯﻉ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ )ﺤﻠﻘﺔ( ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ) ‪(m 2‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﻤﺴـﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤـﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ‪ 5‬ﻭ ‪6‬‬

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‫‪ .8‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﺤﺘـﻰ ‪‬ﻴﻼﺤـﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ )ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ ( 4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ) ‪:( Calculations‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (ρ‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (ρd‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫)ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ( ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m 2 − m1‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫– ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪m1‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫– ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪ – V‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﺴﻡ‪.3‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪100ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪100 + W‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – W‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ) ‪( 1-7‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ‬

‫‪6945‬‬ ‫‪6910‬‬ ‫‪6915‬‬ ‫‪6815‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪+‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫) ‪( W2‬‬
‫‪4645‬‬ ‫‪4645‬‬ ‫‪4645‬‬ ‫‪4645‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ‪ +‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪) ( W1‬ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪2300‬‬ ‫‪2265‬‬ ‫‪2270‬‬ ‫‪2170‬‬ ‫)‪) ( W2-W1‬ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ ‪ρ = (W2-W1) ÷V‬‬
‫‪2.44‬‬ ‫‪2.40‬‬ ‫‪2.40‬‬ ‫‪2.30‬‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪10.8‬‬ ‫‪13.0‬‬ ‫‪8.7‬‬ ‫‪6.6‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪( W‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪100ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪2.20‬‬ ‫‪2.12‬‬ ‫‪2.21‬‬ ‫‪2.16‬‬ ‫‪100 + W‬‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪2.22‬‬
‫‪2.21‬‬
‫‪2.2‬‬
‫‪2.19‬‬
‫‪2.18‬‬
‫‪2.17‬‬
‫‪2.16‬‬
‫‪2.15‬‬
‫‪2.14‬‬
‫‪2.13‬‬
‫‪2.12‬‬
‫‪2.11‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ = ‪% 9.5‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ = ‪ 2.215‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼــﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ – ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬
‫)‪(California Bearing Ratio-CBR Test‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨـل ) ‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫)‪ (Base‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Sub-base‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴـﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ،(California Division of highways‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪.1929‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺭﺯ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻤﻜﺒﺱ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ )ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ(‬
‫)‪ (Load-Penetration relationship‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(CBR‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR-value‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ( ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺴـﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ ،(Crushed stone‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ =‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Standard loads‬ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐـﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺼﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ(‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜــﺎﻝﻲ)‪ (Optimum moisture content‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ)‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻗﻭﺍﻝـﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ‪ AASHTO‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻝـ ‪ 6‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒـﺩﻤﻙ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫)ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‪/‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺵ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫‪11.50‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6895‬‬ ‫)‪(1000‬‬ ‫)‪(3000‬‬ ‫‪13.24‬‬ ‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪17.60‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10324‬‬ ‫)‪(1500‬‬ ‫)‪(4500‬‬ ‫‪19.96‬‬ ‫)‪(0.2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪22.20‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪26.30‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪30.30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪33.50‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻨـــﻭﻉ ﺍﻝــﺩﻤــﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 12‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 13‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 5.5‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-698) (AASHTO T-90‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-1557) (AASHTO T-180‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Soaking‬ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺸﺢ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪ ،(Swelling‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )ﺍﻨﺵ( ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ =‬
‫‪ 4.584‬ﺍﻨﺵ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻀ‪‬ﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺩﺩ )‪ (10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (30‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ)‪ (65‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪(%‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪10‬ت‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫‪1.95‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪2.25‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (1-8‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ /8/‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻝﻙ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ )‪ ،(Pavement thickness‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ)‪ (Corps of Engineers‬ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴـﻕ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./19/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪(AASHTO‬‬
‫)‪(USCS‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪OH,CH,‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

‫‪A5, A6, A7‬‬ ‫‪3-0‬‬
‫‪MH,OL‬‬ ‫)‪(Subgrade‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬
‫‪A4, A5, A6,‬‬ ‫‪OH,CH,‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬ ‫‪MH,OL‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬
‫‪A2, A4, A6,‬‬

‫‪OH, CL,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪ML, SC, SM,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬ ‫‪20-7‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬
‫‪SP‬‬ ‫)‪(Sub-base‬‬
‫‪GM, GC,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪A-1-b, A-2-5,‬‬
‫‪SW, SM, SP,‬‬ ‫)‪(Base course‬‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪50-20‬‬
‫‪A3, A-2-6‬‬
‫‪GP‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪A-1-a, A-2-4,‬‬
‫‪GW, GM‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯ‬ ‫<‪50‬‬
‫‪A4‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ )‪ (4-8‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ )‪ (Soft to medium hard limestone‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4-8‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ 8‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ )‪(Subgrade‬‬
‫‪ 40‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪( Sub-base course‬‬
‫‪ 80‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ )‪(Base course‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (2-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ – ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬

‫)‪(California Bearing Ratio-CBR Test‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 1883‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-193‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺴﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪.(CBR moulds‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Spacer disc‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 2.416‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ ‪4.584‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (Rammer‬ﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ )‪ (Tripod‬ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ )‪ (Dial gauge‬ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤﺨ ‪‬ﺭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Perforated plate‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺅﻝﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪4.54‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪2.27‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (Penetration piston‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ‪ 49.63‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭﹰﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻁﻭﻝﻪ ‪ 101.6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ= ‪ 1935‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺒﻌﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading frame‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋـﻥ ‪ 44.5‬ﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭ )‪ (Soaking tank‬ﻝﻪ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Drying oven‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل )‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ )‪20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ( ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 4.75) 4‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ )‪(Optimum moisture content‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ( ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻗﺼـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ‪CBR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ %90‬ﻤـﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 65 ،30 ،10‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﻝﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﻀﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 30‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋـﺩ ) ‪Spacer‬‬
‫‪ (disc‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺹ ﻭﺘـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﻏﻁـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (Collar‬ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝـﺏ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩ )‪ ،(Straight edge‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻘﺏ )ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺯل ﺒﺭﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ )‪4.54‬ﻜﻐﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻤﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻝﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (15‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-12‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻤﻨﻊ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﻤل ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ( ﻻ‬

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‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (44‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻔﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪-14‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ(‬
‫‪1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(0.64‬‬
‫)‪(10.16) (7.62) (5.08) (4.45) (3.81) (3.18) (1.29‬‬
‫)‪ (12.7‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪: (Calculations‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ .(Load- Penetration curve‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻌﺭﺓ ﻝﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪ (Correction‬ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻝﻴﻼﻗﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(2.5‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭ )‪ (50‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ ،(1-8‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗل ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ( ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬

‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪452‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬
‫‪229‬‬ ‫‪552‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪651‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪384‬‬ ‫‪813‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬
‫‪437‬‬ ‫‪883‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬
‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1140‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬
‫‪731‬‬ ‫‪1260‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬
‫‪804‬‬ ‫‪1450‬‬ ‫‪9.0‬‬
‫‪860‬‬ ‫‪1541‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪974‬‬ ‫‪1863‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪(%) 21.5‬‬ ‫‪14.9‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪1.992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
‫‪) 1.647‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪1.734‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10 11 12 13 14‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )ﻤﻡ(‬
‫ ) ‪(١‬‬ ‫ ) ‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪5.0‬‬ ‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ )‪ 10324‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ 6895‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪% 100 x (1-8‬‬

‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫– ﺠﺩﻭل ‪%100 x (1-8‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ = ‪ 11‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (1‬ﻭ = ‪ 5‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪.(2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل‬ ‫‪1-9‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﺤﻼل ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪(SPT‬‬ ‫‪3-9‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫‪4-9‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴـﻊ‬
‫)‪(Field Soil Tests‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨــل ) ‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-9‬‬

‫ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ )‪ -(Field density tests‬ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻁـﺭﻕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺇﺤﻼل ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ) ‪Sand‬‬
‫‪ ،(cone or sand replacement method‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁـﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(Rubber balloon method‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﻴـﺔ )‪.(Nuclear method‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻨﻌﺭﻀـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ -(Penetration tests‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ )‪ ،(Static penetration tests‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺨﻼﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﻝﻪ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺜﺎﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨـﺭﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑ ﺒــ )‪ ،(Dutch cone test‬ﻭﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ )‪ ،(Dynamic penetration tests‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺨﻼﻝﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘـﻪ ﺠـﺎﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ (Soil sampler‬ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻲ )‪ (Standard Penetration Test- SPT‬ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ -(Shear tests‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬـﺎ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ )‪.(Vane shear test‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ )‪ -(Permeability tests‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Boreholes‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴـﺔ )‪(Trail pits‬‬
‫ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ) ‪ (Coefficient of permeability‬ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴـﺯ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸـﺂﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Hydraulic structures‬ﻜﺎﻝﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ -(Loading tests‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤل ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﺜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Plate bearing test‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﺤﻤل ﺴـﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪ (Static load‬ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪ (Failure‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺘﻨﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﺤﻼل ﺍﻝﺭﻤـل‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬

‫)‪(Field Density Test Using Sand-Replacement Method‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 1556‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-191.‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )‪ (Sand cone‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀـﺢ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-9‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻌﻤل ﺤ‪‬ﻔﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Digging tools‬ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻹﺯﻤﻴـل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Plate‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﺘﺤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻠﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪13‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ )‪ (Metal container‬ﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻀﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻜﻴﺱ ﻨﺎﻴﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺭﻤل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﻭﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )‪ 600‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ( ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )‪ 300‬ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪،(20‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ .(30‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (30‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(40‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨـل )‪(30‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل )‪ ،(50‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ./8/‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺔ )‪.(%1‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ( ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤل ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻼﺼﻘﺔ ﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤـﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ (ASTM‬ﺘﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫)ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬ ‫‪) 4.75‬ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪(4‬‬
‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪12.50‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪2100‬‬ ‫‪25.00‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪2800‬‬ ‫‪50.00‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪15‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪50-25‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫‪15-12‬ﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝـﺫﻝﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 5‬ﺴﻡ )‪ 2‬ﺍﻨﺵ( )ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ( ﺒل ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﺭﺸـﺎﺓ ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ( ﻓﻭﻕ ﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ،(1-9‬ﻭﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﻠﺴـﻤﺎﺡ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﻠـﺊ ﺍﻷﺨﻴـﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-9‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ )ﻏﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ )‪=(ρ‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ )ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ )ﻏﻡ( – ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ )ﻏﻡ(‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (WO‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ )‪ ،(ρ‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (ρd‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫= ‪ρd‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪1 + Wo‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ρd = ρ‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪100 + Wo‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(1-9‬ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺤﺴﺏ )‪(ASTM D-1556‬‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗــﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨــﺔ‬

‫‪3045‬‬ ‫‪3415‬‬ ‫)‪) (W‬ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪5000‬‬ ‫‪5000‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺓ‬

‫ـﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـ‬
‫ـﻜﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝﺴـ‬
‫ـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻗﺒـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻷﺴـ‬
‫ـل ﺩﺍﺨـ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـ‬
‫)‪) (W1‬ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪1247.4‬‬ ‫‪1017.1‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺓ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـ‬
‫ـﻜﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻝﺴـ‬
‫ـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻌـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻷﺴـ‬
‫ـل ﺩﺍﺨـ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـ‬
‫)‪) (W4‬ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪1430‬‬ ‫‪1430‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )‪) (W2‬ﻏﻡ(‬
‫‪2322.6‬‬ ‫‪2552.9‬‬ ‫)‪) (Wb=W1-W4-W2‬ﻏﻡ(‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‬
‫‪1.45‬‬ ‫‪1.45‬‬ ‫)‪) (ρs‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬
‫‪1601.8‬‬ ‫‪1760.6‬‬ ‫)‪(Vb = Wb ÷ ρs‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﺓ‬
‫‪1.90‬‬ ‫‪1.94‬‬ ‫)‪) (ρ=W÷ Vb‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
‫‪8.3‬‬ ‫‪8.5‬‬ ‫)‪(%) (m‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪1.79‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪ρd = ρ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪100 + m‬‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻻﺨـﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫‪3-9‬‬

‫)‪(Standard Penetration Test - SPT‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤـﺩ ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻵﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴـﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Boreholes‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـﻊ )‪ ،(Site investigation‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 1586.‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺤﻔﺭ )‪ (Drilling rig‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﹼـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )‪ ،(Split-barrel sampler‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ) ‪Split‬‬
‫‪ ،(spoon‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(2-9‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ ﺤﻔﺭ )‪ ،(Drilling rods‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ )‪ (Hammer‬ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 65‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ )‪.(Airtight containers‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (2-9‬ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻭﺠﻌﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 45‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺁﺨﺭ ‪ 30‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺒﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪ (Standard penetration number‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪ .(N‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻠﻭﻏﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺴـﻴﻥ ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺭﻏﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴـﺠﻴل‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ﻀﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ )ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ( ﻭﻓﻙ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ )‪ (Gravelly soil‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ ‪ 60‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺩ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪:(Application‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ‪ (N‬ﻝﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ – (Relative density‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪-9‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ )‪ (N‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻭﺒﻴﻙ)‪:/17/ (Terzaghi& Peck‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪(1-9‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(Relative density‬‬ ‫)‪(N‬‬
‫)‪(Very loose‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪4‬‬
‫)‪(loose‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪10-4‬‬
‫)‪(Medium dense‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪30-10‬‬
‫)‪(Dense‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪50-30‬‬
‫)‪(Very dense‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪50‬‬
‫ـﻐﻁ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻝﻀــ‬
‫ـﺔ )‪ (Consistency‬ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــ‬
‫ـﺩ ﻗــ‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴــ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ)‪ (Unconfied strength‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-9‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ‪./17/‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪(2-9‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬

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‫)‪(Unconfined compressive strength‬‬ ‫)‪(Consistency‬‬ ‫)‪(N‬‬

‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪25‬‬ ‫)‪(Very Soft‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻱ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪2‬‬
‫‪50-25‬‬ ‫)‪(Soft‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫‪100-50‬‬ ‫)‪(Medium‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫‪8-4‬‬
‫‪200-100‬‬ ‫)‪(Stiff‬‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪15-8‬‬
‫‪400-200‬‬ ‫)‪(Very stiff‬‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺏ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫‪30-15‬‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪400‬‬ ‫)‪(hard‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪30‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪-(Bearing capacity‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺘﺭﺍﺯﺠـﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺒﻴﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ )‪ (Allowed bearing capacity‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪ (SPT‬ﻭﻝﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (Water table‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )‪ (B‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤل ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (φ‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (4-9‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ،/3/‬ﻭﺍﻝـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (N‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪ ،(SPT‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ) ‪ .(Overburden pressure‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺠﻴﺒﺱ ﻭﻫـﻭﻝﺘﺯ‬
‫)‪ /5/ (Gibbes & Holtz‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺘﻘﻠل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Relative density‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴـﻜﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻝﻘﻴﻡ )‪ (N‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒـﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ،(5-9‬ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺜﻭﺭﺒﻴﺭﻥ )‪ (Thorburn‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ .(5-9‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (N‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺜﻭﺭﺒﻴﺭﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻗل‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻡ ) ‪ (N‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3-9‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪.(N‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-9‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (φ‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ )‪(N‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5-9‬ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (N‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﻫﻭﻝﺘﺯ‬
‫)ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ (1‬ﻭﺜﻭﺭﺒﻴﺭﻥ )ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴـﺸـﺔ‬ ‫‪4-9‬‬
‫)‪(Vane Shear Test‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻠﺠﺄ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ )‪(Shear strength‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻱ )‪ ،(Soft‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﻝﻸﺸﻜﺎل‬

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‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻤل )‪ (Sand‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻁﻤﻲ )‪ .(Silt‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻼﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ )ﺨﺼﻭﺼـﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 2573‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-223‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﺡ )ﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ( ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻻﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺼﺩﺃ )ﺸﻜل ‪.(6-9‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﺸﺩ )‪ (High tensile rod‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘـﻪ ﻤﻘـﺒﺽ ﻤـﺯﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪.(Torque‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺌـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Borehole‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (6-9‬ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺒﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (Torque‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪-6‬‬
‫‪ 12‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪: (Calculations‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫‪d 2h d3‬‬
‫(‪T = πc‬‬ ‫) ‪+‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - T‬ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -C‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Cohesion‬‬
‫‪ -d‬ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺭﻴﺸﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪.(6-9‬‬
‫‪ -h‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜــﺎل ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ‪ 185‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (c‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋـﺭﺽ ﻤﺴـﺎﻭ ‪ 100‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ‪ 150‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤـل ‪ :‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪T = 185 Nm = 1.85 × 10-1 KN.m‬‬

‫‪d = 100 mm = 10-1 m‬‬
‫‪h = 150 mm = 1.5× 10-1 m‬‬
‫‪(10 −1 ) 2 x1.5x10 −1 (10 −1 ) 3‬‬

‫[‪1.85x10 −1 = πc‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪c = 64 KN/m².‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻕ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤـﻼﺤــــــﻕ‬
‫)‪(APPENDIXES‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪.............................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(1‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪............‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﺴـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺤﺩ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‪.....................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻨﻘـﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸـﺎﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‪................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪..........‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‪......................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(6‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴـﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )‪(7‬‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.....................................‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ – (1‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪1.25-0.90‬‬ ‫‪2.00-1.60‬‬ ‫‪Gravel‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪Gravel + sand +‬‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺭﻤل‬
‫‪1.35-1.00‬‬ ‫‪2.25-2.00‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪clay‬‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫‪Coarse to medium‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﺨﺸﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ‬
‫‪1.25-0.90‬‬ ‫‪2.10-1.70‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪sand‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫‪1.25-0.90‬‬ ‫‪2.15-1.75‬‬ ‫‪Fine silty sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻁﻤﻴﻲ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪0.90‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪1.50‬‬ ‫‪Loose fine sand‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤل ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻤﺨﻠﺨل‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪1.35-1.00‬‬ ‫‪2.30-2.00‬‬ ‫‪Stiff boulder clay‬‬ ‫ﻜﺘل ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪1.20-0.90‬‬ ‫‪2.15-1.80‬‬ ‫‪Stiff clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫‪1.10-0.80‬‬ ‫‪2.10-1.75‬‬ ‫‪Firm clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﺼﻠﺩ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫‪0.95-0.65‬‬ ‫‪1.90-1.60‬‬ ‫‪Soft clay‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫‪0.40-0.05‬‬ ‫‪1.40-1.05‬‬ ‫‪Peat‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﺜﹼﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.10‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫‪Granite‬‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺍﻨﻴﺕ‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.20‬‬ ‫‪Sandstone‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺭ ﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫‪1.60-1.10‬‬ ‫‪2.25-1.75‬‬ ‫‪Basalts & dolerites‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺯﻝﺕ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻝﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ‬ ‫‪.13‬‬
‫‪1.35-1.20‬‬ ‫‪2.30-2.15‬‬ ‫‪Shale‬‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪.14‬‬
‫ﻁﻴﻥ ﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫‪1.35-1.00‬‬ ‫‪2.30-1.90‬‬ ‫‪Stiff to hard marl‬‬ ‫‪.15‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺎﺱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.70‬‬ ‫‪Limestone‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺭ ﺠﻴﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪.16‬‬
‫‪1.00-0.30‬‬ ‫‪2.00-0.95‬‬ ‫‪Chalk‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺭ ﻜﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪.17‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ – /5/‬ﺹ ‪.771‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ – (2‬ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫‪2.67-2.60‬‬ ‫‪Sand‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪2.70-2.67‬‬ ‫‪Silty sand‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻴﻲ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫‪2.80-2.70‬‬ ‫‪Inorganic clay‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬
‫‪Soil with mica or‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪3.00-2.75‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪iron‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪Organic soils‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪2.00‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ - (3‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻝﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻨﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﻭﺍﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫)ﻡ ‪( 2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
‫)ﻡ (‬ ‫)ﻡ (‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪1200‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺘﺎﺒﻊ‪/‬ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪600-200‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪800-601‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1000-801‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1200-1001‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴــــــــﺔ ﺨﺎﺼــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ،/1/‬ﺹ ‪.18‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ – (4‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬

‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )ﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(‬
‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪ 100‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل‬
‫‪8-6‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪12-9‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ )ﺸﺭﻴﻁﻲ(‬
‫‪15-12‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬ ‫)‪(Strip‬‬
‫‪15-18‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪20-18‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪6-4‬‬ ‫‪ 500‬ﻓﺄﻗل‬
‫‪7-5‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪9-7‬‬ ‫‪2500‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‬
‫‪13-9‬‬ ‫‪5000‬‬
‫)‪(Isolated‬‬
‫‪15-11‬‬ ‫‪10000‬‬
‫‪19-12‬‬ ‫‪15000‬‬
‫‪26-18‬‬ ‫‪50000‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ،/20/‬ﺹ ‪.27‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻠﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻥ ‪ 30‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ 70‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ – (5‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪(ASTM‬‬
‫)‪(AFNOR‬‬ ‫)‪(DIN‬‬
‫)‪(BS‬‬ ‫‪(AASHTO‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل‬
‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪37.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪3/4‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪12.5‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪3/8‬ﺇﻨﺵ‬
‫‪4.75‬‬ ‫‪4#‬‬
‫‪2.36‬‬ ‫‪8#‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.075‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪10 #‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪16 #‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.853‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪20 #‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪0.600‬‬ ‫‪30 #‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.422‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪0.425‬‬ ‫‪40 #‬‬
‫‪0.315‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪0.315‬‬ ‫‪315‬‬ ‫‪0.295‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪0.300‬‬ ‫‪50 #‬‬
‫‪0.125‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪0.125‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪0.150‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.150‬‬ ‫‪100 #‬‬
‫‪0.080‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0.080‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪0.076‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬ ‫‪200 #‬‬

___________________________________________________________________
‫( – ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‬6) ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ‬
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials
(‫)ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ‬
ACI American Concrete Institute
(‫)ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﺎﻁﻭﻥ‬
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
(‫)ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
(‫)ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
BPR Bureau of Public Roads
(‫)ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ – ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
BS British Standards
(‫)ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
BSI British Standards Institution
(‫)ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
CBR California Bearing Ratio
(‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
FD Field Density
(‫)ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
GI Group Index
(‫)ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
HRB Highway Research Board
(‫)ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ – ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬
ICE Institution of Civil Engineers
(‫)ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﻴﻥ – ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
ISSMGE International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering
(‫)ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

___________________________________________________________________
LL Liquid Limit
(‫)ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻝﺔ‬
MDD Maximum Dry Density
(‫)ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‬
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(‫)ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﺎﺸﻭﺴﺘﺱ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ – ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬
NP Non-Plastic
(‫)ﻏﻴﺭ ﻝﺩﻥ‬
OMC Optimum Moisture Content
(‫)ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ‬
PI Plasticity Index
(‫)ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
PL Plastic Limit
(‫)ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
USCS Unified Soil Classification System
(‫)ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
(‫)ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ – (7‬ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪mm‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪1µm=10-6m=10-3mm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﻭل‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨل‪،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪µm‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫‪1kg=1000g‬‬
‫‪1Mg=1t=1000kg=106g‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Mg=t‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ=ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪Mg/m³‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1Mg/m =1t/ m =1g/cm‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ =‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪= t/m³‬‬
‫ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬
‫‪1kgf=9.807N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬
‫‪1N=101.97 gf‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ‬
‫‪1KN=1000N=0.1 tf‬‬ ‫‪KN‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬
‫‪N/m2‬‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫‪= Pa‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ=ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫‪1g/cm2=98.07N/m2=98.07Pa‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫‪1kg/cm2=98.07KN/m2‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫‪1bar=100 KN/ m2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪KN/m2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ= ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫‪=KPa‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪/‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫‪1cm2/kg=10.20 m2/MN‬‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‬ ‫‪m2/MN‬‬
‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬
‫‪mv‬‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪1cm/s=3156 m2/year‬‬ ‫‪m2/year‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‬
‫‪cv‬‬
‫‪1 cm/s=0.01 m/s‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪m/s‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ – ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ ،/7/‬ﺹ ‪.735‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫_________________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪(List of used references‬‬

_________________________________________________________________
‫ﻗـﺎﺌﻤـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠـــﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠـﺔ‬

(List of used references)
‫ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬.‫ﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻨﻲ – ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ – ﻜﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ .1

.‫ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬،1990 ،‫ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ‬.‫ﺍﻻﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
2. BS 5930 . Code of Practice for Site Investigations. British
Standards Institution, London.
3. R.Peck, W. Hansen, T. Thornburn. Foundation Engineering.
2nd edition, Wiley Eastern ed., 1980.
4. N. Tsytovich. Soil Mechanics (Concise course). Mir
Publishers, Moscow, 1986.
5. M. Tomlinson. Foundation Design and Construction. 4th
edition, ELBS,1983.
6. K. Head. Soil Laboratory Testing. Volume-1: Soil
Classification and Compaction Tests. Pentech Press Ltd, 1982.
7. K. Head. Soil Laboratory Testing. Volume-2: Permeability,
Quick shear strength and Compressibility Tests. Pentech Press
Ltd, 1982.
8. J. Bowles. Engineering Properties of Soils and their
Measurement. 2nd ed., McGraw Hill, 1978.
9. J. Bowles. Foundation Analysis and Design. 3rd ed., 1984.
10. BS 1377. Methods of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering
Purposes. British Standards Institution, London.
11. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Volume (04.08). Soil
and Rock; Dimension Stone; Geotextile.
12. Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and
Methods of Sampling and Testing. Part II. Methods of
Sampling and Testing. AASHTO, 1996.
13. BS 812: Part 4. Methods of Sampling and Testing Mineral
Aggregates, Sands and Fillers. British Standards Institution,
London
14. Building Research Establishment (BRE). Digest No. 174
"Concrete in Sulphate – bearing Soils and Groundwater",
Garston, Watford, 1975.
15. R. Craig. Soil Mechanics. 2nd ed.,ELBS, 1982.

_________________________________________________________________
16. B. Sutton. Solution of Problems in Soil Mechanics. Pitman

Publishers, 1975.
17. K. Terzaghi, R. Peck. Soil Mechanics in Engineering
Practice. 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1967.
.‫ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺩ‬.‫ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺠﻭﺯﻑ ﺒﻭﻴﻠﺯ‬.18
.1985 ،‫ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬.‫ﺍﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺩﻱ‬
19. R. Scott, J. Schoustra. Soil Mechanics and Engineering.
McGraw Hill Inc., 1968.
20. M. Gorbunov-Basadov, V. Elichov and others. Handbook of
Basis, Foundations and Earth Structures. Stroy Izdat,
Moscow, 1985 (in Russian).

‫_________________________________________________________________‬

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)’RcT„J) UKn[|

‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪.............‬‬ ‫‪4-1‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.......‬‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ 1-5-2‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‪.....................‬‬

‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﺘﺭﺒﺭﻍ‪......................‬‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪...............‬‬ ‫‪4-3‬‬

‫‪105‬‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪........................‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬

‫‪117‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪..............‬‬ ‫‪6-3‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪132‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬

‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ – ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪202‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫‪3-5‬‬

‫‪223‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪235‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪247‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ(‬

‫‪263‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪293‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﺤﻤــﺩ ﺤﺠــﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 2-1‬ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫‪ 3-1‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪2-3-1‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪3-3-1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪4-3-1‬‬

‫‪ 4-1‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(Nature and Basic Constituents of Soil‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-1‬ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ ،(Partially saturated‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤـﹰﺎ‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁﻤﻲ )‪ (Silt‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 0.002‬ﻭ ‪ 0.060‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 2-1‬ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻼ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒـﺫﻝﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺠـﻤـﻊ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ )‪(Soil Sampling‬‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪(Site Investigation‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ) ‪(Types of Soil Samples‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (2-1‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ) ‪Physical‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺝ – ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴﻊ )‪: (Reaction to shaking – Dilatancy‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﺔ )‪: (Consistency near plastic limit‬‬

)’RcT„J) UKn[|