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اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ
ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ
اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺼﺎم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺪ أﺣﻤﺪ
واﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﺻﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ
واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻴﺮﻏﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺣﻤﺪ
واﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺎس ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ
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اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮون
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺏ
ﺵ .ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺹ .ﺏ2473 .
ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ -ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
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اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب
= aﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= aﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= anﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= asﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= ax, ayﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ xﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ) yﻡ/ﺙ(2
= Aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻡ(2
= δAﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ )ﻡ(2
= bﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )ﻡ(
= Bﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭ )ﻡ(
= cdﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= cPﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ.ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= cVﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ.ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= dA.cosθﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ
= δA.cosθﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ
= Caﺭﻗﻡ ﻜﺎﻭﺸﻲ
= CPﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ )ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ(
= °Cﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ
= dﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ )ﻡ(
= duﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ )ﻤﻤﺎل( ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )/ﺙ(
dy
= Dﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= Eﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
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= hlﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﻡ(
= h1ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل )ﻡ(
= h2ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻡ(
= ⎯hﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )ﻡ(
= Hﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل )ﻡ(
= Iﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ )ﻡ (
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= Ixxﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ( )ﻡ(4
= IxGﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻭﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ (
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= IxyGﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﻘل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﻡ(4
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ = ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ
= ⎯kﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ
= Kﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
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= lﺍﻟﻁﻭل )ﻡ(
= Lﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= mﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )ﻜﺠﻡ(
’ = mﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ )ﻜﺠﻡ(
= Maﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺎﺵ )ﻻﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
= MWﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ
= pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
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= Tﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ( ،ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ )ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= Taﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ )(y = 0
= ⎯Tcﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ )(°
= uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= Uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= vavﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= Vﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )ﻡ(3
= δVﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ hﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ .cosθ.δAﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ( ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ
= Weﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻴﺒﺭ )ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
= wPﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل )ﻡ(
= Wﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= xﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ(
= yﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ )ﻡ(
=⎯yﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل ) oﻡ(
= δy/2ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ) yﻡ(
= zﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﻡ(
= Zﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ
= α,β,φ,ϕﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ )(°
= θﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ )(°
= βﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ( )ﻜﻠﻔﻥ/ﻡ(
= γﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= γﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
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*** δﺴﻤﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
= φﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻟﻼﺴﻔﻴﻥ )(°
= πﺜﺎﺒﺕ
= τﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
= σﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
= σﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺩ( ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(
= ωﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ )ﻨﻘﻴﺔ/ﺙ(
= λlﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
= λvﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻨﺤﻤﺩﻩ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﻨﺜﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﺸﻜﺭ ﻓﻀﻠﻪ ﻭﻨﻌﻤﺎﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﺩﻫﺎ ﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻭﺭ
ﺼﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻠﻘﻔﻪ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻤﻬﺎ .ﺜﻡ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺭﻯ ﻟﺘﺠﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﻨﻭﺍﻗﺼﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻀﻴﻑ
ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺴﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺜﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﺼﻭﻟﻪ.
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﻤﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﻭﻱ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺜﻭﺏ ﻗﺸﻴﺏ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻨﺸﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ
ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﺩﺍﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭﻥ
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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺘﻔﻀل ﺒﺠﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ
ﻤﺩﺍﻩ ،ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ.
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ﻻ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﷲ ﻤﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ( ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ ):ﻻ ﻴﺸﻜﺭ ﺍ َ
ﻭﻋﻤ ﹰ
ﺘﻜﺭﻡ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﺈﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ،ﺜﻡ ﺃﺠﺯل ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺭ.
ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺒﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺤﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ .ﺜﻡ ﻋﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻪ .ﻭﻨﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺴﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ،ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﺘﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ .ﻭﺘﻘﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺒﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻜﻨﺠﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل ،ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺭ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ،ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻤﻜﻬﺎ .ﻭﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻤﺴﻬﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ،
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ،ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ
ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ،ﻭﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ .ﻭﻏﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﹰﺎ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ .ﺜﻡ ﺃﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ
)ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ(.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻜﻭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺒﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻀﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺭ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻁﻼﺏ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ؛ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤل ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﻩ؛ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺇﻜﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻑﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل،
ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻘل ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺭﺴﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺸﻤﻭل ﻜل ﻓﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻌﻤﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ.
ﻭﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺩﺭﺠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻷﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ؛ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ
ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻭﺱ ﺒﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
1ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﲑ ،ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ،ﺹ ،493 .ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ
ﺍﻟﻄﻨﺎﺟﻲ .ﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬﻱ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ،ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ .1877ﺳﻨﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺩﺍﺅﺩ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ،ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ .4177ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﺮﻳﻦ،
ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ .11278 ،9982 ،9565 ،8673 ،7676 ،7598ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ،ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭ ،ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ .20845 ،20836
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ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ،ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ.
ﻭﻴﺭﺤﺏ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻨﻭﺍﻗﺼﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻱ
ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ.
ﻨﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﺒل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺴﻨﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻔﻊ ﻤﺎل ﻭﻻ ﺒﻨﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺘﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻘﻠﺏ
ﺴﻠﻴﻡ .ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﺩﻋﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺼﺎﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺩ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ
ﺹ .ﺏ ،407 .ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﺹ .ﺏ 407 .ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ
ﻫﺎﺘﻑ ،774843 :ﻓﺎﻜﺱ792721 : ﻫﺎﺘﻑ ،775291 :ﻓﺎﻜﺱ774559 :
ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ isam_abdelmagid@hotmail.com
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺴﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﻴﺭﻏﻨﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺭﻱ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ
ﺃﻡ ﺩﺭﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺹ .ﺏ1933 . ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ،ﺹ .ﺏ407 .
ﻫﺎﺘﻑ ،562789 :ﻓﺎﻜﺱ562536 : ﻫﺎﺘﻑ 771449 :ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﺔ 115
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ 1422ﻫـ 2001 -ﻡ
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اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت
ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل :ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ Basic concepts
1-1ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-1ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
3-1ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ
4-1ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ
5-1ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﻕ
6-1ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ Properties of Fluids
1-2ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-2ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
3-2ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ
4-2ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
5-2ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﺔ
6-2ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ
7-2ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ
8-2ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ
9-2ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ
10-2ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
11-2ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ
12-2ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁﺔ
13-2ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
14-2ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ :ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ Fluid Statics
1-3ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-3ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
3-3ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
4-3ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
5-2ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ Hydrostatic Forces
1-4ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-4ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ
3-4ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻤﺎﺌل
4-4ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ
5-4ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ :ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Buoyancy
1-5ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
11
2-5ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ
3-5ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ
4-5ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ
5-5ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ
6-5ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ
7-5ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ
8-5ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ Similitude, dimensional analysis and modeling
1-6ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-6ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻜﻨﺠﻬﺎﻡ
3-6ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻱ
4-6ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل
5-6ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
6-6ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ
7-6ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺭ(
8-6ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ
9-6ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ
10-6ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ Fluid Kinematics
1-7ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-7ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ
3-7ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
4-7ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ
5-7ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
6-7ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
7-7ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ
8-7ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ
9-7ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ
10-7ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
11-7ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) (fﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ
12-7ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ
13-7ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﺎﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻙ
14-7ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ :ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ Viscous Flow in Closed Conduits
1-8ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-8ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ
3-8ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ )ﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻴﺯﻥ -ﺒﻭﺍﺯﻴل(
4-8ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ
5-8ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
6-8ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ
7-8ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ
12
8-8ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ :ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻨﱢﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ( Open channel flow
1-9ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-9ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ
3-9ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ
4-9ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ
5-9ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ(
6-9ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ :ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ Boundary layer
1-10ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
2-10ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﻁﺢ
3-10ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
4-10ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ
5-10ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ
6-10ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ
7-10ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ References
ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ Appendix
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) :(1ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) :(2ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) :(3ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) :(4ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) (5ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻴﺯﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) (6ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﻴﻜﻭﺭﺍﺩﺱ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) (7ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ) (7ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ
13
ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ :ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ Fluid Kinematics
1-3ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )ﻭﺼﻑ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ ﻭﻻﺠﺭﺍﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ،
ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ(
2-3ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ
3-3ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻟﻠﻨﻘل
4-3ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
5-3ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
6-3ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
7-3ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ
8-3ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ(
8-3ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ flow in closed conduits
1-4ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-4ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ )ﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻴﺠﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﺴﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ -ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﻲ(
3-4ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
4-4ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ
5-4ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ )ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ،ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ(
6-4ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ
7-4ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
8-4ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ )ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ،ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ(
9-4ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ :ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ Compressible flow
1-7ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
2-7ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ
3-7ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺎﺵ
4-7ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ
5-7ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺯﻴﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ
6-7ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺃ :ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺏ :ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺝ :ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺩ :ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ
14
اﻟﻌﻨﻔﺎت اﻵﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ :ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ Turbomachines
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل :ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ :ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ :ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ :ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺃ :ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺏ :ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺝ :ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺩ :ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ
15
ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
16
اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب
= aﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= aﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= anﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= asﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= ax, ayﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ xﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ) yﻡ/ﺙ(2
= Aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻡ(2
= δAﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ )ﻡ(2
= bﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )ﻡ(
= Bﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭ )ﻡ(
= cdﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= cPﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ.ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= cVﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ.ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= dA.cosθﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ
= δA.cosθﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ
= Caﺭﻗﻡ ﻜﺎﻭﺸﻲ
= CPﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ )ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ(
= °Cﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ
= dﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ )ﻡ(
= duﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ )ﻤﻤﺎل( ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
dy
= Dﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= Eﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
17
= hlﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﻡ(
= h1ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ meniscusﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ )ﻡ(
= h2ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻡ(
= ⎯hﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
= Hﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل )ﻡ(
= Iﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ )ﻡ (
4
= Ixxﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ( )ﻡ(4
= IxGﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻭﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ (
4
= IxyGﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﻘل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﻡ(4
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ = ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ
= ⎯kﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ
= Kﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
= lﺍﻟﻁﻭل )ﻡ(
= Lﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= mﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )ﻜﺠﻡ(
’ = mﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ )ﻜﺠﻡ(
= Maﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺎﺵ )ﻻﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
= MWﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ
= pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
18
= Tﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ( ،ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ )ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
= Taﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ )(y = 0
= ⎯Tcﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ
= uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= Uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= vavﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= Vﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )ﻡ(3
= δVﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ hﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ .cosθ.δAﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ( ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ
= Weﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻴﺒﺭ
= wPﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل )ﻡ(
= Wﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= xﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ )ﻡ(
= yﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ )ﻡ(
=⎯yﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل ) oﻡ(
= δy/2ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ) yﻡ(
= zﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﻡ(
= Zﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ
= α,β,φ,ϕﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ )(°
= θﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
= βﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ( )ﻜﻠﻔﻥ/ﻡ(
= γﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= γﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
3
19
= τﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
= σﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
= σﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺩ( ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(
= ωﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ )ﻨﻘﻴﺔ/ﺙ(
= λlﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
= λvﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
20
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول
ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
1-1ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺇﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ .ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ .ﻭﻴﻬﺘﻡ
ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ.
ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻘﺏ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﺎﻕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ
ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﺭﺨﻤﻴﺩﺱ ) 287ﺇﻟﻰ 212ﻕ .ﻡ (.ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ،ﻭﺴﻜﺘﻭﺱ ﺠﻭﻟﻴﺱ 103) Sextus Julius
ﺇﻟﻰ 40ﻕ .ﻡ (.ﻹﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﺎﻕ ﻓﺠﺭ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ ﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﻓﻨﺸﻲ ) 1452ﺇﻟﻰ 1519ﻡ( ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺩﻓﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ،ﺜﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻭ ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ) 1564ﺇﻟﻰ 1642ﻡ( ﻓﻀل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻠﺔ
ﻭﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﺍﺴﺤﻕ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ) 1327ﺇﻟﻰ 1642ﻡ( ﻭﺒﻼﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ) 1623ﺇﻟﻰ 1662ﻡ( ﻭﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎل ﺒﺭﻨﻭﺒﻲ
) 1700ﺇﻟﻰ 1782ﻡ( ﻭﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺍﻭﻴﻠﺭ ) 1707ﺇﻟﻰ 1783ﻡ( ﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺭﻭﻨﺩ ) 1717ﺇﻟﻰ 1783ﻡ( ﻭﺩﻱ ﺃﻟﻤﺒﺭﺕ ﻭﺃﻨﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ
) 1718ﺇﻟﻰ 1798ﻡ( ﻭﺠﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﺘﺴﺘﺎ ﻓﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ) 1746ﺇﻟﻰ 1822ﻡ( ﻭﻟﻭﻴﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﻨﺎﻓﻴﺭ ) 1785ﺇﻟﻰ 1836ﻡ( ﻭﺠﻴﻥ
ﻟﻭﻴﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺯﻴﻠﻠﻲ ) 1799ﺇﻟﻰ 1869ﻡ( ﻭﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﻓﻠﻴﺒﺭﺕ ﺠﺎﺴﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ) 1803ﺇﻟﻰ 1858ﻡ( ﻭﺠﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺎﺵ ) 1806ﺇﻟﻰ
1871ﻡ( ﻭﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ) 1810ﺇﻟﻰ 1879ﻡ( ﻭﺭﻭﺒﺭﺕ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ) 1816ﺇﻟﻰ 1897ﻡ( ﻭﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﺠﺎﺒﺭﻴل ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻥ ) 1819ﺇﻟﻰ
1903ﻡ( ﻭﺍﺴﺒﻭﺭﻥ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ) 1842ﺇﻟﻰ 1912ﻡ( ﻭﻤﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻭﻴﺒﺭ ) 1871ﺇﻟﻰ 1951ﻡ( ﻭﻟﻭﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ) 1880ﺇﻟﻰ
1953ﻡ( .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ Hydrodynamicsﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﺭﺍﻨﺩﺘل ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ
Ludwing Prandtlﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ fluid boundary layerﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﻟـﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ .aerodynamics
2-1ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ،
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﺯﺠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ،ﻻ ﺘﺴﻴل ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻴﻅﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻴﺴﻴل ﻭﻟﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ .ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺘﻼﺸﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل :ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺘﻤﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) .(1-1ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل
2-1ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ.
21
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1-1ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ
ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺠﺫﺏ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ
ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭﻟﺔ
ﺘﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﻗل ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﻻ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ
3-1ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ Dimension
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ )(M, L, T؛ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ
ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ) .(F, L, Tﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ:
ﺃ( ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ absolute unitsﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل Lﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ Mﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ T
ﺏ( ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل Lﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ T
4-1ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ Unit
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ .ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ .ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (3-1ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ
M 2
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ) ( Mﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ) ( MLﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ) ( Lﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) .( M
LT T3 T2 L3
22
(2ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )(SI
ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍل meter-kilogram-second , m-kgr-sec ، Systeme International d’unite'sﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ )(S.I
ﻭ . MKSﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ MKSﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻲ .Continental Europe
ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻸﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(1ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ) Geometricﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ :(Scalarﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ) ،(Lﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ) ،(L2ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ).(L3
(2ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) Kinematicﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ :(Vectorﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ
⎞⎛ L ⎞⎛ L
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ⎟ ⎜ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ⎟ ⎜ 2ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ
⎠ ⎝T ⎠⎝ T
⎞ ⎛ L2
⎟ ⎜.
⎠⎝ T
(3ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ :Dynamicﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ،
ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﻡ ) Grf ( Gram Force = Gram weight
cm
Gr f = 981 Gr m 1-4
sec 2
cm
g = 981 1-5
sec 2
∴ Gr f = 981Dyne 1-6
ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﺞ slugﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .7-1
Slug = 981 Grm 1-7
Grf = Slug. cm/sec2 1-8
23
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ Grfﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻠﺞ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ) (one Slugﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺴﻡ/ﺙ.2
poundal
poundal = Lbm . ft/sec2 1-9
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁل (pound force = pound weight) lbf
2
Lbf = 32.2 Lbm. ft/sec 1-10
g = 32.2 ft/s2 1-11
Lbf = 32.2 poundal 1-12
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﺞ Slug
Slug = 32.2 lbm 1-13
Lbf = Slug. ft/sec2 1-14
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ lbfﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺴﻠﺞ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ one Slugﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙft 2
sec 2
ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ :ﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ Contenental Europeﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ MKS
ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ kgrﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ one Kgrf = 9.81 N
24
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل 6-1ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ.
ﺠﺩﻭل 6-1ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ
ft sec 2 0.305 m sec 2 Lbf ft 1.36 N.m
ft sec 0.305 ft sec slug 14.6 kgr
ft 2 sec 0.093 m 2 sec )PSI ( pound sq. Inch 6895 N m 2
0.093 m 2 Lbf 4.44 N
ft 2
ft 3 sec 0.028 m 3 sec 3 157.1 N m 2
Lb f ft
2 47.8 N m 2 Lbm 453.6 Grm
Lb f ft
Lb f sec ft 47.8 N sec m 2 Lbm 0.4536 kgr
2
slug ft 3
515.5 kgr m 3 Kgrf 9.81 N
ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﻱ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ physical equationﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻼ .ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ
ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺠﺒﺭﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ .ﻭﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) (SI unitsﻤﻊ ﺤل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﻡ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
5-1ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﻕ Prefixes
ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻻﺤﻘﺔ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ) 10ﺤﻴﺙ nﺭﻗﻡ
3n
ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﻟﺏ( .ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (7-1ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
6-1ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-6-1ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻋﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ؛ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ.
(2ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ.
(3ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ :ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ؟
25
(4ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟
(5ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ.
2-6-1ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ
2
ﻡ 2
ﻤﻡ )ﺏ( ﻡ ﻤﻡ )ﺃ(
2
ﻡ ﺴﻡ
2
ﻡ ﺴﻡ
2
ﻡ 2
ﺩﺴﻡ ﻡ ﺩﺴﻡ
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ﺙ ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ ﺙ )ﺩ( 3
ﻡ 3
ﻤﻡ )ﺠـ(
ﻜﺠﻡ ﻡ/ﺙ ﺠﻡ ﺴﻡ/ﺙ 3
ﻡ 3
ﺴﻡ
2
ﻜﺠﻡ ﻡ/ﺙ 2
ﺠﻡ ﺴﻡ/ﺙ 3
ﻡ 3
ﺩﺴﻡ
ﻜﻡ/ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻡ/ﺙ 3
ﻡ ﻟﺘﺭ
2
ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل 2
ﻤﻡ 2
ﺴﻡ
ﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل 3
ﺴﻡ 3
ﻤﻡ
(2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ )ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ،ﺃﻡ ﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ ،ﺃﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ( ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟
26
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
1-2ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻼ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺼﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ؛ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل .ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 1-2ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ
slug
( .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ )(M.L-3؛ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ) (SIﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ،3ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ )
ft 3
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻀﺌﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ .ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ .Specific Volume
1
=ν 2-2
ρ
mg
=γ 2-4
v
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= vﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ،
= mﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ،
= gﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ.
27
ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 3-2ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ FL−3ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ
Ibf
Nﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ . 3
ft M3
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 5-2ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-2
ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 9.81ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 3ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ 13.55ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ؟
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 9.81 = γ :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ 13.55 = s ،ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ
3
Compressibility 5-2ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻴﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻨﻪ .ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ
،Bulk modulus of elasticityﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ⎯kﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .7-2
⎯k = −
( P 2 − P1) = − ∆P 2-7
V 2 − V1 ∆V
V1 V
28
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= V1, V2ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ P1ﻭ P2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ.
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 7-2ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ.
ﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 7-2ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .8-2
⎯k = − dP 2-8
dV
V
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ⎯kﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .9-2
⎯k = − dP 2-9
ρ
dρ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ κﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .10-2
κ = 1/⎯k 2-10
ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻫﻲ ،FL-2ﺃﻱ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ،F-1L2ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،Pa-1ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ .(lb/in2) psi-1ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺎل ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ psi 3000ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ psi 1500
ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-2
ﻀﻐﻁ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ 1ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 1ﻤﺠﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 995ﺴﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 2ﻤﺠﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ
2 3 2
ﺍﻟﺤل
dρ
K=− ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
dV
V
( 2 − 1) × 10 6
= K = −ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ N = 200 MPa
⎟⎠⎞995 − 1000 m2
⎛
⎜
⎝
1000
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ = κ
= κ= 1 1 = 0.005 × 10 −6 Pa −1
K 200 × 10 6
29
Surface tension 7-2ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ
ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺩ( ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل .1-2
B
A
C
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Cﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻨﺠﺫﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻪ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Bﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺴﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺃﻗل .ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ
ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺸﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﺱ
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻁﻭﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ،σﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ
Dyne
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ . lbﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ،ﺃﻱ ،FL-1ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ
ft cm
ﻼ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ( .ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺄﻗل ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭﻱ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ∆Pﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﻑ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ r1ﻭ r2ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .11-2
⎛ ⎞
⎟ ∆P = σ⎜ 1 + 1 2-11
⎠ ⎝ r1 r 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ r1 = r2 :ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ:
∆P = 2σ 2-12
r
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﺎﺌل-ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ :ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل .2-2
σgL
ﻴﻘﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺒﻠل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ θﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ πﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠل ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ،θﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ؛
2
ﻓﻴﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل π ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ-ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ = θﺼﻔﺭ؛ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺒﻠل ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ θﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥﻤﺜ ﹰ
2
ﻼ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻟﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ 130ﺇﻟﻰ °150ﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ. ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﻠل ﻤﺜ ﹰ
30
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ .ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ) capillary actionﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .(3-2
θσ
A
h ﻏﺎﺯ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ،
ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل .ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .14-2
ρgh(πr2) = σ.2π.r.cosθ 2-14
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= hﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ( ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
= rﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
= σﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(
= ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ(3
= gﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= θﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﻘل
h = 2σ cos θ 2-15
grρ
θ
h h=0
h
ﺴﺎﺌلθ
θ<π/2 θ=π/2 θ>π/2
ﺸﻜل 4-2ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-2
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 0.05ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 0.025 = 2÷0.05 = r :ﺒﻭﺼﺔ) 0 = θ ،ﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ(
.2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،، lb 1.94 = ρﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ 0.005 = σﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ
ft 3
31
.3ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀh = 2σ cos θ :
grρ
= 4. h 2 * 0.005 = 0.038ft
32.2 x 0.05 x194
.
12
ﻤﺜﺎل 4-2
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﻟﻘﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ °20ﻡ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ 1.0ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ°20= T :ﻡ 1.0 = ∆P ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل 0.0728 = σ ،ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ
⎛ ⎞
∆P = ρ ÈÇá Ï ÇÎá − ρ ÈÇá ÎÇÑÌ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ= ⎜⎜ 1 + 1 ⎟⎟ σ :
R
⎝ 1 R ⎠2
ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ،R1 = R2 = Rﻭﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ σ ãÇÁ =.0728 N m
Viscosity 8-2ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ
ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ shear stressﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ) velocity gradientﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ .(rate of angular deformationﻭﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .16-2
τ ∝ du 2-16
dy
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= τﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ
= duﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .17-2
dy
= du ∆u 2-17
Lim
dy ∆y → 0 ∆y
ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ uﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ yﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل .5-2
y
∆y
∆u
A u
ﺸﻜل 5-2ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 5-2ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ .ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻴل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .18-2
τ = − µ du 2-18
dy
32
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= µﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ dynamic viscosityﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ .absolute viscosityﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ" :ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ( ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ" .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 19-2ﻭ-2
.20
F
=µ τ = A = ML × LT = M T −1 L −1 2-19
du du T 2 L 2 L
dy dy
µ = F × LT = F T L −2 2-20
L2 L
Kg
ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،20-2ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ N. sﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،19-2ﺃﻭ
m. s m2
Dyne. s
poiseﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺍﺯ
cm 2
10 p = 1 kg/ms 2-21
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﻨﺘﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺯ cp
1 cp = 10-2 p 2-22
ﻓﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ" :ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ kinematic viscosity
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ" ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ .ν
µ
=ν 2-23
ρ
2 2
cmﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻭﻙ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ L2T-1ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻫﻭ mﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ
s s
Stokeﺤﻴﺙ:
104st = 1 m2/s 2-24
ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻘل ﻤﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻘل .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ )ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ(،
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.
33
ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ Causes of viscosityﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
)ﺃ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ:
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ )ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ (xﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ yﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ xﻫﻲ vxﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) yﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(6-2ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ vx+δvxﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ .y+δy
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻁ ًﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻉ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻉ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻁﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻁﺄ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ Aﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ δyﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ kA
δy
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Kﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ
= δVxﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ A
vx + δ vx
δy
vx
y
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ = ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ × ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ:
δ vx
F = kA 7-25
δy
ﻭﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ τﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .26-7
δ vx F
τ = kA = 7-26
δy A
ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ" .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ" .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ
ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ.
)ﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل:
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﻲ
ﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل )ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ( .ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل .ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ؛ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ؛ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻨﻘﺹ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ .ﻭﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ.
34
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ Newtonian fluidsﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل .7-2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ .ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻀﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﺴﺎﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﻨﺠﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﻜﺴﺘﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ
ﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ،ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻘل ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺒﺎﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ
ﺒﺎﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل .ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺃﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ .ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
) (Iﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ : Newtonian fluidsﻻ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ
ﻋﻤل ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ.
) (IIﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ :ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺠﺔ.
*ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺒﺔ Pseudoplasticﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ :ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻗل ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺈﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺩﺩﺓ Dilatantﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻠﻴﻅ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ :ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺒﺔ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ *
ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻭﺍﻟﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺭﺓ.
* ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺠﺔ Viscoplasticﺃﻭ ﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﻨﺠﻬﺎﻡ : Binghamﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻟﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻰ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻟﻕ ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ.
) (iiiﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ :ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺁﻨﻴﹰﺎ
ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺘﻜﺴﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻜﺴﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺘﻜﺴﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ : Thixotropic fluidsﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻜﺴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺼﻬﺎ *
ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻹﺘﺯﺍﻥ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ( ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻹﺘﺯﺍﻥ .ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﺸﻭﻁﻲ hysterisisﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل
ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ.
35
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ Anti-thixotropyﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻠﺒﻨﺔ :Rheopexyﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ *
ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 5-2
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ 1.5ﺴﻡ .ﻤﻠﺌﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ) 0.005 (µﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.ﺙ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺏ
ﻟﻭﺡ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ 60×30ﺴﻡ؛ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ 0.4ﻡ/ﺙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل.
ﻟﻭﺡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ
1.5ﺴﻡ 0.5ﺴﻡ 0.4ﻡ/ﺙ
1ﺴﻡ
ﻟﻭﺡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 1.5 = y :ﺴﻡ 0.005 = µ ،ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.ﺙ 60×30= A ،ﺴﻡ 0.4 = v ،ﻡ/ﺙ
.2ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺏ
9-2ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ
ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﻟﺯ s law’Charlieﻓﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺄﺜﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ" ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
2-27 V ∝ T
ﺃﻭ
V
T
= cons tan t 2-28
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Tﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
36
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .29-2
T = °F + 460 = °R
T = °C + 273 = K 2-29
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= °Rﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﻨﻜﻥ
= Kﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﻭﺠﺎﺩﺭﻭ ،Avogadro’s lawﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻠﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ
ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺤﺘل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﻴﻥ .ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﺠﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻭل
ﻴﺤﺘل ﺤﺠﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 22.4ﻟﺘﺭ .ﻭﺒﺩﻤﺞ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ﻭﺸﺎﻟﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﻭﺠﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻭﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .30-2
PV = R 2-30
T
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Rﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ.
37
P = ρRT 2-35
ﺤﻴﺙ:
3
= Pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ،ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
ﻤﺜﺎل 6-2
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 44ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 0.8ﻤﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻡ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 10×0.8 = P ،44 = MW :ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل °20 = T ،ﻡ
6
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ Isentropic processﺘﻨﺘﺞ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .37-2
P = cons tan t 2-37
ρk
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ = ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ÷ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .38-2
cP
=k 2-38
cV
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= cVﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
= cPﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ cPﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ cVﺫﺍﺕ ﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ Rﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ -2
.39
R = cP - cV 2-39
ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1-2ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ .ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻁﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.
3ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ absolute pressureﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ gauge pressureﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ
ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ standard pressureﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ meanﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 760ﻣﻠﻢ ﺯﺋﺒﻖ
ﺃﻭ 101.325ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ 10.34ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ.
38
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1-2ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ }{2،8
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ) Rﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ×ﻜﻠﻔﻥ( ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ k ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )°ﻡ( ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ
2
10×2.6 1.4 20 ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ
2
10×2.97 1.4 20 ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ
2
10×1.89 1.3 20 ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ
3
10×4.12 1.41 20 ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ
2
10×5.18 1.31 20 ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ
2
10×2.87 1.4 15 ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= niﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ.
ni
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ yi ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ
∑ ni
ni
= yi 2-43
∑ ni
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ Tﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
.P
Dg
= Sg 2-44
Da
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
Dg = MW × P
RT
ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ
AMWa × P
= Da 2-45
RT
39
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= AMWaﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺉ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
AMWa = ∑ y i MWi 2-46
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ).(2-2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ) (Specific gravityﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .47-2
S g = MW × P × RT = MW 2-47
2g × RT P 2g
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ
S g = AWM 2-48
2g
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= AWMﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺉ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ %ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
AWM = ∑ y i MWi
ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ Z = 1ﻭﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ Zﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .8-2
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺸﻜل 8-2ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ) (Zﻜﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )(P
ﺸﻜل 8-2ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻫﺯﺓ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺒﺎﻥ ...ﺍﻟﺦ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ -ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ -ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .50-2
40
T
= TR 2-50
TC
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= TRﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ Reduced Temperature
= TCﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ
= PRﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ Reduced pressure
P
= RR 2-51
PC
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= PCﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ
ﻭﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ TCﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .52-2
TC = ∑ y i Tci
2-52
ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ PCﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .53-2
PC = ∑ y i Pci 2-53
ﺤﻴﺙ:
Tciﻭ Pciﺘﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ.
14-2ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-14-2ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻋﻠل ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ.
(2ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ .ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
(3ﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.
ρV 2
(4ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ
2
dρ dρ
K=+ K = −ﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ (5ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ
dρ dV
ρ V
(6ﻋﻠل ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻜﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ.
41
2-14-2ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
(1ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ 800ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ .3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 7.8 ،0.8 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(3
(2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻁﻠﻕ 400ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 2ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
°25ﻡ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 7.1 :ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 69.7 ،3ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 0.14، 3ﻡ/3ﻜﺠﻡ (
(3ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ 0.102ﻤﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ 0.667ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ .3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(16.2 :
(4ﻏﺎﺯ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 2.55ﺠﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻟﺘﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ °100ﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺠﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ .ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ.
(5ﻏﺎﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭﻱ )(ni ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ
0.89 ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ
0.05 ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻥ
0.02 ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺒﺎﻥ
0.01 ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﻥ
0.03 ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭﻱ ) (wtiﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ.
(6ﻏﺎﺯ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ %90ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭ %10ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺭﻭﺒﺎﻥ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻫﻲ 0.75ﺍﺤﺴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭل؟
(7ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ
0.006 CO2
0.8811 CH4
0.0601 C2H6
0.0506 C3H3
0.0011 Iso C4H10
0.0011 C4H10
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ) (Zﻋﻨﺩ °235ﻑ ﻭ Psia 1000؟
• ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 0.01ﺴﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ) (iﻤﺎﺀ ) (iiﺯﺌﺒﻕ.
• ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ °20ﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 6ﻤﺠﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ.2
(8ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 4ﻤﻠﻡ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻪ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ 20ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ.
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ،
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 2.3 :ﻤﻠﻡ 3.6 ،ﻤﻠﻡ(
(9ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ u = 144 y2 - 72y :ﺤﻴﺙ uﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺭ/ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭy
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ:
)ﺠـ( ﻋﻨﺩ 7.6 = yﺴﻡ. )ﺏ( ﻋﻨﺩ 3.8 = yﺴﻡ )ﺃ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ
µo
= µﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ° 20ﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ a (10ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ tﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
1 + at + bt 2
= 0.033368ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ 0.000221 = aﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ 0.0179 = µoﺒﻭﻴﺯ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ:
3-10 × 10.195ﺒﻭﻴﺯ(
(11ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ °20ﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ 1ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.ﺙ ﺃﻭﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.ﺙ/ﻡ.2
(12ﻟﻭﺡ ﻴﺒﻌﺩ 0.4ﻤﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻭﺡ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 0.4ﻡ/ﺙ ،ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ 3ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ.
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﻴﻥ).ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.003 :ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل.ﺙ(
42
4-
ﻡ/2ﺙ ﻭ 0.8ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل (13ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ 10×3
4-
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.ﺙ/ﻡ(2 ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ) SIﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ10×2.4 :
(14ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 50ﻤﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل .ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ 10ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 3ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ 3ﺠﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ:
• ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ
• ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ
4- 5-
ﻡ /ﻜﺠﻡ 10.2 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
3 3
ﻡ /ﻜﺠﻡ10×9.6 ، 3
• ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ10×1.6 :
(15ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ:
6 5 4 3 2 0 duﻨﻘﻴﺔ/ﺙ
dy
5.5 6.5 7 6 4 1 τﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل
(16ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ uﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
⎛
) (
⎞2
ﺤﻴﺙ u :ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ v ،ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ R ،ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏr ، ⎟ u = v⎜ 1 − r
⎝ ⎠ R
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ؛ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ . duﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ τﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 6.1 νﺴﻡ/2ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
dr
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ sﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،0.97ﻭﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ 6.1 vﻤﺘﺭ/ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ 15 Rﺴﻡ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ48.15 :
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
(17ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 0.01ﺴﻡ
• ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺎﺀ σﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 0.074ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ
• ﺩﺍﺨل ﺯﺌﺒﻕ σﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 0.51ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 10×14.8 :ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 10×102 ،ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2 2 2 2
43
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
Fluid statics ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ
1-3ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺒﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﺘﺸﻭﻩ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ.
(5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ( ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﻘل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(.
44
ﺜﻘﻭﺏ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ
ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ
ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ،ﻭﻨﻭﺍﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺹ
)ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻭﻥ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ.
ﺜﻘل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ = ﺜﻘل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ.
45
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺘﻬﺎ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻷﻗﺭﺏ 0.01ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻭﺭﺘﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ -ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺒﻁ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺠﻴﺔ -ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ -ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻟﺒﻲ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﻭﺭﺸﻴﻠﻠﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ .ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﻐﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻗﺒل ﻜل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ.
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﻬﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ،ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ،
ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻀﺨﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ
ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ
ﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺘﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻟﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻗل .ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻭﺭﺘﻥ.
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺒﻀﻌﺔ
ﺁﻻﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻨﻘﺹ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻟﻜل 900ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒل ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ.
46
ﺭﺃﺴﻲ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﻗل ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ .ﺃﻀﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ
ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺏ.
Pv
B = Pvﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ
Pa h = Paﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ :Pressure at a pointﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) (x,yﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺇﺴﻔﻴﻥ wedgeﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺸﻜل .5-3ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 3-3ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ xﻭ yﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 6-3ﻭ.7-3
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ
y
δy Psδs
δs
Pxδy δx
)(x,y φ x
Pyδx
γδxδy/2
ﺸﻜل 5-3ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺇﺴﻔﻴﻥ
47
= φﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻟﻼﺴﻔﻴﻥ
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ )ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) ،(x,yﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ( ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺹ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ
ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .10-3
P = (Px + Py+ Pz)/3 3-10
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Px , Py , Pzﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ xﻭ yﻭ z
δy γ*δx*δy*δz
[P - (∂P/∂y)*δy/2]*δx*δz
δx x
z
ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ Pﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
[P - (∂P/∂y)*δy/2]*δx*δzﺍﻷﺼل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 11-3
[P + (∂P/∂y)*δx*δzﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺘﻌﺎﺩل: 12-3
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= δy/2ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ y
ﻭﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ yﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .13-3
48
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ xﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ zﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 14-3ﻭ .15-3
ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .17-3
δF/δV = - [i(∂/∂x) + j(∂/∂y) + k(∂/∂z)]*P - jγ 3-17
ﺤﻴﺙ:
δV = δx*δy*δz 3-18
δF/δV = - ∇P - jγ 3-19
ﺤﻴﺙ:
∇ = i ∂/∂x + j ∂/∂y + k ∂/∂z 3-20
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ δF/δV = 0
ﻭﺒﻭﻀﻊ - ∇P = fﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 21-3ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ.
f - jγ = 0 3-21
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= fﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻪ vector fieldﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻟﺯﺝ inviscidﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .22-3
f - jγ = ρ*a 3-22
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= aﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﺃﻭ
∂P/∂x = 0, ∂P/∂y = -ρ, ∂P/∂z = 0 3-23
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ xﺃﻭ zﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .24-3
dP = - ρ*dy 3-24
49
(1ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ρﺜﺎﺒﺕ( )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل (7-3ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 26-3ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .22-3
Pa ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ
z P2
z2 h=z2-z1 P1
z1
y
x
P2 z2
P1 z1
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= hﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻸﺴﻔل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ P2
= P2 , P1ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ
ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 24-3ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل.
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-3
ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ 250ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ .2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ:
ﺃ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺴﻤﺕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 1000ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.3
ﺏ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺴﻤﺕ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .13.6
2
ﺕ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 101.3ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ = Pg :ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ = 250,000ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل 1000 = ρw ،ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ = Pa ،13.6 = s.gHg ،3ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ = 101300
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ
2
(2ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ :ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ :35-3
50
P = ρ*R*T
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ :24-3
dp = -γ*dy
ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 28-3
dP/P = - g*dy/R*T 3-28
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ :ﺇﻤﺎ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ isothermalﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ .standard atmosphere
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ:
T = To = constant
ﻭﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 28-3ﻋﻨﺩ y = y1, P = P1 :ﻭﻋﻨﺩ y = y2, P = P2ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 29-3
P2 g
ln
P1
=− ) ( y − y1
RTo 2
3-29
ﺃﻭ
gh
−
RTo
P2 = P1 e 3-30
ﺤﻴﺙ:
h = y2 - y1 3-31
ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 30-3ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ standard atmosphereﻓﻬﻭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ
ﻭﻓﻴﻪ:
• ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﺘﺭﻭﺒﻭﺴﻔﻴﺭ(
• ﺘﻅل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻭﺴﻔﻴﺭ
• ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻭﺴﻔﻴﺭ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 32-3
T = Ta - βy 3-32
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Taﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ )(y = 0
= βﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ(
o
β = 0.00651 K/m = 0.00357 R/ft
ﻭﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 28-3ﻋﻨﺩ y = 0, P = Pa, :ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 33-3
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Paﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ y = 0
= Rﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ×ﻜﻠﻔﻥ(
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-3
ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 2500ﻤﺘﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ 10ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
2 5
51
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 10 = P :ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 1.2 = ρ ،ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 2500 = h ،ﻡ
3 2 5
.2ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل 1-2ﻭﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °10ﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ 2 10×2.87 = R :ﺠﻭل/ﻜﺠﻡ×ﻜﻠﻔﻥ
gh
−
RTo
P2 = P1 e .3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
− 9.81X2500
5 2.87 X 102 (15 + 27316
) .
P2 = 10 e = 74.3 kN / m2
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭManometer
ﻼ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ
ﻫﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺭﺃﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺌ ﹰ
ﺒﻴﺯﻭﻤﺘﺭ -Piezometer tubeﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﻱ( .ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﻤﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ
4ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳍﻼﱄ :ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺪﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ )ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻲ(
52
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= PAﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ A
= γ 1ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ
= h1ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ B
= γ 2ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ
= h2ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ C
= 0ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ C
5-3ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-5-3ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ؟
(2ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟
(3ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ؟
(4ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻪ؟
(5ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
• ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
• ﻤﺭﻭﺍﺯ ﻓﻭﺭﺘﻥ.
• ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺭﺍﻑ.
• ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺭ.
(6ﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ.
(7ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ؟
(8ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ؟
(9ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ؟
(10ﺃﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل.
(11ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ؟
(12ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ؟
2-5-3ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
)ﺏ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )ﺝ( ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ 8.5ﻜﻴﻠﻭ (1ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ 760ﻤﻠﻡ )ﺃ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ
)ﺩ( ﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 680ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ .3ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ 1.01ﺒﺎﺭ؟ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ: 2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ
106.1 ،107.4 ،108.4 ،202.4 ،5.1 .6.5 ،7.4 ،101.4ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ (
2
(2ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ 35ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ °18ﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﻕ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 35 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
(3ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﻔﻭل ﺒﻪ 0.52ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ 2.2ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ 3.2ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ 0.6ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ 2.4ﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 130.2 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
(4ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ 200ﻤﺘﺭ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °15ﻡ.
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(0.98 :
(5ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺒﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ 0.78ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ 2.5ﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 3.6ﻡ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ 1ﺒﺎﺭ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 154.4 ،54.4 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
53
(6ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ) (2ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ = 12ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 3ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ 10×101.3
ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل) .ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ( )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(0.98 : 3
(7ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °5ﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ 60ﺴﻡ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ 0.6ﻤﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 520 :ﻡ(
(8ﺼﺏ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ 20ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 17ﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ
ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 1ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ) .3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(0.85 :
ﻤﺎﺀ ﺯﻴﺕ
20ﺴﻡ
17ﺴﻡ
ﺏ ﺃ
(9ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ ﻁﻭل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل 12ﺴﻡ ﻭﻁﻭل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 10.5ﺴﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 1
ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ) .3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(0.83 :
ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺤﻭل
9.96ﺴﻡ 12ﺴﻡ
ﺏ ﺃ
ﺯﺌﺒﻕ
(10ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﻴﺭ Hareﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺭﻴﻥ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻙ ﻭﻤﺹ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺼﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 22.2ﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺭﻴﻥ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 17.6ﺴﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 1ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ.3
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(1.26 :
ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ
ﻤﺸﺒﻙ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ
17.6ﺴﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﻴﺭ 22.2ﺴﻡ
ﺠﻠﺴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ
(11ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺫﻱ ﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﺼﺒﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﻡ ﺼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺭﻭﺴﻴﻥ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ (0.85ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 15
ﺴﻡ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻥ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ0.13 :ﻤﺘﺭ(
(12ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺫﻱ ﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ،ﺼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 20ﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ
ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻘﻲ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 20.5ﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺴﻁﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ .ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ:
(1.025
54
(13ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺃ ﻭ ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل Uﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃ ﻭ ﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ 9.81
ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 3ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ .13.6ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 8ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 30.2 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 32 ،2ﻤﻠﻡ(
ﺃ ﻤﺎﺀ
ﺏ
1.5ﻡ 0.8ﻡ
0.3ﻡ
ﺯﺌﺒﻕ
(14ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀﺍﻥ ﺃ ﻭ ﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ kPa 250ﻭ kPa 120ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل.
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ :ﻉ = 2.1ﻡ(
ﻤﺎﺀ
+ﺃ ﺱ
ﻫـ ﻤﺎﺀ 1.2ﻡ
ﻉ ﺹ
ﺏ +
ﺠـ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺩ
(12ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﻥ )ﺃ( ﻭ )ﺏ( ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ) kPa 4.8-ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻲ(.
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ،hﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ 9.8ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ 8.95ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻤﺘﺭ
ﻤﻜﻌﺏ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.64 :ﻤﺘﺭ(
ﺃ
0.5ﻡ
ﻤﺎﺀ ﺏ
(13ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .ﻤلﺀ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 1.0ﻭﻤلﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .0.95ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ Aﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 50ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ aﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل
ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ 25ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
P1 P2
x x
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ a
55
(14ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ .0.85ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ = a
60ﺴﻡ 120 = b ،ﺴﻡ 80 = h ،ﺴﻡ) .ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ 4.7 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ
h
a b
A B
ﻤﺎﺀ
56
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
Hydrostatic Forces ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ
1-4ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺼﻐﺭﻫﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ل ﺍﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﻼ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ) A-Aﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(1-4
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ
F
ﻤﺎﺌﻊ
R
ﺸﻜل 1-4
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺘﺎﺭ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻯ F1ﻭ Fn ... F2
ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(2-4
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ
R1 F1
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
Fn
Rn
ﺸﻜل 2-4
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﺎﻁ
ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:
(1ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ
(2ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ bulk heads
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ thrustﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻴﻼﻤﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ.
ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
ﺸﻜل 3-4
57
FR = p.A 4-1
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= FRﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
= pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
= Aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
FR = γh.A 4-2
= hﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
= γﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-4
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﺒﻪ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ
ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ (0.9ﻗﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ :ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ
ﺯﻴﺕ ﺯﻴﺕ 50ﺴﻡ -2ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
89ﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ
-3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﻤﺎﺀ P = Pa tm + γo h + γw.h
39ﺴﻡ P = 0 + 0.9x9.81x0.5 + 9.81x0.39 = 8.24 k N/m2
π π
-4ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل A = D 2 = ( 0.58) 2 = 0.264 m2
4 4
-5ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ
FR = P. A = = 8.24 x 0.264 = 2.18 kN
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-4
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 3ﻤﺘﺭ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺠﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 0.68ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺘﺭ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ؛ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ1 = h :ﻡ 3 = L ،0.68 = s ،ﻡ
-2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ F = ρg⎯hA
0.5 = 2 ÷ 1 = 2 ÷ h = ⎯hﻡ
CP 10 = (1×3)×0.5×9.81×0.68 = Fﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ
h
-3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ = 0.33 = 3 ÷ 1ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ
3
58
Hydrostatic force on an inclined surface 3-4ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻤﺎﺌل
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 4-4ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺘﺯﻥ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ θ
Patm
xP y
ﺸﻜل 4-4
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ xﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ yﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 4-4ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ hﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ δFﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δAﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 3-4
δF = γhδA 4-3
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .4-4
∫
= FR = δF
A
∫ γh. dA = ∫ γy sin θ. dA = ρg sin θ∫ ydA
A A A
4-4
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= FRﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل
= ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= gﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ
= hﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δF
= θﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
= ∫ ydAﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ first moment of areaﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ yc.A = x
A
=⎯yﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل
59
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
FR = γAy sin θ = ρgAy sin θ = ρgAh = γAh = p g . A 4-5
= ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ h
= Pgﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ .ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ
ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ Centre of pressureﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ .Centre of thrustﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﻭل ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ.
ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠىﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ρgysinθ.δAﻫﻭ δF.yﺃﻭ .ρgy2sinθ.δAﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ CPﻫﻲ ) (xp, ypﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .6-4
∫ y. δF = ∫ ρgy
2
= F. y p sin θdA 4-6
A A
∫ y dA
A
2
I xx
= ∴y ρ = 4-7
yA yA
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Ixxﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ) second moment of area (moment of inertiaﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ(.
ﻭﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ) Slant depthﺃﻱ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ( ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
)ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ(( ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻭل
ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ( .ﻭﺩﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ) Centroidﻋﺩﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ(.
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= IxGﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻭﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ
60
I xc
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﺩل ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ،ﺒل ﺘﻅل ﺩﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ
yA
ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺃﻱ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﺭﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ⎯ (⎯yﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ
I xc
ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل .ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ،ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ
yA
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻤﹰﺎ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺸﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘل .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ.
ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ .ﻭﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺸﻜل ) (4-4ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) (5-4ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ.
x
y yp
xp CP
yG
ﺸﻜل 5-4
ﻭﺒﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻋﺯﻡ δFﻫﻭ ρgsinθδAﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ
ﻫﻭ FR.Xρﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 10-4
FR . x p = ∫ xdF = ∫ x. γy sin θ. dA 4-10
A A
∫
γ sin θ. y. A. xp = γ sin θ xydA
A
4-11
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
∫ xydA
A
I xy
= xρ = 4-12
Ay yA
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Ixyﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ product of inertiaﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ.
61
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= IxyGﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﻘل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻭﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ
ﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭ Ixyﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 4-4
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺴﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 25ﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﺤﺠﺯ 6ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ﻭﻴﻤﻴل ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ °60ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ
25ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺩ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
°60
6ﻡ
62
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 6 = h :ﻤﺘﺭ 25 = L ،ﻡ°60 = θ ،
h 6
A = L. × = 25 -2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺩ = 173.2 m 2
sin θ sin 60
h 6
FR = γ A = 9.81 × 1000 × × 173.2 = 51 -3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ . MN
2 2
6 h
= 2ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺩ = -4ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ =
3 3
ﻤﺜﺎل 5-4
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
0.5ﻡ
1.5ﻡ
0.5ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ :ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ
-2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ = 1.5 = 1.5 × (3÷2) + 0.5ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
y 0.5
h
dy
b . × 23 =1
15
G
1
FR = γAh = 9.81 × 1000 × (15
. × 0.5) × 15 -3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ . kN
. = 552
2
-4ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻠﻴﺔ δA
b y − 0.5
=
0.5 15
.
1
)b = ( y − 05
3
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ δAﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
1
δA = ( y − 0.5) dy
3
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
2
⎞2 ⎛ 1
∫ y dA = ∫ y ⎜ ⎟ ( y − 0.5) dy = 0.885
2
⎠⎝ 3
0.5
2
1
∫ ydA = ∫ 3 ( y − 0.5) y. dy = 0.5625
0.5
63
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
∫ y dA
2
= yρ A
= 0.885 = 157
. m
0.5625
∫ ydA
A
ﺃ ﺩ
F
ﺏ ﺠـ
ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺸﻜل 6-4
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻭﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ )ﺃ ﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ( ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ -Fxﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ .F
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ Colinearﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ -Fxﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﻟﻺﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥ .ﻭﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺨﻁ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻤﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ) (7-4ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺴﻁﺢ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δAﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ .ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ؛ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ δFHﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ δAﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .15-4
PδA
x
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-4
64
ﻭﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .16-4
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= cosθ.dAﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ
x
θ PδA
δA
ﺸﻜل 8-4
= FV ∫ P cos θ. dA
A
4-17
ﺤﻴﺙ:
P = γh
= hﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
= cosθδAﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ δAﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .18-4
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= δVﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ hﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ .cosθ.δAﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ( ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .19-4
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺯﻡ
ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ .ﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )ﺃ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) (8-4ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .20-4
65
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺨﻁ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ( ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ(.
ﻤﺜﺎل 5-4
ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 2ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ 4ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ .ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
2ﻡ 1ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 2 = h1 :ﻡ 1 = h2 ،ﻡ 4 = L ،ﻡ
ﺃ
h1=2m ﺏ ﻡ ﺩ
h2=1m
V1 V2
-2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ H1ﻭ H2
H 1 = ρgh 1A
h 1
= ρg 1 . h 1 = ρgh 12
2 2
1
= × 1000 × 9.81 × 2 2 = 19.6 kN / m
2
1 1
H 2 = ρgh 22 = × 1000 × 9.81 × 12 = 4.9 kN / m
2 2
ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ FHﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱFH = H 1 − H 2 = 19.6 − 4.9 = 14.7 kN / m :
-3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ
= V1ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃ ﺏ ﺠـ ﻡ
1⎛π ⎞
⎜ ( 2) × 9.81 × 1000⎟ = 15.41 kN / m
2
= V1
2⎝4 ⎠
= V2ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻡ
1⎛π ⎞
⎜ ( 2) × 9.81 × 1000⎟ = 7.7 k N / m
2
= V2
4⎝4 ⎠
66
5-4ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-5-4ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ.
(2ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ؟
(3ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺴﻜﻭﻨﻪ؟
(4ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺩ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺯﻴﺕ؟
(5ﺃﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺃﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ؟
(6ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟
(7ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل؟
(8ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ؟
(9ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟
(10ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
2-4-4ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ 0.75ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ 2ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 3ﻤﺘﺭ،
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ 1ﺒﺎﺭ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.44 :ﺒﺎﺭ 1.44 ،ﺒﺎﺭ(.
(2ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﻔﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 0.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻭ 2ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ 3ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 600ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ،3ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ 200ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﺘﻭﻥ/ﻡ 2ﻤﺎ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ؟ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 96 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(.
(3ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃ ﺏ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃ ﺏ.
ﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ
5ﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ
(4ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 6ﻤﺘﺭ ﻜﺤﻭل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 7.7ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ .3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ 30ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ.
67
1.5ﻡ
ﻫﻭﺍﺀ 1.5ﻡ
ﻜﺤﻭل 3.5ﻡ
3.5ﻡ
(5ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل Uﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻤﻨﻪ )ﻕ (1ﻭﺠﺯﺀﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ )ﻕ .(2ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ )ﻕ (1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل
ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ρﻴﻌﻠﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ .Sﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ .ﺃﺴﺘﻨﺒﻁ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﻥ.
(6ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 2ﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ 4ﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻌﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻜﺭﻭﻱ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﻩ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
4ﻡ
2ﻡ
(7ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺃ ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ،25.2 ،29.43 :
38.7ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
ﺠـ
2.5ﻡ ﺃ
ﺏ
68
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺃ ﺏ )ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ( .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺃ ﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 68.67 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 3.67 ،ﻡ؛ 74.3ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 0.48 ،ﻡ؛ 68.67ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 74.3 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
4ﻡ ﺃ
1ﻡ
ﺏ
(8ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺴﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ parabolicﻭﻗﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ )ﺃ( .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 7.1 :ﻤﺠﺎﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 22.5 ،ﻡ(
20ﻡ
30ﻡ
ﺃ
(9ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺤﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺤﻭل ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 986 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 9.34 ،ﻡ 98.6 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.ﻤﺘﺭ(
8ﻡ °60
4ﻡ
(10ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ 0.85ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ 40ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل .ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺽ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻤﻐﻁﺎﺓ
ﺒﻠﻭﺡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻁﻭل ﻀﻠﻌﻪ 0.5ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻪ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ.
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 16.2 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 0.25 ،ﻡ(
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ
ﻫﻭﺍﺀ
1.5ﻡ
0.5ﻡ
0.5ﻡ
(11ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ Sluiceﺃ ﺏ ﺠـ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻭﺱ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 4ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻤﺎﺀ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 79.8 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(°15 ،
ﺃ
ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ 4ﻡ
ﺏ °30 ﺩ
°30
ﺠـ
69
(12ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻋﺭﻀﻪ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺴﻁﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 23.9 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
ﺯﻴﺕ 2ﻡ
s = 0.8
ﻤﺎﺀ 1.5ﻡ
1ﻡ
(13ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻗﻔﻠﺕ ﺒﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺢ ﺒﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺝ
ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﻭﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ 1.2ﻡ ،ﻁﻭل ﺤﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ 1.08ﻡ ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ 1.92ﻡ .ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 75ﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺝ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 36.97 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.ﻤﺘﺭ(
75ﺴﻡ 1.08ﻡ
1.2ﻡ
1.92ﻡ
(14ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺯﻴﺘﻲ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .(0.8ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 20 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻤﺘﺭ ﻁﻭﻟﻲ(
1.5ﻡ
ﺯﻴﺕ
1.2ﻡ
s = 0.8
ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ
(15ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ 1.5ﻡ×1.8ﻡ ﻏﻤﺭ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ 1.5ﻡ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ 1.8ﻡ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﹰﺎ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ 0.3ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ31.8 :
ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 1.425 ،ﻡ(
0.3ﻡ
1.8ﻡ
(16ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 1.2ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .0.9ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ )ﺃ(
ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ 4ﺴﻡ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل .CPﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ " "hﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ
70
ﺒﻌﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﻑ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟـﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ )ﺃ( .ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠىﺎﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ:
1.65ﻡ 22.5 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
hﺯﻴﺕ
s = 0.9
CG 4ﺴﻡ 1.2ﻡ
ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺃ
(17ﺍﻟﺴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﺒﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 30ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺩ .ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 33.1 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 52 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 61.6 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ((6.4،5) ،
15ﻡ
15ﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ
CP
(18ﺇﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 0.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻌﻤﻕ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ.
ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 5.8 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
71
(19ﻟﻭﺡ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﻡ ﻏﻤﺭﻩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ
0.5ﻡ ﻭ 1.5ﻡ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 17.3 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 0.9 ،ﻡ(
0.5ﻡ
1.5ﻡ
1.5ﻡ
(27ﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ ABﻗﻁﺭﻩ 1.8ﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ 10 Cﺴﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل .ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1.16 :ﻤﺘﺭ(
h
A
C
c 10ﺴﻡ
B
72
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ
Buoyancy ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ
1-5ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺒﺫل ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ .ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ.
ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ .ﻭﻴﻤﺜل VV
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 1-5ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ F
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ؛ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭﻟﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ.
V
F F
V
ﺸﻜل ) (1-5ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻫـ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 2-5ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ upward upthrustﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺠـ
ﻭ ﻫـ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ؛ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺏ ﺠـ ﻭ ﻫـ ﺃ .ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل downward thrust
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻫـ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻫـ ﺃ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .1-5
1-5 ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺏ ﺠـ ﻭ ﻫـ ﺃ( -ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻫـ ﺃ( = ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺠـ ﺩ ﻫـ ﻭ(
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
ﺏ ﺃ
ﺩ
ﺠـ ﻫـ
ﻭ
ﺸﻜل ) (2-5ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ
73
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل 3-5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) (V1ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ρ1ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ) (V2ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ρ2ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﺈﻥ:
ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ρ1 g V1 = R1 = V1ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ G1ﻤﺭﻜﺯ .V1
ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ρ2 g V2 = R2 = V2ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ G2ﻤﺭﻜﺯ .V2
)(2-5 ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ = ρ2 g V2 + ρ1 g V1
G2 V2
ﻓﻤﻭﻀﻊ G2 ،G1ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺨﻁ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-5
ﻋﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ 12 = Lﻡ ،ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 6 = Bﻡ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻁﺴﻬﺎ 1.5 = Dﻡ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ) ρ = 1000ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ (،
3
ﺃﺤﺴﺏ:
ﺃ( ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﺔ،
)ﺏ( ﻏﺎﻁﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ) ρ = 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ (،
3
)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻏﺎﻁﺱ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻪ 2ﻡ.
74
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 12 = L :ﻡ 6 = B ،ﻡ 1.5 = D ،ﻡ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ρ = 1000ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ،3ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ρ = 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ،3
ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻏﺎﻁﺱ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻪ 2ﻡ
.2ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ:
ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ = ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﺔ
-3
W = ρgBLD = 1000x9.81x6x12x1.5x10 = 1059.5 kN
.3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
W = 1059.5x 10 3 = 146
= Ds . m
ρgBL 1025x9.81x6x12
.4ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﻁﺱ ﻫﻭ 2ﻡ:
ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ = 1412 = 2×12×6×9.81×1000 = ρgBLDﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ = 353 = 1059 -1412ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ
G
B
R
ﺸﻜل 4-5ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ
75
4-5ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ Stability of Submerged Bodies
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ) (W = mgﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻁ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ .ﻭﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﻅل ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 5-5ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ θﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ . W.BG.θﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Gﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Bﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺇﺼﻼﺡ ﻭﻴﺠﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Gﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Bﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻗﻠﺏ؛ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ .ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ
ﻼ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻅل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ.
ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻏﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ
)ﺃ( )ﺏ(
W=mg
G G
M
B
W=mg x
R
)ﺠـ( )ﺩ(
ﺸﻜل 6-5ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 6-5ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻲ Gﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ (mg =) Wﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ،Gﻭﺘﻤﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻌﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Bﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ) θﺸﻜل ﺏ( ،ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﹰﺍ
ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ،Gﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻷﻥ R = Wﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ Rﻭ Wﻴﻘﻌﺎﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ W.x؛ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻉ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺇﺼﻼﺡ( .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻜل ﺠـ ﻓﻴﻘﻊ
ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺇﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺩ،
ﻭﻴﻅل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻓﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ W.xﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ
76
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻨﻘﻼﺏ ﻴﺠﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻟﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺨﻁ ﻓﻌل ﻗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ
Rﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل) (Gﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻟﺔ( ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .5-5
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ Sin θ= tan θ = θ (radians) :ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ
Metacentreﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ GMﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ Metacentric height
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ
ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻁﻭﻓﹰﺎ ) ،(rollingﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﺠﺤﹰﺎ .ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﺢ.
ﻭﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ Pﻫﻭ ،P.xﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ GMﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ (mg =) Wﻫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺒﻤﺎ
.ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ ﻭﻋﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ Pﻓﺈﻥ :ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ = W.GM. θ
ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .6-5
W.GM. θ = Px 5-6
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
GM = Px 5-7
Wθ
7-5ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Determination of the position of
the metacentre in relation to the centre of buoyancy
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ Bﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ
Mﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
77
A D
O ’C
’A D’ G θ
C
B ’B
R=W
O
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ACﻫﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ،ﻭ Bﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ θ
ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ’ Bﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ A’C’ .ﻫﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
θﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .8-5
'BM = BB 5-8
θ
ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﻤﻥ Bﺇﻟﻰ B′ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻺﺴﻔﻴﻥ
AOA′ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻔﻴﻥ COC′ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ:
ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻔﻴﻥ = AOA′ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻔﻴﻥ .COC′
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) (aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻟﺔ OOﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﹰﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 8-5ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ.
ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻅﻠ ﹰ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .11-5
AD CD
ρgθ ∑ ax = ρgθ ∑ ax 5-11
x=0 x
78
ﻟﻜﻥ axﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻭل OOﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ OOﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ
ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻵﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ BB′ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻔﻴﻥ AOA′ﺇﻟﻰ COC′ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ Rﻤﻥ Bﺇﻟﻰ .B′
= Iﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻭل OOﻴﻨﺘﺞ: ∑ ax 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ:
12-5 ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ = ρgθI
13-5 ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ρgV.BB′ = R.BB′ = R
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Vﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ
79
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-5
ﻁﻭﻑ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 2.14ﻡ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ 1.8ﻡ ،ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻪ 14ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻴﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ،3ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ 0.575ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ 3ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻟﻴﻅل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
(1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ:
G1
W1 = 3 kN
ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ kN 14
1.8ﻡ ’G Z1
G
’Z 0.575ﻡ
B 0.5Z Z
2.14ﻡ O
(2ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ Gﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ ،ﻭ G1ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ Z1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ G′ ،ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ Z′ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ Vﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻏﺎﻁﺱ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ Z
⎞ ⎛π
(3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ = ﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺡ = ρgV = ρg⎜ d 2 ⎟ Z
⎠ ⎝4
ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ
W + W1 = ρg π d 2 Z
4
80
( W + W1 ) Z' − 0.575W 17 × 10 3 × 0.844 − 0.575 × 14 × 10 3
= Z1 = = 2.1m
W1 3 × 10 3
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-5
ﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ 12ﻡ×6ﻡ ﺘﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﻐﺎﻁﺱ 1.2ﻡ .ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 950ﻤﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻟﻲ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 163ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.ﻡ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺡ) .ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ =
1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ(3
ﺍﻟﺤل
(1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ:
M
G
1.2ﻡ B 0.95ﻡ 6ﻡ
O
12ﻡ
ﻤﺜﺎل 4-5
ﻜﺠﻡ 3
ﻜﺠﻡ .ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 10×28 3
ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ 14.4ﻡ× 25ﻡ ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 10×5600
ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 6.25ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺡ ،°5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ:
3
81
ﺍﻟﺤل
W.GM.θ = Px
5628x103xGMx5π/180 = 28x103x6.35
M
GM = 28 × 180 × 6.35 = 0.36m
5628 × 5 × π
G
3
BM = I = 25 × 14.4
V 12 × V
3
V = 5628 × 10 = 5490.7317 m 3 B
1025
3
BM = I = 25 × 14.4 ﺃ( . m
= 1133
V 12 × 5490.7317
ﺏ( .BG = 1.133 - 0.362 = 0.771 m
8-5ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-8-5ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ،ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ .ﻭﻀﺢ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻙ ﺒﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ.
(2ﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل.
(3ﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل.
(4ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺨﻤﻴﺩﺱ ﻭﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ.
(5ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل؟
(6ﻫل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ؟ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟
(7ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟
(8ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟
(9ﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ.
82
2-8-5ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻬﺒﻁ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺫﺏ؛ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،0.4ﻭﺃﻥ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ) .0.5ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ0.42 :ﻡ(
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﺭ
ﻡ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺱd ،
(2ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ sﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ Dﻭﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ Lﺘﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﺭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ρﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻥ ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ
2
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻫﻭ )⎛⎜ D ⎞⎟ ≥ 8s(1 − s
⎠⎝ L
(3ﺘﺯﻥ ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ 60ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻭﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻪ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺴﻜﻭﻨﻲ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ =
1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ) .(3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1.74 :ﻡ(
y
8ﻡ
x
°90
50ﻡ
(4ﺒﻨﻁﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﺭﻀﻪ 8ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ 15ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻁﺴﻪ ) 1.5 (draughtﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻡ:
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻁﻭﻥ
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﺭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ .
3
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻁﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻏﺎﻁﺱ ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻪ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 2.2ﻤﺘﺭ.
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1762 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 1.46 ،ﻡ 499 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
(5ﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩ buoyﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 3ﻡ ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 1.5ﻡ ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 800ﻜﺠﻡ .ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ
ﻟﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ 1025ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ) .(3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 10.6 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
(6ﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻤﻘﻔﻭل ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ 20ﻡ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 4ﻡ ﺘﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ 1.5ﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ
ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ 50ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 2ﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 0.2ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 220.7 :ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ1 ،ﻡ 1479 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 0.6 ،ﻡ(
(7ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ 2ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ 1.6ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(3.3 :
(8ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ 0 < S < 0.1465ﻭ 0.8535 < S < 1ﺤﻴﺙ Sﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ.
(9ﺨﻁ ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻴﻨﻘل ﻏﺎﺯ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ 120ﺴﻡ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ 125ﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻭﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻜل 3ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺴﻰ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ .ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ 7900
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ،3ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 1000ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ) .3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 13742 :ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
83
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ
Similitude, Dimensional Analysis and Modeling
1-6ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ dimensional analysisﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺼﻼﺘﻬﺎ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ .ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ.
ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل similitudeﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺠﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ )ﺃﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ (modelﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ )ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ .(prototype
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-6
ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻁﻭﻴل ﻭﺃﻤﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ∆pfﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ .ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،D
ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ρﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،µﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ vﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻲ
) ∆pf = f(D, ρ, µ, vﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
84
(1ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ∆pf , , D, ρ, µ, vﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ 5 = k
(2ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ:
.
∆P f = F L −2
.
D=L
.
ρ = F L −4 T 2
.
µ = F L −2 T
.
v = L T −1
(3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻱk - r = 5 - 3 = 2 :
(4ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ )= ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ = ) D, v, ρ (3ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ(
(5ﺸﻜل ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻱ:
• ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ dependent variableﻭﺍﺠﻤﻌﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ
a b c
π1 = ∆Pf.D . v . ρ؛
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﺃﻥ:
0 0 -0 -3 a -1 b -4 2 c
) F L T = (FL T)(L) (LT ) (FL T
)1 + c = o (for F
)-3 + a + b - 4c = 0 (for L
) -b + 2c = 0 (for T
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ a = 1, b = -2, c = -1
ﺇﺫﻥ π1 = ∆Pf.D/ρ v 2
• ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ 5ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔµ ،
π2 = µ.D a. v b. ρc
0 0 -0 -2 a -1 b -4 2 c
) F L T = (FL T)(L) (LT ) (FL T
)1 + c = o (for F
)-2 + a + b - 4c = 0 (for L
) 1 - b + 2c = 0 (for T
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ a = -1, b = -1, c = -1
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ π2 = µ/ρ D v
(6ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻱ:
∆ Pf D
⎜⎛
⎟⎞F −3
⎠ ⎝ L )( L
= π1 = = F0 L0 T0
ρ v2 2
⎜⎛
⎠⎟⎞F −4 T2⎞⎟⎠ ⎛⎜⎝ L T−1
⎝ L
µ
⎜⎛
⎟⎞F −2
⎠ ⎝ L )( T
= π2 = = F0 L0 T0
ρDv ⎛⎞ ⎞ −4
( L) ⎛⎜⎝ L ⎠⎟T−1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ FL T2
ﺃﻭ:
∆ Pf D ⎞ ⎛ ρDv
⎜= φ ⎟
ρ v2 ⎠ ⎝ µ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
85
ρDv
= Re
µ
= Reﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1-6ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻡ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ) (Re << 1ﺃﻱ Re
ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻜﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ؛ ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻟﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺯﺍﺤﻑ .creeping flow
ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ÷ ﻗﻭﺓ Eu ﺭﻗﻡ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ P
= ρﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
= µﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ
= gﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ
= Lﺍﻟﻁﻭل
= Pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
= Evﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ
= cﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ
= ωﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= σﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ
86
4-6ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل Modeling and Similitude
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺎﺓ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ .ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
ﺼﺎﺌﺒﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ prototypeﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜل
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
.1ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁ،
.2ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻲ kinematicﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﹰﺎ(
ﺃ.
ﻭﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ
.1ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻜل ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ(.
.2ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ scaled version
ﻟﻸﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ.
.3ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ(.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ 3-6ﻭ.4-6
l
λl = m 6-3
lP
v
λv = m 6-4
vP
87
6-6ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ Flow over immersed bodies
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺤﺎﻁ ﺇﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ .external flowﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﻴﻥ :ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ boundary layerﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ.
ﺇﻥ ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺩﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ:
(1ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ )ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻁﻭل ﻻ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ(.
(2ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ) axisymmetricﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل(.
(3ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ )ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ(
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل
ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﻜل 1-6ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻠﺒﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ،bluntﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭ . wakeﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ،ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ∂Pﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ؛ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ
∂x
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﻔﺼل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ .ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ؛ ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ
ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ .vortex
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻋﺎﻟﻲ
ﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭ؛ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ
)ﻀﻐﻁ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ( ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ(.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل 1-6ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺠﻨﻴﺢ ) airfoilﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ( ﺃﻭ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ )ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ
(hydrofoilﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ dAﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻀﻐﻁ Pﻭﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ τwﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .5-6
dD = P.dA.sinϕ + τw.dA.cosϕ 6-5
88
ﻭﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 5-6ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .6-6
D = ∫sP.dA.sinϕ + ∫sτw.dA.cosϕ 6-6
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ:
D = D p + Df 6-7
ﺤﻴﺙ
= Dﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ
= Dpﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ )ﺸﻜل ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= Dfﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩﻱ (skin frictional dragﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ
= Pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
= ϕﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ
= τwﺠﻬﺩ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .10-6
L = - ∫sP.dA.cosϕ 6-10
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺯل ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺭﻗﻴﻕ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل -6
(2
ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ
dA τo P
vo
P
A
ﺸﻜل 2-6ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻥsinϕ = 0, cosϕ = 1, Dp = 0 :
D = Df = ∫sτw.dA 6-13
89
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺯل ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل (3-6
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل
τo
vo A ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭ
P dA
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ matrixﺒﻬﺎ 3ﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ .(MLTﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ
Determinentﺒﻬﺎ 3ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻭ 3ﺼﻔﻭﻑ )ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ (r=3ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ) Rank (r=3؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) .(r=3ﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ
) (6 ،7 ،8ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺩ
0 0 1
1 1 0 = 1(1 × −1 − − 2 × 1) = 1( −1 + 2) = 1
−2 − 1 − 2
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ) (r=3ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 16-6
∴ π‘s = 8 - 3 = 5π‘s 16-a
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺃﺱ ﻜل ﻤﺴﻤﻰ MLTﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ Mﻭ LﻭT
k1 + k 4 + k 5 + k 8 = 0 17-a
90
k 1 + k 2 + k 3 − k 4 − 3k 5 + k 6 + k 7 = 0 17-b
−2 k 1 − k 3 − k 4 − 2 k 6 − k 7 − 2 k 8 = 0 17-c
ﻟﻠﺤل ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ k’sﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ k6, k7, k8ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟـ k’sﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ k1, k2, k3, k4, k5
ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ
k 6 = k1 + k 2 − k 4 18-a
k 7 = −2 k 1 − 2 k 2 − k 3 + 4 k 4 + k 5 18-b
k 8 = −k1 − k 4 − k 5 18-c
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ k1 = 1, k2 = 0, k3 = 0, k4 = 0, k5 = 0
ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ) (k6, k7, k8ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل 3-6ﻤﻘﺎﺒل π1
ﻴﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻀﻊ k2 = 1, k1 = 0, k3 = 0, k4 = 0, k5 = 0ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ) (k6, k7, k8ﺒﺠﺩﻭل 3-6ﺃﻤﺎﻡ π2ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤل
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل 3-6
10-6ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-10-6ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻜﻨﺠﻬﺎﻡ؟
(2ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ.
(3ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ؟
(4ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺎﺵ ،ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻴﺒﺭ ،ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ.
(5ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ؟
ﺃ.
91
2-10-6ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل Aﻭ Bﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d2 y dy
ﺤﻴﺙ = y :ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭ = xﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ((T-1, T-2, : +A + By = 0
dx 2 dx
(2ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺭﺩﺓ washerﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ F = f(D, d, u, µ, ρ) :ﺤﻴﺙ = D :ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ،ﻭ = dﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ،ﻭ = uﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ،ﻭµ
= ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﻭ = ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﻕ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
F ⎛ ⎞ ρuD
( = φ⎜ d , ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ Dﻭ uﻭ ρﻜﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ⎟ :
2
D u ρ2 ⎝ D ⎠ µ
(3ﺍﻨﻘﺒﺽ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ Dﻓﺠﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺭ .dﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ Dﻭ dﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ Uﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ρﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ :µ
• ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ Dﻭ Uﻭ µﻜﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ.
• ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻱ.
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ: ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ؟ ﻜﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﻡ • ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ
ρDU ∆PD ⎛ ⎞ ρDU
( ∆PD , d , , = φ⎜ d , ⎟
µU D µ µU ⎠ ⎝D µ
(4ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ؛ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻜل
4
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ( Q = C ∆P D :
L µ
ﻡ/2ﺙ .ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ. 5
(5ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ 10×3
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻪ .3 : 1ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ
6-
ﻡ/2ﺙ( ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ10×5.77 :
(6ﺃﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ 40 : 1ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ 0.03ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ 1.5ﻡ/ﺙ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺜل .ﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1920 :ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 9.5 ،ﻡ/ﺙ(
(7ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﻟﺠﻨﻴﺢ airfoilﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻟﻪ ﺒﺤﺭ 30 spanﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻭﺘﺭﻩ 6ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺎ 0.5ﻭ 0.05ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺠﻭﻡ 6 angle of attackﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ
500ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 3ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ .ﺜﻡ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺎﺵ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 11 :ﻤﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﺕ 789 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(0.42 ،6 10×45 ،
(8ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ )ﻤﻁﻔﺢ (spillwayﺒﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ 25 : 1ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﻴل flumeﻋﺭﻀﻪ 2ﻗﺩﻡ .ﺍﻷﺼل prototype
ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ 37.5ﻗﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ 5ﻗﺩﻡ.
• ﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ؟
• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ Qmﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ 0.7ﻗﺩﻡ /ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ 0.2ﻗﺩﻡ ،ﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ Qpﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل؟ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1.5 :ﻗﺩﻡ0.2 ،
3
92
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ
Fluid Kinematics ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ
1-7ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ .ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﻭﻻ ﺘﻤﻠﻙ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﺤﺕ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ) (deformationﻓﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ
1-7ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﻠﻁ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ABCDﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ
.AB′C′D
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫﻲ
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ 1-7ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ABCDﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ) (Sﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ
ﻟﻠﺭﺴﻡ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ Fﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ Aﺤﻴﺙ A = BC×S :ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ τﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ F؛ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ
A
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ϕ؛ ﻭﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ Shear Strainﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ϕﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻜل
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ τﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺩﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ .ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ϕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﻭﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ )ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ( ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻘﺹ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ) (tﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ) Eﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ (1-7ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﺤﻴﺙ Eﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ yﻤﻥ
ADﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ x = ϕ
y
ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ = u = x / t = x
y y yt
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ E x =u
t
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ
τ = const × u 7-1
y
93
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= uﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ yﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ duﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) (µﻴﻤﻜﻥ
dy y
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 1-7
τ = µ du 7-2
dy
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ؛ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ µﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ؛
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ
ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ( ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ
ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ؛ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
= mﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ × ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ &
& = ρAu
m 7-3
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
= uﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ incompressibleﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 3-7ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .4-7
&
q = m = Au 7-4
ρ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل xﻭ yﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ xﻭ yﻭ .zﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ
ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ uﻭ vﻭ wﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ xﻭ yﻭ zﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .5-7
) ∂ρ ∂( ρu) ∂( ρv) ∂( ρw
+ + + =0 7-5
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
ﻭﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ w=0ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 5-7ﻭ 6-7ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .7-7
) ∂ρ ∂( ρu ) ∂( ρv
+ + =0 7-7
∂t ∂x ∂y
94
∂u + ∂v = 0 7-8
dx ∂y
u1
&1
mu & 2
mu
ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺴﻡ 2-7ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ u1ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ u2
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ:
ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل = dm u1
ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ = dm u2
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= dmﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ dt
F = mu
& − mu
2
&
1 7-11
ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 11-7
& = ρ A u = ρ A u = const
m 1 1 1 2 2 2
7-12
F=m (
&u − u = m
2 1
&∆u )
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ؛ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل Rﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ Fﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ؛ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻓﻌل ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺴﺎ ﹴﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ.
95
R = −F = −m
&∆u
R=m
&u − u
1 (
2 ) 7-13
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ .ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻪ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل p1ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ u1ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ A1ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ p2ﻭ u2ﻭ A2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ w = mgﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ m
w = mg
ﺸﻜل 3-7ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .14-7
(
R = p1A 1 + mu
& + p A + mu
1 2 2
& ( )
2 +w ) 7-14
ﻟﻜﻥ:
&= ρ A u = ρ A u
m 1 1 1 2 2 2
muﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻜﺴﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ
muﻭ &
2
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ &
1
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .15-7
ﺤﻴﺙ:
ρ1u12ﻭ ρ2u2ﻴﺴﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.2
ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻺﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ρ1 = ρ2ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 15-7ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 16-7
⎠⎟⎞ R = A 1 ⎛⎜⎝ p1 + ρu12 ⎞⎟⎠ + A 2 ⎛⎜⎝ p 2 + ρu 22 7-16
96
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ 15-7ﻭ 16-7ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤل ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ .ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ
ﻴﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-7
ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ °90ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻀﻠﻌﻪ 1ﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 30ﻡ/ﺙ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ 1.289ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 3ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ .ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ.
30ﻡ/ﺙ
30ﻡ/ﺙ 1ﻡ
2
ﺍﻟﺤل
R=m ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ&( u 1 − u 2 ) :
&∆u = m
& = ρ∆u = 1289
m . x1x30 = 38.67 kg / s
c ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ) (u1-u2ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ:
ﺭﺴﻡ 30 = abﻡ/ﺙ
u2 ﺭﺴﻡ 30 = acﻡ/ﺙ
u1-u2 ﻗﻴﺎﺱ bc
a u1 b ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل:
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ abcﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ
cb2 = ab2 + ac2
= 302 + 302 = 1800
u1-u2 = cb = √1800 = 42.42 m/s
∴R = 38.67x42.42 = 1641 N
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-7
ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 15ﺴﻡ ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ 10ﺴﻡ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ، °60ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 1.38ﻭ 1.24ﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 2.4ﻡ/3ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ
ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﹰﺎ.
10ﺴﻡ u2
P2=1.24 bar
u1 °60
15ﺴﻡ P1=1.38 bar
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ R= A1(p1+ρu12) + A2(p2+ρu22) :
2.4 × 10 3
= &= ρ A U = ρ A U
m = 40 kg s
1 1 1 2 2 2 60
) ρ1 = ρ2ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ(
&
m 40 4 1
= U1 = × × = 2.26 m s
ρA 1 10 3 π (015
. )2
97
&
m A U . ) 2 × 2.26
(015
= U2 = = 1 1 = 5.09 m / s
ρA 2 A2 . )2
(01
π
. × 105
P1A 1 = 138 . ) 2 = 2438.7 N
( 015
4
ρA 1 u 12 = mu
& 1 = 40 × 2.36 = 90.4 N
π
. × 10 5 ( 01
P2 A 2 = 124 . ) 2 = 974 N
4
& 2 = 40 × 5.09 = 203.6 N
mu
&1
P1 A 1 + mu
Fx °60
R Fy & 2
P2 A 2 + mu
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-7
ﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 7.5ﺴﻡ ﺘﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 30ﻡ/ﺙ .ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ °120ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ
ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻗﻴﻤ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﹰﺎ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ.
u2
u1 °120
98
c
ﻤﺜﺎل 4-7
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ 3-7ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 15ﻡ/ﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ؟
)ﺃ( ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ
)ﺏ( ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺏ( ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ 15ﻡ/ﺙ ﺘﻭﺠﻬﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ
ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ؛ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻫﻲ ρAurﺤﻴﺙ urﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.
ur = 30 - 15 = 15 m/s
π
m& = ρAu r = 10 3 × ( 0.075) 2 × 15 = 66.25 kg / s
4
2
× ∆u r = 22.5 = 25.95 m / s
3
R = 66.25 × 25.95 = 1720 N
ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ °30ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ
99
5-7ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:
• ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ : Turbulent flowﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺤﺎﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺩﻓﻊ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ .ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ.
)τ = η*(du/dy 7-17
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= τﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ
= ηﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﻴﺔ
= du/dyﻤﻤﺎل )ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ( ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ( : Laminar flowﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ
ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ
ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ( ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻟﺯﺠﹰﺎ Laminarﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ؛ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﹰﺎ .Turbulentﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ Reynoldsﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺸﻌﻴﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺎﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ
ﺒﻤﺤﺒﺱ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(4-7ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ
ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ؛ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻥ
ﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻁﺕ ﺒﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺯﺠﺕ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﻠﻪ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.
ﺴﺎﺌل d
Q
ﺸﻌﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ
Reynolds numberﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﻁﻠﻕ؛ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ.
ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ Inertia Forceﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 18-7
3 2
ρL V
= Ma = ρL2 V 2 7-18
L
ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ) Viscous Forceﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ( ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .19-7
V
τA = µ L2 = µVL 7-19
L
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ Reﻫﻭ )ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﻁﻠﻕ(:
2 2
ρL V ρLV
= Re = 7-20
µVL µ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
100
= Lﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
= Vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ
= ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل
= µﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ Lﻫﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ dﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ Reﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ:
ρvd vd
= Re = 7-21
µ ν
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل
= νﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل.
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ 2000ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ؛ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ 2300ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ؛ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل.
ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺯﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ؛ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ .2000
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ Hydraulic
Diameterﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ Dh
4A
= Dh 7-22
P
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Aﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
= Pﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل
ﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
vD h ρ
= Re 7-23
µ
• ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ : Ideal flowﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﻟﺯﺝ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺩﻓﻘﻪ .
• ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻅﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ : Adiabatic flowﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ.
• ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ : Steady flow 5ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ،
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ؛ ﺃﻭ . du = 0ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
dt
ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ( ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭ
ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ.
∂ρ ∂P = 0, ∂T = 0
= 0, 7-24
∂t ∂t ∂t
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= ρﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
5 5ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ -ﻣﻄﺮﺩ Steady flowﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ
101
= Pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
= Tﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
= tﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ terminal؛ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﺩ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ
dy
ﺤﻴﺙ = y :ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ( ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ .ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ = 0 ) normal depth
dx
• ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ : Unsteady flowﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻓﻴﻨﺩﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ.
• ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ : Uniform flowﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻤﻥ؛ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ( .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ du = 0 :ﻭ dρ = 0ﻭ dP = 0
ds ds ds
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ.
• ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ : Non-uniform flowﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ
ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
∂v/ ∂s ≠ 0 7-26
ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ
ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ( ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻵﺨﺭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺝ(.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .27-7
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Fﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= mﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ
=⎯aﻋﺠﻠﺔ )ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ = ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ
Stream linesﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻵﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ .ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ.
102
ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ streamlineﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ "ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ؛ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ .ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ stream tubeﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ
ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻭﺴﻁﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ .stream surface
Stream Tubesﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻲ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻜﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻜﻠﻪ.
(2) (P + dp)dA
dl dFs
dm dFs
dz
z
) x (1
y θx PdA
w = ρdldA
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺤﺭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ dmﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ 5-7ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ؛ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ xﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ .ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ xﻫﻲ:
(1ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ
(2ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
(3ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ
103
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ΣFx = max
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
PdA − ( P + dP) dA − ρdAdl sin θ x − d F s = ρ dAdl dv 7-30
g dt
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ρdAﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ) ( v = dlﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 31-7
dt
P − ( P + dP ) − dl sin − d F s = dvl
θx 7-31
ρ ρ ρdA g
d Fs
ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ،dlﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ dFxﺒﺈﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ×τﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ρdA
dFx = τ dP dl 7-32
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= dPﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ
d F x τdPdl τdl
= = 7-33
ρdA ρdA ρR
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل dA =R
dP
ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
d h l = τdl 7-34
ρR
ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 30-7ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ) (dz = dl sinθﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ τd
x
ρR
dP + v dv + dz + d = 0 7-35
hl
ρ g
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 35-7ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ = ﺼﻔﺭ( .ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ .ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 35-7ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ.
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ . vﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ.
A+δA
δs D v+δv
f p+δp
A
A ϕ C
v Ps
p B mg z+δz
z
104
ﻭﺘﻌﻤل Psﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ:
• ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ mgﻴﻌﻤل ﺭﺃﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻔل ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ φﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ
• ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ = ρ∗A*v
• ﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ABﺇﻟﻰ ρ*A*v*δv = ρ*A*v*[(v + δv) - v] = CD
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ:
ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ Pﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = P*A
ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ P + δPﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ = )(P + δP)*(A + δA
ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ Psﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = Ps*δA
ﻗﻭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ mgﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ = m*g*cosφ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = P*A - (P + δP)(A + δΑ) + Ps*δA - m*g*cosφ
ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Psﻤﻥ Pﺤﻭل ABﺇﻟﻰ P + δPﻋﻠﻰ CDﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
)= -P*δA - A*δP - δP*δA + P*δA + k*δP*δA − ρ*g*(A + δA/2)*δs(δz/δs
ﻭﺒﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
= -A*δP -ρ*g*A*δz
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 40-7ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻷﻭﻴﻠﺭ .Euler's equationﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ρ
ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .Pﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ) = ρﺜﺎﺒﺕ( ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 40-7ﻋﺒﺭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .41-7ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ .(Bernoulli's equationﻭﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 40-7ﻋﺒﺭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ 1ﻭ 2ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .42-7
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 40-7ﻴﻅل ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻜﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .43-7
105
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Pﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(
= γﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ /ﻡ(3
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
= gﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )ﻡ /ﺙ(2
= zﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )ﻡ(
= Hﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ )ﻡ(
⎟⎞ ⎛ P 2 P 1⎞ ⎛⎜ v 2 v1
2 2
⎜ − ⎟+ − + ( z 2 − z1) + H l = 0 7-44
⎝ ρ ⎟ ρ ⎠ ⎜ 2g 2 g
⎝ ⎠
⎛ v12 ⎞ ⎛ v2 ⎞
⎜ P1 + P
+ z1⎟ − H l = ⎜ 2 + ⎟ 2+
z2 7-45
⎜ ρ 2g ⎟ ⎜ ρ 2g ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ v2 ⎞
P P
ﺤﻴﺙ: ⎟7-46 ⎜ 1 + 1 + z1⎟ + H A − H L − H E = ⎜ 2 + 2 + z 2
⎜ ρ 2g ⎟ ⎜ ρ 2g ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= HAﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ
= HLﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ
= HEﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ
106
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ 1ﻭ 2ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 7-7ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ P1 = P2 = 0ﻭ z1 = 0ﻭ z2 = Hﻭ v1ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ = ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .47-7
1
H
ﻤﺎﺀ
2
ﺸﻜل 7-7ﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 47-7ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ velocity of effluxﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ velocity of free fallﻤﻥ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﻴﺴﻴﻠﻠﻲ .Torricelli's theorem
Continuity of flow (Principle of Conservation of ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ(
)Mass
ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ )ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ( ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺤﻜﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 8-7ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺯﺍﺌﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ 1ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ 2؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 48-7ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ equation of continuityﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ؛ ﻭﺭﻏﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
107
= A1, A2ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻁﻊ
= mﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= ⎯uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ) (ρ1 = ρ 2ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﻪ rate meter؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ
ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ
ﻼ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﻤﺎ؛ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻭﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﻁﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ )ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ.
I II
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺯﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 50-7ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ .ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ (P1/γ) + ) Bernoulli
) ((V12/2g) = (P2/γ) + (V22/2gﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )Q = A1/v1 = A2/v2؛ ﺤﻴﺙ (A2 < A1ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ) (z1 = z2ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ 1ﻭ 2ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻟﺯﺝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
)(P1/γ) - (P2/γ) = (1/2g)*[(Q2/A22) - (Q2/A12
]P1 - P2 = (ρ/2A22)*Q2[1 - (A2/A1)2
) 2 g( h 1 − h 2 2gH
Q = A1 A 2 = A1 A 2 7-52
A 12 − A 22 A 12 − A 22
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ
= A1ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ (
2
108
= A2ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ )ﻡ(2
= h1, h2ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﻡ(
H = h1 - h2 7-53
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 52-7ﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ،ﻭﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻓﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﺘﻘﺭﺃ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .54-7
Q = C A 2 2gH 7-54
ﺤﻴﺙ:
C = C1C2 7-55
= Cﻤﻌﺎﻤل )ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ 0.98ﻭ (1.02
= C1ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .56-7
A1
= C1 2 2
7-56
A1 − A 2
= C2ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﺸﻜل 11-7ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻫﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ Nozzle
ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺒﺎﺽ contractionﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ.
1 2
ﺸﻜل 12-7ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ
ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ )ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺱ( Sluice Gate
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل 13-7ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ.
1
2
ﺸﻜل 13-7ﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
109
Q = z2*b*[2g*(z1 - z2)/(1 - (z2/z1)2)]0.5 7-58
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ z1ﺃﻗل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ) z2ﺃﻱ (z1 >> z2ﻴﻨﺘﺞ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
= z1ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ
= bﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭ Weir
ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻴﺤﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﻟﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺭﻩ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(14-7ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
H
v
P
ﺸﻜل 14-7ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﺭ
60-7ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭﻩ.
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Line ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻠﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ .ﻭﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
(15-7ﻭﺯﻨﻪ mg
P B
’B
v
A
z mg ’A
ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﺴﻨﺎﺩ
110
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ = v2/2g
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺸﻐل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ﻼ .ﻭﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ Pﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ABﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ Aﻓﺈﻥ:
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻼﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺸﻐ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ P*A = AB
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺯﻥ m*gﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ABﺇﻟﻰ 'A'B
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ m*g/ρ*g = m/ρ = AB
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ' AAﺘﺼﺒﺢ m/ρ*A
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل = ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ×ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 'P*A*m/ρ*A = AA
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ = P/ρ*g
ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ flow workﺃﻭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ) pressure energyﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺘﺤﺕ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ .ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻲ :ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ،ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ،ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ Hﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ total
energyﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺘﻅل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ” .ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻭل،
ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺕ؛ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ.
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ energy lineﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻭﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺨﻁ
ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ .energy grade line
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺤﺩﻴﻥ ) (z + P/ρﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻭﻤﺘﺭ piezometric headﺃﻭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ
.hydraulic grade line
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ hydraulic
.gradientﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺯ ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ total energy lineﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻪ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ .velocity head
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .61-7
ﻤﺜﺎل 5-7
ﻴﺤﻤل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ 0.877ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ 15ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Eﺇﻟﻰ 45ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Rﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Eﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ 3.7ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ،Rﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ Eﻭ 0.9 Rﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ 0.6ﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ 8.78
ﻡ/3ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ (vE) Eﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ R ÷ Q = (vR) Rﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ:
8.78 = 8.28m / s
vE
π . )2
60x ( 015
4
8.78 = 0.92 m / s
vR
π
60x ( 0.45) 2
4
ﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل Eﻜﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ) 3.7 = zR ،(zE = 0ﻤﺘﺭ
111
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻊ:
ﻋﻨﺩ :E
⎛ 2 ⎛ ⎞ 8.28 2 ⎞
⎜ = ⎟ ⎜ PE + vE + z 0.9 x 105 ⎟
⎜ ⎟E + + 0⎟ = 13.96m
⎜ ρ 2g 3 2 x 9.81
⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎝ 0.877 x 10 x9.81 ⎟
⎠
ﻋﻨﺩ :R
ﻤﺜﺎل 6-7
ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ 36.32ﺴﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ .B
B
15ﺴﻡ 75ﺴﻡ
A
30ﺴﻡ Z
36.32ﺴﻡ
L L R
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ Aﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ )(zA = 0
⎛ 2 ⎛ ⎞ v 2B ⎞
⎜ P A + v A + 0⎟ = ⎜ P B + ⎟+ 0.75 )(1
⎜ ρ 2g ⎟ ⎜ ρ 2g ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
A A v A = A Bv B
15 2
v A = ⎜⎛⎝ ⎟⎞⎠ v B = v B
1
30 4
( v A) 2 = 161 ( v B) 2 or v 2B = 16 v 2A
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ = Lﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ R
⎛ PB ⎞ ⎛P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + 0.75 + z + 36.32 x13.6⎟ = ⎜ A + z + 36.32
⎝ ρ 100 ⎠ ⎝ ρ ⎠ 100
PA P B
− = 0.75 + 4.94 − 0.3632 = 5.327
ρ ρ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (1ﻴﻨﺘﺞ
v 2B − v A
2 15 v 2B
= 5.327 = + 0.75 + 0.75
2g 2g
112
2 x9.81 = 5.9867
)v 2B = ( 5,327 − 0.75
15
vB = 2.4468 m/s
3
Q = π ( 015
. ) 2 x2.4468x60 = 2.594 m
4 min
9-7ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ :ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ.
(1ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ )ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻴﹰﺎ( ﻭﺒﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺘل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ.
(2ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺒﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻭﺴﺒﻭﺭﻥ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ . Re
ρvd
= Re
µ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= vﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
= ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
= µﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻼ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ
= Lﻁﻭل ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺒﺎﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻴﻅل ﻁﺒﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ 2100ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﹰﺎ .ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ؛ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ؛ ﻭﻗﺩ
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ .ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ :ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ .ﻭﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻅ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ
2
ﺒﻴﺴﺭ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ×ﻤﺘﺭ/ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﺃﻱ ﺴﻤﺕ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ vﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ
2g
2
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ k vﺤﻴﺙ = kﺜﺎﺒﺕ .ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ
2g
ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ.
10-7ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ،dﻭﺒﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻪ ،Lﻭﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ،ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،Aﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ،vﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ،16-7ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻫﻲ
L
d v
P2 P1
ﺸﻜل 16-7ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻗﻭﻯ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ .ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ.
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ = (P2 - P1)A
113
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ qﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ،v2ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ .qv2 = v
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ = ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ×qv2PL = qv2πdL = qv2
ﺤﻴﺙ = pﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ = πd
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ = ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
(P2 - P1)A = qv2PL 7-62
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻺﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭل L
p1 − p 2 q 2 P 2g P v2
= hf = v =L q L 7-63
ρ ρ A ρ A 2g
= Aﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ = m
P
2gq
= ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )(f
ρ
2
∴ h f = fL v 7-64
m 2g
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ d
2
m = A = πd = 1 d
P 4 × πd 4
2
∴ h f = 4 fL v 7-65
d 2g
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ .ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﺘﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ v2ﻟﻺﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ vﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﻴﺠﻌل fﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ .v
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Qﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
Q 4Q
= =v 7-66
A πd 2
2 64 fLQ 2 fLQ 2
= h f = 4 fL v = 7-67
d 2g 2gπ 2 d 5 3.03d 5
114
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 64-7ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ) (fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .71-7
h 2
i= f = f v
L m 2g
2gim
= ∴v 7-71
f
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 70-7ﻭ71-7
2g
=C 7-72
f
1
ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ m 2
s
v = C mi
2 7-73
∴i = v
c2 m
ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ hfﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .74-7
2 2
h f = iL = v L = 4 v L 7-74
c2 m c2d
11-7ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) (fﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ Pﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ Pﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
P = C. ρ . l b . v C . d e . µ f
a 7-75
ﺤﻴﺙ = Cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ
aﻭ bﻭ cﻭ eﻭ = fﻗﻴﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ
ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻫﻲ
P = mL-1T-2
ρ = mL-3
l=L
v = LT-1
d=L
µ = ML-1T-1
115
P = Cρ
(1 − f ) l b v ( 2 − f ) d ( − f − b) µ f
b ⎛ ρvd ⎞ − f
) (
⎜ = Cρv 2 l d .
⎠ ⎝ µ
⎟ 7-76
) (
C ld
b −1
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ = = k
−f
⎞ ⎛ ρvd
⎜ ∴ P = ρv 2 l . k ⎟ 7-77
⎠ d ⎝ µ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ kﻭ fﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .78-7
⎞ ρlv 2 ⎛ ρvd
=P ⎜ϕ ⎟ 7-78
d ⎠ ⎝ µ
ﺤﻴﺙ ϕﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
2
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 49-7ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ h f = 4 fL v
d 2g
⎞ 2 ⎛ ρvd
⎜h f = P = lv ϕ ⎟ 7-79
ρg ⎠ dg ⎝ µ
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻟﻺﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) (fﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ
ﻭﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ dﻭﻁﻭل Lﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ vﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﻥ P1ﻭ P2ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
= ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
P1 τ
v R
l
P2
116
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ 1915ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﻨﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴل Stanton and Pannellﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ 0.14ﺇﻟﻰ
= fﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل τ 5ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﺤﺼﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ .18-7ﺤﻴﺙ
2
ρv
2
⎞ ⎛ ρvd
⎜ ، Logﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺭﻴﺜﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ .ﻴﻌﻁﻲ )⎟ = Log( Re
⎠ ⎝ µ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ) (ABﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ؛ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) Bﺤﻴﺙ (Re = 2100ﺘﻤﺜل
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ .ﻤﻥ Bﺇﻟﻰ Cﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Cﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ Cﺇﻟﻰ D
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ.
0.006 A
0.005 C
τ 0.004 B
2
ρv
2
0.003
0.002 D
0.001
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.5
⎞ ⎛ ρvd
⎜Log ⎟
⎠ ⎝ µ
ﺸﻜل 18-7ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﻨﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴل
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ؛ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ﻓﻲ
ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ(؛ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ
ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﻓﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ.
117
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= hfﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ
= hmﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .84-7
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .P0ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ) (1ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ P1ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ v1ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ،a1ﻭﻋﻨﺩ
ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ) (2ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ P2ﻭ v2ﻭ .a2ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ) (1ﻭ) (2ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻭﻁ P0ﻭ P1ﻭ P2ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ؛
ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ &
mﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .85-7
ρQ
=&
m 7-85
g
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ = )(v1 - v2
ρQ
g ( )
ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = v1 − v 2
( )
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ = P2 a 2 − P1a 1 − P0 a 2 − a 1
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ P0ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ P1
( )
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ = P2 a 2 − P1a 1 − P1a 2 + P1a 1 = a 2 P2 − P1
(
= ∴ a 2 P2 − P1 )
ρQ
g
v1 − v 2 ( )
Q = a2 v2
ρa 2 v 2
(
= a 2 P2 − P1) g ) ( v1 − v 2 7-86
⎛ ⎞
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ v v − v 2
P2 − P1 v 2 v1 v 22 ⎝ 1 2 ⎠2
= − =2
ρ g g 2g
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ = hLﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ،ﻓﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ
118
P1 v12 P2 v 2
+ = + 2 + hL
ρ 2g ρ 2g
7-87
2 2
v − v 2 P2 − P1
hL = 1 −
2g ρ
P − P2
1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
ρ
⎛a ⎞2
2 ⎜ 1
⎜ v1 −
⎟
⎟ v1
⎜a
⎝ 2
⎟
⎠ ⎛ a 1 ⎞ 2 v12
= hL = ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎟⎟
2g ⎝ a 2 ⎠ 2g 7-89
ac vc
119
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ hL
v2 − v2
hL = C 2 7-90
2g
a CvC = a2 v2 7-91
a
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ C C = C
a2
a
vC = 2 v2 = 1 v2 7-92
aC CC
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ CCﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
2
⎛ ⎞ a
(Cc = Ac/A2) 1؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 − 1ﺃﻋﻁﺕ 0.5ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
⎠ ⎝ CC a2
2
h L = 0.5 v 7-94
2g
ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ .ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .95-7
2
hL = k v 7-95
2q
ﺤﻴﺙ k :ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺼﻬﺭﻴﺞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ Kﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل
D θ
ﻭﻟﻠﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ Kﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ، Globe valve 10 = k
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ angle valveﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ،3.1 = kﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ،0.19 = k gate valveﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ 0.9= k
120
ﻤﺜﺎل 7-7
ﻴﻭﺼل ﺨﻁ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ 6ﻡ ،ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ 720ﻡ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻭ 3ﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 240ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ 1.2ﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ 0.01 = f؛ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ.
)(C
A 3ﻡ
6ﻡ B
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺠﻭﻱ؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ Bﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ
P v2 P v 2B 2
H + A + A = 0+ B + + 4 fL v g
ρ 2g ρ 2g d 2q
PA = PB ; v A = v B = 0
2
∴ H = 4 fL v
d 2g
2
6 = 4 × 0.01 × 720 × v
12
. 2g
v 2 = 6 × 12
. × 2 × 9.81 = 4.92 m 2 / s 2
4 × 0.01 × 720
v = 2.22 m / s
Q = π d 2 v = π (12. ) 2 × 2.22 = 2.51 m 3 / s
4 4
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (Aﻭ) (Cﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ Aﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ VA = 0
PA PC 2 2
= + h + v + 4 fL v
ρ ρ 2g d 2g
PC PA 2
∴ = ⎠⎟⎞ − h − v ⎛⎜⎝ 1 + 4 fL
ρ ρ 2g d
= PAﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ = ﺼﻔﺭ
PC 2
= 0 − 3 − 2.22 ⎛⎜⎝ 1 + 4 × 0.01 × 240 ⎞⎟⎠ = −5.26 m H 2 O
ρ g 14.
∴ PC = −5.26 × 9.81 × 10 3 = 516 . KN2
m
ﻤﺜﺎل 8-7
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 100ﻤﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ 450ﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺤﺎﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ 12ﻡ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ،0.01 = fﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ.
A
=0 ZA
v
12 = ZAﻡ
B
121
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ VA = 0
ﻀﻐﻁ ﺠﻭﻱ PA = PB
2 2 2
Z B = v + 1 v + 4 fL v
2g 2 2g d 2g
2 2
12 = v ⎡1 + 0.5 + 4 × 0.01 × 450 ⎤ = 1815
. v
⎢⎣ 2g 01
. ⎥⎦ 2g
v 2 = 12 × 2 × 9.81 = 13
.
1815.
v = 114
. m/s
3
Q = π d 2 v = π ( 01 . = 8.96 × 10 −3 m
. ) 2 × 114
4 4 s
122
V + δV
z )P2(x+δx, y+δy, z+δz
y δz
w δy
δx u v
)P1(x, y, z
x V
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻲ yﻭ zﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
du ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎫
= +u +v +ω ⎪
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎪
dv ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎪⎪
= +u +v +ω ⎬ 7-101
dt ∂t δx ∂y ∂z ⎪
d w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎪
= +u +v +ω ⎪
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎭⎪
∂u ∂ v ∂ w
= = ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﻻ ﺯﻤﻨﻲ = zero
∂t ∂ t ∂x
∂u
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ≠ zero
∂x
∂u
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ≠ zero
∂t
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 23-7ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ -ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ - ρﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ - pﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ X, Y, Z
= ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ x, y, zﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) } (tﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ = ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ {Body Force, Gravity Force, Internal Force
ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ F= ma
⎛ ⎞d u
= ⎜a ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ∑ Fx = xﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ) × (mﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ⎟ x
⎝ ⎠dt
δx
2
⎛ ⎞ ∂P δx δx
z ⎜P − ⎟ δyδz
⎝ ⎠ ∂x 2 2
δz
δy ρδxδyδz x
)P(x, y, z
y δx
123
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ = ρ δ x δ y δ z = m
du
∴ρ δ x δ y δ z
dt
= ∑F x )(7-102
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ105-7ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ Eulerﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ( .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻬﺎ
ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ؛ ﻭﻻﺩﺨﺎل ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل 24-7ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻟﺯﺝ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ )(x
y
τ+δτ u+ ∂u δy
∂y
δy
τ u
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ s
x
ﺸﻜل 24-7ﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ x
∂u
τ=µ )(7-106
∂y
∂ ⎛∂u ⎞
τ + δτ = µ ⎜ ⎟δ y + u )(7-107
∂y ⎝∂y ⎠
∂u ∂2 u
τ + δτ = µ +µ δy )(7-108
∂y ∂ y2
∂u ∂2 u ∂u ∂2 u
∴ δτ = τ + δτ − τ = µ +µ δ y − µ = µ δy )(7-109
∂y ∂ y2 ∂y ∂ y2
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ) . (Sﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ : x
2
∂ u
S δτ = µ δ yS )(7-110
∂ y2
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 110-7ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 111-7
µ ∂2 u
= S δτ ρSδ y )(7-111
ρ ∂ y2
124
µ
ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ= ν & ρ S δ y = δ m :
ρ
∴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ) (xﻫﻭ Fτ
⎛ ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ⎞
⎜ν + + ⎟ =F
τ )(7-112
⎜ ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ 112-7ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ Fτﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻭﻴﻠﺯ 105-7
du ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂ p ⎛ ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ⎞
= +u +v +ω = X− + ⎜⎜ 2 + +∂ 2 ⎟⎟
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ⎝∂x δy 2
δz ⎠
ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺼﻴﺭ
du 1 ∂p ⎫ ⎞ ⎛∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
2 2 2
=X− + ν ⎜⎜ 2 + + ⎪ ⎟⎟
dt ρ ∂x ⎝∂x ⎪ ⎠ ∂ y2 ∂ z2
⎪
dv 1 ∂p ⎪ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 v
= Y− + ν ⎜⎜ 2 + + ⎬ ⎟⎟ )(7-113
dt ρ ∂y ⎝∂x ⎪ ⎠ ∂ y2 ∂ z2
⎪
dw 1 ∂p ⎪ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w
= Z− ⎜⎜ + ν + + ⎟⎟
dt ρ ∂z ⎝ ∂x
2
⎭⎪ ⎠ ∂ y 2 ∂ z 2
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ 113-7ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﺎﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻙ
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ dw = ρ δx δy δzﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻭﺯﻥ )ﺃﻱ ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ( gﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ X, Y, Zﺒﺎﻵﺘﻲ
)∂( gh )∂( gh )∂( gh
X =− ,Y = − ,Z =− )(7-114
∂x ∂y ∂z
γ
= ( gh ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ) (114-7ﻓﻲ) (113-7ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﻴﻔﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )115-7ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ h
ρ
7-115
1-13-7ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
1-1-13-7ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ )(x
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ν=0 ω=0 7-116
∂ν = ∂ω = 0 7-117
∂y ∂z
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ 118-7
∂u + ∂ν + ∂ω = 0 7-118
∂x ∂y ∂z
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
∂u = 0 7-119
∂x
∴ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ uﻻﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ x
) ∴u = f( y, z, t 7-120
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ 116-7ﻭ117-7
125
∂2 ν = ∂2ω = 0 7-121
∂y 2 ∂z 2
ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 115-7ﺘﺼﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .122-7
⎤∂ P + γh = 0
∂y
( ⎥ )
⎥ 7-122
⎥ ∂ P + γh = 0
∂z
( ) ⎦
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺼﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ 115-7ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 123-7
⎛ ⎞
⎟ ∂u = − 1 ∂ P + γh + ν⎜ ∂ 2 u + ∂ 2 u
∂t ρ ∂x
( ) ⎜ ⎟
7-123
⎠ ⎝ ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2-1-13-7ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﺜﺌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ-:
∂u = 0, ∂2 u =0 7-124
∂t ∂z 2
)∴u = f(y 7-124-a
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 123-7
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎟0 = − 1 ∂P ( P + γh) + ν⎜ ∂ u + 0 7-125
ρ ∂x ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎠
2
∴ d ( P + γh) = µ ∂ u 7-126
dx ∂y 2
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل
du = 1 d P + γh y + C
dy µ dx
( ) 1 7-127
126
ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﺭﻴﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ-:
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل 26-7ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻤﻴﻼﻥ θ
dh = − sin θ 7-129
dx
ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ) (-ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺒﺎﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ -ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺠﻭﻱ
∴ dP = 0 7-130
dx
)d P + γh = d ( 0 − γh
dx
( ) dx
d P + γh = − γ sin θ
dx
( ) 7-131
y
dx ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ
dh θ
u
127
Q Q
= = Vm ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ =
A b
γ sin θ. b 2
= ∴ Vm 7-137
3µ
ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺘﻴﻥ-:
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل 27-7ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ V؛ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟـ yﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ -ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ -:ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
dh = 0 7-138
dx
∂( P + γh) dP
∴ = 7-139
∂x dx
y
v
b
x
o
b
13-7ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-13-7ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ؟
(2ﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ؟
(3ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ؟
(4ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ؟
(5ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ؟
(6ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
(7ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ؟
128
(8ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﻤﺎﺌﻊ؟
(9ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﻨﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﺘﻴل؟
(10ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ؟
(11ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
2-13-7ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
(1ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ °90ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻀﻠﻌﻪ 0.8ﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 20ﻡ/ﺙ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ 1.3ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 3ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ
ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ .ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ .ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺵ.
20ﻡ/ﺙ
20ﻡ/ﺙ 2
0.8ﻡ
(2ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 15ﺴﻡ ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ 15ﺴﻡ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ، °60ﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 1.5ﻭ 1.4ﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 100
ﻡ/3ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﹰﺎ.
15ﺴﻡ u2
P2=1.4 bar
u1 °60
u2
u1 °120
(4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ 3ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 10ﻡ/ﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ؟
• ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ
• ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺏ( ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ.
(5ﻴﺤﻤل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ 0.9ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ 20ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Eﺇﻟﻰ 50ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Rﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ Eﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ 2.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ،Rﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ Eﻭ 0.8 Rﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ 0.5ﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ 500
ﻡ/3ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ.
6--
ﻡ/2ﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 120ﻤﺘﺭ (6ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 0.8ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ 10×2
ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻩ 100ﻤﻠﻡ .ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ 0.26 = εﻤﻠﻡ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ
129
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ 4ﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ( ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ 0.7ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ
31ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(.
ﺏ •
4ﻡ •
100 = ϕﻤﻠﻡ 120 ،ﻡ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ
(7ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ °45ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل 1ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ 200ﻤﻠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺭ 100ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ.
ﻭﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 0.8ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل 180ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﺼل
ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ )ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ( ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ:
• ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
• ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ
• ﻁﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﻪ 60ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.43ﻤﺘﺭ1.08 ،ﻡ(.
l v2
100 = d2ﻤﻠﻡ
200 = d1ﻤﻠﻡ 45°
60÷180 = v1ﻡ /ﺙ
3
z2
z1
h
ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺍﺴﻨﺎﺩ
(8ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻨﺘﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ 30ﺴﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ .B
B
12ﺴﻡ 60ﺴﻡ
A
25ﺴﻡ Z
30ﺴﻡ
L L R
ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜل ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ .ﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ 135ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﺠﻬﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ (9
ﻓﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ 18.4ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ .ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻅﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 10ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭ 15ﻤﺘﺭ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.27 :ﻡ/3ﺙ16.4 ،ﻡ20.6 ،ﻡ(
130
(10ﻴﻭﺼل ﺨﻁ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ 5ﻡ ،ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ 600ﻡ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻭ ﻤﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 200ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ = f
0.015؛ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ.
)(C
A 2ﻡ
5ﻡ B
(4ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 15ﺴﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ 350ﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
ﺤﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ 10ﻡ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ،0.01 = fﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ.
A
=0 ZA
v
10 = ZAﻡ
B
131
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ
1-8ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ .ﻗﺩ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻁﻭﻟﻪ .ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ductﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ pipeﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﺭﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ρvD
= ،( Reﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ .ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ )
µ
ﻴﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻋﻥ ،2100ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻋﻥ ،4000ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ.
ﻭﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ lﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ rﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ:
P1*πr - (P1 - ∆P)πr2 - τ*2πr*l = 0
2
8-3
=τ
⎟⎞ ( P1 − P 2) ⎛⎜ r 8-4
L ⎠⎝ 2
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= τﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ
ﺃﻭ
τ = c*r 8-6
ﺤﻴﺙ:
132
= cﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﻭﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ τﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ،ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ
ﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ τwﺤﻴﺙ:
⎟⎞ ( P1 − P 2) ⎛⎜ R ⎞⎟ = ∆P ⎛⎜ D
= τw ⎠⎝ 2 8-7
L ⎠L ⎝ 4
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ )) (r = 0ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ) (τ = 0؛ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ) (r = D/2ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )) (τ = τwﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(2-8ﻭﺘﻤﺜل τwﺃﻗﺼﻰ
ﻗﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻱ(
vc v=vc/2
ﺸﻜل 2-8ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻓﺭﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ( .) l >> 1
D
4-8ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ )ﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻴﺯﻥ -ﺒﻭﺍﺯﻴل (Hazen-Poiseulle
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻻﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﺯﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 5-8ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 12-8؛ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .12-8
ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ) (τ > 0ﻟﻤﻤﺎل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ) (du/dy < 0ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻩ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 5-8ﻭ 12-8ﻴﺼﺒﺢ:
du/dr = - ∆P*r/2µ*l 8-13
133
du = - (∆P/2µ*l)*r*dr 8-14
ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ :ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ = uﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ r = R
(
u = 1 ∆P R 2 − r 2
4µ L ) 8-15
ﺃﻭ:
2 2
)u = vc - (∆P*D /16µ*l)(r/R 8-18
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ vﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .24-8
R
∫ 2 πrudr
Q ∫ udA 0 ⎛ 2⎞ u
= =v = = ∆P ⎜ R ⎟ = max 8-24
A A πR 2 L ⎠ ⎝ 8µ 2
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ -8
) 25ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻴﻭﻟﻲ .(Poiseulli’s law
134
∆P D 2 π D 2 π D 4 ∆P
=Q x = 8-25
32µL 4 128µL
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
3
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-8
3
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 200ﻡ ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻩ 100ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ 0.05ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 900ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ 0.5ﻡ/ﺙ .ﻜﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ؟
ﺍﻟﺤل
ρvd 0.5 * 01 . * 900
= Re = (1ﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ = 900 < 2000
µ 0.05
ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺠﺎﹰ؛ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ f = 64 = 64 = 0.071
Re 900
ρ v2 900 *0.52
∆P = f L = 0.071x 200 x (2ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ = 16 kN
D 2 0.1 2 m2
∆P ⎜⎛ D ⎟⎞ = 16x1000 ⎜⎛ 01
(3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻱ . ⎟⎞ = 2 N / 2
= τw m
⎠L ⎝ 4 ⎠ 200 ⎝ 4
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴل ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ϕﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ∆Pﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺤﻼﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )(∆P - γ.l.sinφ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ φﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(3-8
l Q
φ
l
τ2πrl pπr2
(p+∆p)πr2
W
Wsinφ=γπr2lsinφ
135
v = [(DP - γ*l*sinφ)*D2]/32µ*l 8-28
= óQ
4
(
π D ∆P − γ L sin ϕ ) 8-29
128µL
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= γﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ (
3
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= hfﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ( )ﻡ×ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ(
= µﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ( )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ×ﺙ/ﻡ(2
= Lﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ(
= Dﻗﻁﺭ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ(
= vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= γﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(3
= gﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )ﻡ/ﺙ(2
= fﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ friction factorﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
⎠⎟⎞ . ⎛⎜⎝ 64
Re
136
ρ v2
= ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ
2
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻥ ﺒﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻟﺯﺝ ﻭﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 36-8ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ power-law velocity
profile
ua/vc = [1 - (r/R)]1/n 8-36
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ )ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ(
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ one-seventh power law velocity profileﺤﻴﺙ )(n = 7
ﻜﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ.
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺎﻗﺸﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺭﺍﻨﺩل .ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل( .ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ kﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل kﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭ Dﻗﻁﺭﻩ .ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
D
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل .(1-8
137
ﺠﺩﻭل 1-8ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ kﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
0.0009ﺇﻟﻰ 0.009 ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﺸﻡ riveted steel
0.000045 ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ commercial steel
0.00026
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭ cast iron
0.0003ﺇﻟﻰ 0.003
ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻨﺕ concrete
(
1 = 2 Log Re f − 0.8
f
) 8-38
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ J. Nikuradseﻨﻴﻜﻭﺭﺍﺩﺱ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) 1ﺃﻨﻅﺭ
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ (6ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ f = 64ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 2ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ (Re Re ≤ 100000 ) 100000ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 3ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
Re
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻻﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ (Re > 100000) 100000ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ .ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻟﺒﺭﻭﻙ
ﻭﻭﺍﻴﺕ Colebrook and Whiteﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ.
⎛ ⎞
⎟ . − 2 Log⎜ 2ε + 18.7
1 = 174 8-39
f ⎝ D ⎠ Re f
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ Moody’s diagram
)ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ .(7ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .40-8
⎛ ⎡ ⎤ 6⎞ 3
1
ε
f = 0.001375⎢1 + ⎜ 20000 + 10 ⎥ ⎟ 8-40
⎝ ⎢ ⎥ ⎠ D Re
⎣ ⎦
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﺄ ±5%ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ) (4000 < Re < 10ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ εﺤﺘﻰ
7
D
0.01
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل؛ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(1ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ head lossﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻁﻰ ﻭﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ .ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ εﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ،ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ fﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ
D
ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ.
(2ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ،ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺒﺄﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ
• ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ fﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﺔ.
• ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ )ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ( ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﺔ ∆Pﺃﻭ hfﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل hfﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ
ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ Qﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ Qﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﺒل hfﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ.
138
(3ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ Dﻭﻴﺭﺴﻡ
ﻤﻘﺎﺒل hfﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ Dﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﺒل hfﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-8
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 100ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ 200ﻡ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ 0.05ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.ﺙ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 900
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 3ﺒﻤﻌﺩل 3ﻡ/ﺙ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
(1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 100 = D :ﻤﻠﻡ 200 = L ،ﻡ 0.05 = µ ،ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ.ﺙ 900 = ρ ،ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 3 = v ،ﻡ/ﺙ.
3
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-8
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 12ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﻟﻜل 1000ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ 12ﻗﺩﻡ
)(ν = 1.22X10-5
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 0.00085 = ε
D
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺤل:
hfD * 2g
=v • ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ،0.0188 = fﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ = 12 x12 x2x32.2 = 6.4 ft / s
fL 0.0188x1000x12
vD 6.4 * 1
= Re = • ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ = 5.25 * 105
ν . * 10 −5
122
• ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ 0.0194 = f
• ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ 6.3 = vﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙ
• ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ،Re = 5.16×105ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،0.0194 = fﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ
• Q = vA = 6.3X0.7854 = 4.95 ft3/s
139
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤل:
ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ 6 ،5 ،4.5ﻗﺩﻡ /ﺙ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﻭ 9.97ﻭ 12.26ﻭ 17.5ﻗﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ
3
Q hf
4.5 9.97
5 12.26
6 17.5
ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
hf
Q
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ Qﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل .12 = hf
ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ∆pf , , D, ρ, µ, vﻓﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،7 = kﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ،3= rﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ
ﺒﺎﻱ ) 4 = (k - rﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ:
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 42-8ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺽ
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ lﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ:
D
140
ﺤﻴﺙ:
)f = φ(Re, ε/D
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) (64/Reﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ (ε/D
ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )) (f(ε/Dﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ completely (wholly) turbulent
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ steady incompressibleﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .44-8
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ (D1 = D2, v1 = v2, z1 = z2) :ﻭﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ α 1 = α ) fully developed
(2ﻭ ) (∆P = P1 - P2 = γ*hlﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 45-8
ﻭﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ .ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ
ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﺒﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻟﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .46-8ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻟﺒﺭﻭﻙ
ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ .(7
⎞ ⎡⎛ ε ⎤
⎥ ⎞ 1 = −2 Log ⎢⎜ D ⎟ + ⎛ 2.51 8-46
f ⎥ ⎠⎟ ⎢⎜⎜ 3.7 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ Re f
⎠ ⎝⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= fﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻜﻭﻟﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
= εﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )ﻡ(
= Dﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ(
= Reﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ )ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ Moody's diagramﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ( .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ .ﻭﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ .ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻟﺯﺝ ﻭﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ" ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .47-8
1
⎡ ) u( t
= 1− r ⎤ n 8-47
⎥⎦ v c ⎢⎣ R
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= uﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) tﻡ/ﺙ(
= vcﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= rﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ )ﻡ( )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل (2-8
= Rﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ(
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ (7
141
6-8ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ
ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ(.
ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ،ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ.
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ :Equivalent-velocity-head methodﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ
ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ .48-8
ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ .49-8
N
h L T = h L 1 + h L 2 +...+ h L N = ∑ h L i 8-49
i =1
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= h Lﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ )ﻡ(
T
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ : Equivalent Length methodﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﺄﻁﻭﺍل ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺫﻱ ﻗﻁﺭ
ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺒﺭﺯ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ .ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 51-8ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ
142
5
⎞f L ⎛ D s
= Le ⎟ ⎜ 8-51
⎠ fs ⎝ D
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Leﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ )ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ( )ﻡ(
= fﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ
= fsﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ
= Dsﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ )ﻡ(
= Dﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ )ﻡ(
= Lﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ )ﻡ(
ﻤﺜﺎل 4-8
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ 100ﻭ 200ﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ 200ﻭ
250ﻤﻠﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 0.02ﻭ 0.01ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 4ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ.
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ) :ﺃ( ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ) ،ﺏ( ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ :ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل 100 = L1 :ﻡ 200 = D1 ،ﻤﻠﻡ،0.02 = f1 ،
ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ 200 = L2 :ﻡ 250 = D2 ،ﻤﻠﻡ،0.01 = f2 ،
ﺃ( ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ:
• ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ Q = A1*v1 = A2*v2
(π/4)* D12*v1 = (π /4)* D22*v2 ﺃﻭ
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔv2 = v1*(D1/D2) :
2
143
7-8ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ
ﻼ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 5-7ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ،ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .52-8
N
Q = Q1 + Q2 + ... + Qn = ∑ Qi 8-52
i =1
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
3
ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ:
(1ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ :ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻴﺴﻬل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ .ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ
ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ.
(2ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ .ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ Bernoulli's equationﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ،ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻌﻘﺩ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺁﻨﻴﹰﺎ .ﻭﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ، Successive approximations
ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ .ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﻀﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ:
ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻟﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﻭﺱ Hardy Cross
.methodﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻜل ﺤﻠﻘﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ،ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺃ( ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ :ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ )ﺒﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ( ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻜﻴﺭﺸﻭﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .54-8
144
N
∑ Qi = 0 8-54
i =1
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Qiﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ) iﻡ/3ﺙ( )ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﻑ(
= Nﻋﺩﺩ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ )ﻻﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
ﺏ( ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ :ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ
ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼل ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ .ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻔﻘﺩ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ )ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .55-8
( Σ hf )loop = 0 8-55
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ :ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﺒﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ.
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ )ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ( :ﺘﻌﻤل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﻠﻘﺔ .ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻘﺒﻭل .ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.56-8
n
hf = k*Q 8-56
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= hfﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﻡ(
= Qﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
3
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ )ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ(
⎛ ⎞2
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﺴﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺎﺵ ⎜⎜ h f = f L v ⎟⎟ Darcy-Weisbachﻓﺈﻥ ، n = 2
⎝ D 2 ⎠g
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺃﻱ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ )ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ( ﻓﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .58-8
)(hf)1 = Σ (k*Q1n 8-58
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= (hf)1ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﻡ(
ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .59-8
145
(
]h f 2 = ∑ k[Q1 + ∆ Q1
n
) 8-59
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= h fﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ.
2
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 59-8ﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻟﺘﻘﺭﺃ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .60-8
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ = (hf)2ﺼﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 60-8ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .61-8
∑ hf
∆ Q1 = − 8-61
n∑ h
Q
ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺏ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ )ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻁﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﻕ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ( ،ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﻑ ،ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ( .ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺨﺎﺓ.
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ )ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ( :ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
• ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ.
• ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ.
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ )ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل( ΣQ •
Q
ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ) ( ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ. •
h
⎤⎡Q
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ⎥ ⎢ Σ •
⎦⎣h
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .62-8 •
n∑ Q
∆h = − 8-62
Q
∑
h
• ﻴﺼﺤﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ.
• ﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ∆h
146
∗ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ.
∗ ﺘﺘﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ،
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ .ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴل.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺠﺎﻫﺯﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﺓ ﺨﺼﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ،MHCﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﻫﺎﻴﺴﺘﺩ ،ﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺴﻨﺕ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺯﺓ.
8-8ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-8-8ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ؟
(2ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﻟﺯﺝ ،ﻭﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ؟
(3ﻋﺭﻑ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ؛ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ.
(4ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ.
(5ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ؟
(6ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﺝ؟
(7ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟
(8ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ-ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺎﺵ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ؟
(9ﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻟﺯﺝ؟
(10ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺒﻼﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻨﻴﻜﻭﺭﺍﺩﺱ ﻭﻜﻭﻟﺒﺭﻭﻙ-ﻭﻭﺍﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ.
(11ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ.
(12ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ؟ ﻭﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ؟
(13ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ؟
(14ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ؟
(15ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﻭﺱ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟
(16ﺍﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﻭﺱ.
(17ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻴﻠﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
(18ﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ.
2-8-8ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺃ ،ﺏ ،ﺠـ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ 280 ،180 ،230ﻤﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺃﻁﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎ 150 ،300
ﻭ 400ﻡ ﻋﻠىﺎﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ .0.0025ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻡ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 25ﻤﺘﺭ
ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 15ﻤﺘﺭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 2ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 9ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 1ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 100
ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل .ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﺩﻴﺴﺒﺎﺵ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺃ ،ﺏ ،ﺠـ ،ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) .2ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °20ﻫﻲ 998.2ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ .(3ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ) 11.2 ،6 ،7.8ﻡ/3ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ؛ 94ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(
ﺃ
25 = Qﻡ /ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
3
2 ﺏ 1
ﺠـ
(2ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﺒﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 60ﻤﻠﻡ ﻴﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﻴﻬﻤﺎ 15ﻭ 20ﻤﻠﻡ .ﺒﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺁﺜﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺠـ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.42 :ﻡ/3ﺙ؛ 53ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(.
ﺏ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ
15 = ϕﻤﻠﻡ 4ﻡ 1ﻡ
147
40 = ϕﻤﻠﻡ
1.2ﻡ 3.5ﻡ
1.2ﻡ 570=v 3.5ﻡ
1.2ﻡ 3.5ﻡ
(5ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل 24ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺏ ،ﺠـ ،ﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻨﺤﻭ 9 ،6 ،9ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ 600ﻤﻠﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺘﻬﺎ 0.0312ﻭﺃﻁﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺏ
= ،150ﺏ ﺠـ = ،300ﺠـ ﺩ = ،150ﺩﺃ = 240ﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻜل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺏ،
ﺠـ ،ﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 150ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ) .2ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 11 ،2 ،4 ،13 :ﻡ/3ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ 103 ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(
ﺠـ ﺏ
ﺩ ﺃ
(6ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ 0.2ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ 0.1ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ
2 2
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ 105ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃ ﺒﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 58.8ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(.
(7ﺨﺯﺍﻨﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ 10ﻤﺘﺭ .ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ
ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ :1ﺍﻟﻁﻭل 200 = Lﻤﺘﺭ 30 = d ،ﺴﻡ0.02 = f ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ :2ﺍﻟﻁﻭل 100 = Lﻤﺘﺭ 25 = d ،ﺴﻡ0.025 = f ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ :3ﺍﻟﻁﻭل 400 = Lﻤﺘﺭ 25 = d ،ﺴﻡ0.025 = f ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ :4ﺍﻟﻁﻭل 300 = Lﻤﺘﺭ 20 = d ،ﺴﻡ0.02 = f ،
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ Qﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ Aﺇﻟﻰ ،Bﺃﻫﻤل ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.075 :ﻡ /ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(
3
1 10ﻡ
2 4
3
A B
148
(8ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺘﻨﺸﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻋﻨﻕ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ .ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل
ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃ ﻫﻭ 15ﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺏ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 15ﺴﻡ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺃ ،ﺏ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 15ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ ) .0.95ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 48ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺙ(.
•ﺏ •ﺃ
(9ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺏ ﺠـ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠـ ﻫـ .ﻗﻁﺭ ﺃﺏ 40ﻤﻠﻡ،
ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺏ ﺠـ 50ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ 120ﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ
ﺠـ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺠـ ﺩ ،ﺠـ ﻫـ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺠـ ﺩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 90ﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺠـ ﻫـ 30ﻤﻠﻡ
ﻭﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺃﺏ ،ﺏ ﺠـ ،ﺠـ ﺩ ،ﺠـ ﻫـ ،ﻭﺃﻭﺠﺩ
ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﺏ ،ﺠـ ﻫـ .ﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠـ ﺩ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ1.3 ،2.6 ،3.9 ،3.9 :
ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺙ؛ 1.8 ،3.1ﻡ/ﺙ(.
•ﺩ
90=v ﺠـ ﺏ ﺃ
• • •
• ﻫـ 30=ϕﻤﻠﻡ 40 = ϕﻤﻠﻡ 50= ϕﻤﻠﻡ
120=v
149
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ
Open channel ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ(
flow
1-9ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ( ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ channelﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ conduitsﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ.
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ
ﺴﻭﺍﺀ .ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ
ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ .ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﹰﺎ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﺭﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ .ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
.1-9
ρvD
= Re 9-1
µ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Reﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ )ﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻱ(
= ρﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ(3
= vﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ/ﺙ(
= Dﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )ﻡ(
= µﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ( )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ×ﺙ/ﻡ (
2
ﻭﻴﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻥ ،2100ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻥ ،4000ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل 1-9ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ.
ρv r H
= ( Reﻋﻥ ،500ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ )
µ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻥ ،12500ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ.
150
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1-9ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ Q ~ v ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ Q ~ v ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ v
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ Q ~ ∆P ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ∆P
Q ~ √∆P
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ Q ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ Q ~ ρ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ρ
~ 1/√ρ
0
ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ Q ~ µ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ Q ~ 1 ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ µ
µ
4
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﻤﺭﻓﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻷﺱ :2.5 ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﻁﺭ Q ~ D ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ D
Q ~D2.5
ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ∆P ~ L ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ∆P ~ L ﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ L
ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ )∆P= f(ε ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ: ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ
o
∆P~ε ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ε
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-9
ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °25ﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 18ﺴﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 0.5ﻟﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﻭﻀﺢ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
-1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ°25 = T :ﻡ 0.18 = D ،ﻡ 1 = L ،ﻡ 0.5 = v ،ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
-2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل )ﻤﺭﻓﻕ (1ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ °25ﻡ:
997.1 = ρﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 3-10×0.895 = µ ،ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ×ﺙ/ﻡ
-3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ1.67 = (3-10×0.895 )÷(0.18×(60÷3-10×0.5)×997.1) = :
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ 2100ﻓﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺘﻀﻡ:
(1ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ :Homogeneous flowﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ.
(2ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻗﻲ :Stratified flowﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
151
2-9ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ
ﺃﻓﻘﻲ
A HGL
hL1-2ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ EL
B
V yo Wsinθ
F1 ﻤﻴل s C.V.
D τo θ F2
l θ C
I W II
ﺸﻜل 1-9ﺩﻓﻕ ﺨﻼل ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ) (1ﻭ ) (2ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) (1-9ﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
) ABCD (control volumeﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(1ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ F1ﻭ F2ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
(2ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ Wﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ W.sinθﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
(3ﻗﻭﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻬﺎ )ﻟﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ(
(4ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل τo.l..wp
ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ momentumﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ) (1ﻭ ) (2ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺘﺎﻥ F1
ﻭ F2ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .2-9
F1 = F 2 9-2
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ:
W = γ.A.l 9-3
sinθ = h/l 9-4
ﻭﻤﻴل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻫﻭ soﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 5-9ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ.
so = tanθ = sinθ 9-5
152
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 6-9ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﺓ 8-9
γ. rH so = τo 9-8
2
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ρv /2ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .9-9
2
τo = k ρv /2 9-9
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= τoﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ:
2
k ρv /2 = γ. rH so
v = C r H so 9-10
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ L T−1 C
1
2
ﺤﻴﺙ:
3 -1
= Qﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ L T
= Aﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ L2
= rHﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ L
= soﻤﻴل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ Cﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .12-9
1
n
1
n
ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ:
C = k rH 6 9-13
1
n
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ = 1ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ 1.49 = SIﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ
= nﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ
2 1
v = k rH s3 2 9-14
n
2 1
Q = A k rH 3 s 2 9-15
n
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ( ﻤﺜل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻏﺎﻨﻐﻭﻟﺕ ﻭﻜﺘﺭ & Ganguillet
Kutterﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .16-9
153
23 + 0.00155 + 1
=C S n 9-16
⎛
⎜ 23 +
⎜ 0.00155 ⎞⎟⎟ n
⎜
⎝ ⎠⎟ S
1+
rH
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Cﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ )ﻡ /ﺙ( ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ
0.5
= nﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ(
= rHﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ )ﻡ(
= Sﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ )ﻡ/ﻡ(
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺒﺎﺯﻥ ،Bazin formulaﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ ﺒﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺭ،
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .17-9
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Cﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
0.5
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ Manning
equationﺃﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺴﺘﺭﺍﻴﻜﻠﺭ : Strickler's formulaﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ Cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺎﻨﻨﻎ . nﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ nﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﻭﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 14-9ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ.
v = k rH 3 S 2
2 1
9-14
n
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= vﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
= kﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ 1.49ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )= ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ (SI
= nﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل (3-9
= rHﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ )ﻡ(
= Sﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻴل )ﻡ/ﻡ(
154
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔrH = A/ wp :
ﺤﻴﺙ = A :ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )ﻡ = wp ،(2ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل )ﻡ(
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔrH = D/4 :
ﺤﻴﺙ = D :ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭ )ﻡ(
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔQ = A*v :
ﺤﻴﺙ = Q :ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ/3ﺙ( = A ،ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ )ﻡ = v ،(2ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﻡ /ﺙ(
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ، Nomographﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ
4ﻟﻸﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-9
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 1.6ﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴل .0.015ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ
.0.015
155
ﺍﻟﺤل
.1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ 1.6 =D :ﻡ0.015 = n ،0.015 = s ،
.2ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﻭﺼل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ 0.015ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺜﻡ ﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ
ﻟﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ Pivot line
.3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ
rH = D/4 = 1.6 / 4 = 0.4 m
.4ﺃﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ = 4.43ﻡ/ﺙ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ:
3 2
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ = 8.91 = 4 ÷ (1.6)× π×4.43ﻡ /ﺙ.
.5ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﻎ:
v = 1 rH S = 1 0.4 0.015 = 4.43m / s
2 1 2 1
3 2 3 2
n 0.015
y
b
ﺸﻜل 2-9ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
dwp/dy = 0 and wp = b + 2y
156
ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ
b/y = 2 9.25
ﺤﻴﺙ:
b/y = aspect ratio.
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ.
ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ Qﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ bﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ .qﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ:
Q Q q
= =V =
A by y
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .27-9
2
q
= Es +y )(9-27
2gy 2
ﻭﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ) (qﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ :y
)E = f(y
ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ
)ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .(4 - 9
157
Fr < 1
Fr = 1
ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل 4-9ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻕ y1ﻭ y2ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل
.alternate depthﻭﺘﻘل ﻗﻴﻤﺔﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺼﻐﺭﻯE؛ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻕ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ
.ycﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﻠﻌﻤﻕ (27 - 9 ) yﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
dE
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ = 0
dy
dE − 2q 2
= +1= 0 9 - 28
dy 2gy 3
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ y = yc
1
⎛ q2 ⎞ 3
⎜ = yc ⎟ 9 - 29
⎟ ⎜ g
⎝ ⎠
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= yﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ .yc
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ V = gy
ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﺭﺠﹰﺎ .ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
2
Q
=E +y 9 - 30
2gA 2
dE − 2Q 2 dA
= +1= 0 9 - 31
dy 2gA 3 dy
dA
ﺤﻴﺙ = b s
dy
bsﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ yﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ycﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻁﺊ
.subcriticalﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ yﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ super
criticalﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ.
158
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ Gradually varied flow
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ .ﺃﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ
dy
ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ yﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭ xﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻜﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ
dx
dy dy
(= 0ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ؛ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
dx dx
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ .ﻭﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ.
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ y ⎞ 10 3
⎟ ⎟ S b ⎜1 − ⎜ n
⎟ ⎠⎜ ⎝ y
dy ⎝ ⎠
= 3 9 - 33
dx ⎞ ⎛y
⎟ 1− ⎜ c
⎠⎝ y
ﺤﻴﺙ:
dy
ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ y = sbﻤﻴل ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺤﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ
dx
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ynﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ .yc
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﺩﻤﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل 5-9ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ = H
ﺸﻜل 5-9
2
V
=H + y + zb 9 - 34
2g
ﻭﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ
2
q
=H + y + zb 9 - 35
2gy 2
ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ x
2
dH 2q dy dy dz b
=− + + 9 - 36
dx 2gy 3 dx dx dx
d zb
ﻫﻭ ﻤﻴل ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ - Sbﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ: ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ dHﻫﻭ ﻤﻴل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ - Seﻭ
dx dx
q 2 n2
= Se 10
. 2y
149 3
159
by
= R hﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﺭﻴﻀﺔ bﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹶﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ yﻴﻜﻭﻥ Rh = y ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ
2y + b
⎛ dy ⎞ q2
⎜1 − ⎟ = S b − Se
⎠ dx ⎝ gy 3
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ q 2 n2 ⎟ 1
S b ⎜1 − ⎟
⎜ ⎟ 10 S
⎜
149
. 2 y 3 b ⎟
dy ⎝ ⎠
= )(9 - 37
dx ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ q2
⎜1 − ⎟
⎟ gy 3
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
−1
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ 10
q 2 n2 q 2 n2 ⎢ q 2
⎥ ⎞ ⎛y 3
= ⎟=⎜ n )(9 - 38
. 2y
149
10
3
Sb . 2y
149
10
3 ⎢ ⎛ 149 . 2
4 ⎞ ⎥ ⎠⎝ y
⎥ ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ y 2n 2 y n 3
⎝ ⎣⎢ n ⎦⎥ ⎠
3
q2 ⎞ ⎛ yc
⎜ = 3 ⎟
gy ⎠⎝ y
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ
10
⎞ ⎛y 3
⎟ 1− ⎜ n
dy ⎠⎝ y
= Sb 3 )(9 - 39
dx ⎞ ⎛y
⎟ 1− ⎜ c
⎠⎝ y
ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
yn > yc ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﺘﺩل )(Mild
yn < yc ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺤﺎﺩ )(Steep
yn = yc ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺤﺭﺝ )(Critical
∞ = yn ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ )(Horizontal
yn < 0 ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ )(Adverse
ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل 4-9ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ.
160
ﺠﺩﻭل 4-9ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ dy ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ yc ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ yn ﺍﻟﻤﻴل
ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ
dx y y
M-1 ﻴﺯﻴﺩ + + <1 + <1 ﻤﻌﺘﺩل
M
M-2 ﻴﻨﻘﺹ - + <1 - >1 yn > yc
M-3 ﻴﺯﻴﺩ + - >1 - >1
161
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺸﻜل 6-9ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ:
M-1 S-1
yn
yc
yc M-2 yn S-2
M-3 S-3
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﺘﺩل )yn > yc (M ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺤﺎﺩ )yn < yc (S
H-2
C-1
yn = yc
yc
C-2 H-3
A-2
yc A-3
ﺃﻭ
) (2ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ
S e1 + S e 2
= Sc )(9 - 41
2
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= Se1ﻤﻴل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 1
= Se2ﻤﻴل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 2
162
ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل 7-9
1 ∆x
v1 2
y1
y2 v2
ﺸﻜل 7-9
⎜ ⎜ + y2 ⎟ −
2
+ y 1 ⎟ = ( z b1 − z b 2 ) − h L
1
)(9 - 42
⎝ 2g ⎠ ⎝ 2g ⎠
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
E 2 − E 1 = S b ∆x − S e ∆x )(9 - 43
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ
E 2 − E1
= ∆x )(9 - 44
Sb − Se
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ، M - 1ﻭ ، M - 2ﻭ ، H - 2ﻭ A - 2ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ، M - 3ﻭ S
، - 1ﻭ ، S - 2ﻭ ، S - 3ﻭ ، C - 1ﻭ ، C - 3ﻭ ، H - 3ﻭ A - 3ﻓﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ.
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-9
ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 50ﻗﺩﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 4000ﻗﺩﻡ /ﺙ .ﻤﻴﻼﻥ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 0.001ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ) = n
3
.(0.025ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 20ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺴﺩ .ﻜﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ
12ﻗﺩﻡ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
(1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕn = 0.025 ، Q = 4000 ft /s ، y = 20 ft ، b = 50 ft ، Sb = 0.001 :
3
163
⎞ . ⎛ 50 y n
149 1
= 4000 ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.001) 2 50 xy n
⎠ 0.025 ⎝ 50 + 2 y n
ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ 10.95 = ynﻗﺩﻡ
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 44-9ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ∆xﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻥ 20ﺇﻟﻰ 12ﻗﺩﻡ؛ ﻭ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ yﻟﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ 20ﺇﻟﻰ ،12ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺘﺤل
ﺒﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 2.5ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 8ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ yﺃﻱ ﺘﺤل ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻟﻴﺤل ﺒـﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ) (16ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ
ﺒﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 0.5ﻗﺩﻡ.
ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ 13325؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ .14330ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﺔ
ﻋﺸﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 13101ﻗﺩﻡ.
164
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ،ﺃﻱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ step upﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل
ﻤﻁﻠﻘﹰﺎ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ steadyﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ .nonuniformﻭﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﻓﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﺕ ) irreverisibilitiesﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل .(8-9
ﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﺎﺩﺉ
ﺩﻓﻕ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ
h2 U2ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ
h1 U1
ﻭﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﺩﺤﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻟﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﻓﺤﺸﻥ ﻭﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ
ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟـﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ
،chutesﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻗﻲ overflowﻤﺜل ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺽ ،spillwaysﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ sluice gateﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻨﺤﺭ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻕ.
ﺍﻟﺩﺤﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ control volumeﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ 1ﻭ 2ﺤﻴﺙ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ
ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل (9-9ﻭﺒﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻗﺩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺌﻴﺔ shock lossesﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ؛ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 45-9
165
hL
ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ 2 v2
y2
ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ. ﻭﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻗﻔﺯﺓ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ
y1
y2/y1 > 1
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ Fr1ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ 1
166
Fr1 > 1
ﺃﻱ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ supercritical
y1
ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ 1ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ Fr2ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ،1ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﺊ sub-critical y2
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 60-9
ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 61-9ﺃﻥ y2ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ y1ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺕ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل.
5-9ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-5-9ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻋﺭﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺩﻓﻕ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ ،ﻭﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻀﻐﻁ.
(2ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ؟
(3ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ ،ﻭﻜﺘﺭ ،ﻭﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ؟
(4ﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ.
(5ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ.
(6ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﺭﻑ؟ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻟﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ؟ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟
(7ﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ؟
gy c
= .( Vc (8ﺍﺸﺘﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺜﻠﺙ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ:
2
ﺃ.
2-5-9ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
(1ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ 0.8ﻭﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ 5- 10×1.6ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ 8ﺴﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل 0.4ﻟﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﻋﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ :ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ(
(2ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﺭﻀﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ 3ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻴل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻪ 1ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻭ 1.5ﻟﻸﻓﻘﻲ .ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ 0.025ﻭﻤﻴل ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ 1ﻓﻲ 1500ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ 0.9ﻤﺘﺭ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﻱ ﺠﻴﺯﻱ )ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل Cﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻜﺘﺭ( ،ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 2.9 :ﻡ/3ﺙ(
(3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﺤﻤل ﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ 8ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻤﺒﻁﻥ
ﺒﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻏﻭﻨﻴﺕ gunite concrete 6ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﻤﻴل ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) 0.0001ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ1.65 :ﻡ3.3 ،ﻡ(
167
(4ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻪ Bﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁﻪ hﻭﻤﻴل ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ 1ﻓﻲ .mﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻟﻨﻘل
ﻤﺎﺀ .ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕB = 2 h⎛⎜ m 2 + 1 − m⎞⎟ :
⎝ ⎠
(5ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ Dﻟﻌﻤﻕ yﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻡ
θθ
ﺏ y ﺃ
ﺠـ
ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ sﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ .nﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺩﻓﻕ .ﻭﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻌﻤﻘﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ .ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ(0.95D :
(6ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ 1.5ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 2ﻡ/ﺙ .ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ chuteﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ 1ﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ 6ﻡ/ﺙ .ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ.
1
1.5ﻡ 2ﻡ/ﺙ
2
ﺩﻓﻕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ 1ﻡ 6ﻡ/ﺙ
(7ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﻟﻌﻤﻕ 0.4ﻤﺘﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺩﻓﻕ 2.8ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻗﻔﺯﺓ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.88 :ﻡ،
41.2ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻭﺍﺕ(
(8ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﻔﺯ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 12ﻤﺘﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ 1.2ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ 15ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ
• ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﻥ،
• ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ
• ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻔﺯﺓ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 8.8 ،0.37 :ﻡ 3.4 ،ﻡ/ﺙ 36.7 ،ﻤﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﺕ(
(9ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 6ﺃﻗﺩﺍﻡ؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ 3ﺃﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ 160ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ ،ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ
3.2ﻗﺩﻡ؛ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ،0.002ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) .0.012 = nﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = 73ﻗﺩﻡ(.
(10ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻋﺔ Qﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 20ﻡ /ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ
3
ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ vﺘﻌﺎﺩل 0.5ﻡ/ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺎﻨﻨﺞ .0.025ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ) bﻭ (yﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻉ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﻓﻀل ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘل.
)ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ 5.73 :ﻡ 4.42 ،ﻡ 5.42 ،ﺴﻡ/ﻜﻠﻡ 1.18 ،ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ(2
1
3 y
168
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ
Boundry Layer ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
Concept of Boundry Layer 1-10ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻨﺘل Prandtlﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1904ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ
ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺤﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ .ﻗﺩﱠﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺩ Froudﻓﻲ
ﻋﺎﻡ 1872ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ .ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺨﻔﺽ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ .ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ
)ﻋﻨﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺌﻁ( ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .1-10
U
ﺤﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
U Friction Belt
U
169
U
Turbulent b. l.
Transitional b. l.
Laminar b. l. Irrigular motion
ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ develops C
x A δ B
O ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻟﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
Inertia ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ- ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ
& Viscous Forces
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ
du du dx
Fi = Ma = ρL3 = ρL3 . (10.1)
dt dx dt
du
∴ Fi = ρL3 u (10.2)
dx
dv 2
Fτ = µ L (10.3) ( ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺹ
dy
Fi ∝ Fτ (10.4)
du dv
ρL3 u ∝ µL2 (10.5)
dx dy
du µ dv
ρu ∝ 10-6
dx L dy
du u dv v
≈ and ≈ 10-7
dx x dy δ
6-10 ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ، v ≈ L = y and u ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
ρU 2 µU
∝ 10-8
x δ2
µx νx
δ2 ∝ ∝ 10-9
ρU U
δ∝ νx ν
∝ 10-10
x U x2 Ux
δ∝ 1 10-11
x Re x
(=5 ∝ ) ( ﺃﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏLaminar b.l.) ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔMathematical ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔH. Blasius ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ
:ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ
νx
δ=5 10-12
u
δ= 5
10-13
x ux
ν
170
=δ 5
10-14
x Re x
ﺤﻴﺙ Rexﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩ ) (Reynold’s Number ReNﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ Xﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .2-10
1
∝τ
x
δ∝ x
τ
O D Force
x
ﺤﻴﺙ:
= bﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺢ
1
x 1 x −
∫ ∫
1
D=b = dx x 2 dx = 2 bx 2
x
∴D ≈ b ∝ x 10-18
x
Cfﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ Coefficient of Frictional Dragﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
Drag force
= Cf = ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ
Hypothetical drag
ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
D x 1
= Cf ∝ ∝ 10-19
1 ρU 2 A 1 ρU 2 xb x
2 2
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ 15-10ﻭ 18-10
µu U . x. b
∝ 1 νx ∝ υ 1
∝ 10-20
x 1 ρU 2 xb Ux Re x
2
171
ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﻼﺴﻴﻭﺱ H. Blasiusﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟـ Cfﺜﺎﺒﺕ )1.328 = (Constant
∴ C f = 1328
. 10-21
Re x
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (21-10ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) (Cfﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺊ ) (Laminarﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ .ReN.ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )-10
(21ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ ) (ReN = 5x105~2x106ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ .ﻟﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ.
3-10ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ Definition of B. L. Thickness
ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﺵ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )(%1
ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ ) (δﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .4-10
u = 0.99U
*δ
u dy
dq = u dy
) (
1
*δ δy
∴ = ∫ 1− u 10-23
δ U δ
0
2-3-10ﺴﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ The Momentum Thickness δ**:
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .24-10
δ
ρU 2 δ ** = ρ ∫ u( U − u) δy 10-24
0
δ
0
U ) (
δ ** = ∫ u 1 − u δy
U
10-25
) (
1
** δ δy
= ∫ u 1− u 10-26
δ U U δ
0
172
3-3-10ﺴﻤﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ Energy Dissipation Thickness δ***:
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .27-10
δ
U 3δ * * * = ∫ u⎛⎜⎝ U 2 − u 2 ⎞⎟⎠ δy 10-27
0
⎛ δ ⎞2
δ *** = ∫ u ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎛⎜⎝ u ⎞⎟⎠ ⎟⎟ δy 10-28
U ⎠ U
⎝ 0
⎛ *** 1 u 2 ⎞ δy
∴δ ⎟⎟ ⎠⎞⎟ = ∫ ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎜⎛⎝ u 10-29
δ U U ⎠ δ
⎝ 0
4-10ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ Separation and Vortex formation
ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ .ﻴﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ
ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل.
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺤﻭل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل 6-10ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻡ Dﺇﻟﻰ Eﻭﻴﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ Eﺇﻟﻰ ،Fﻭﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ Dﺇﻟﻰ Eﻭﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ Eﺇﻟﻰ .Fﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ
ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ Eﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻻﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ Eﻭ ،Fﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺠﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ .ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻴﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺼﺎل؛ ﻭﺃﺤﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل .6-10
ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل
du = zero and τ = zero
dy
ﺸﻜل 6-10ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺤﻭل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل
173
Properties of Laminar B. L. ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ-5
.7-10 ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺨﻁﻲ ﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
(δ-y)
δ τ
τ
y
τo
δτ ⎛ y ⎛ y⎞ ⎞
2
u= o ⎜ −1⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 10-38
µ ⎜⎝ δ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ ⎟⎠
δτ o δτ o ⎛ y 1 ⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎞
∴U− u = − ⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 10-39
2µ µ ⎜⎝ δ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ ⎟⎠
δτ o ⎛ 2⎞
U−u = ⎜ 1 − 2 y + ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎟ 10-40
2µ ⎜⎝ δ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎟
⎠
δτ o ⎡ y ⎤ 2
∴U− u = 1− 10-41
2µ ⎢⎣ δ ⎥⎦
174
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ .Parabolic
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ) (Dﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ):(Force per unit width
x
D = ∫0 τ o dx 10-42
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ Dﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
D = Rate of change of Momentum
δ
0 ∫
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ρ u dy × 1
ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ،(U - u) 8-10ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰτ o dx × 1 = τ o dA :
U U
d τo ⎛ y⎞ 2
= U−u ⎟ ⎜1 −
⎠ 2µ ⎝ δ
dy u
x
D = ∫ τ odx
0
x δ
D = ∫ τ o dx = ρ∫ u( U − u) δy 10-43
0 0
δ
0U
) (
D = ρU 2 ∫ u 1 − u δy
U
10-44
1− u = 1−
U ) ( y 2
δ
y
= 1− 2 δ + )(
y 2
δ 10-45
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ:
y ⎛ y⎞ 2
⎟ ⎜∴ u =2 − 10-46
U ⎠δ ⎝ δ
1 ⎛ y ⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎞ δy
⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ∴ D = ρU 2 δ ∫ ⎜ 2 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 1 − 10-47
⎜ δ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎟⎜ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎟ δ
⎝0 ⎝⎠ ⎠
1⎡ y ⎛ y⎞ 2 ⎞⎛ y
3
⎛ y ⎞ ⎤ δy
4
⎥ ⎟ ⎜ D = ρU 2 δ ∫ ⎢2 − 5⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟ − 10-48
⎠δ ⎝ δ ⎠⎝ δ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎥ δ
⎣⎢ 0 ⎦
⎡ ⎛ y⎞ 2 5 1
⎥⎤ ⎞ ⎛ y
3 4
2 ⎢ 2 5 ⎞⎛ y 4 ⎞⎛ y 1
⎟ ⎜ D = ρU δ ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ −
⎠⎢2 ⎝ δ ⎠3 ⎝ δ ⎠4 ⎝ δ ⎥ ⎠5 ⎝ δ
⎣ ⎦0
2
∴ D = ρU δ 2 10-49
15
=δ 5x ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 14-10
Re x
175
D ρU 2
Cf = = 4 5x × 1
1 ρU 2 A 15 x 2 Ux ρU 2
2 υ
Turbulent Boundary Layer ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ-6 ∴ C f = 133
.
Re x
Power Law ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻲ
m
u = ⎛ y⎞ 10-51
⎜ ⎟
U ⎝ δ⎠
:ﺤﻴﺙ
⎛⎜ 1 − 1 ⎞⎟ th ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯpower = ﺃﺱm
⎝ 4 7⎠
m = 1 th ﻭ ﻟﻘﻴﻤـ
7
δ
Uδ * = ∫ ( U − u) δy 10-22
0
* 1
δ = ⎛⎜ 1 − u ⎞⎟ δy 10-23
∫⎝
δ U⎠ δ
0
1⎛⎜ ⎛ y ⎞ 1 ⎞⎟ δy
∴ δ = δ ∫ ⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ 7 ⎟
* 10-52
⎝ δ⎠ ⎟ δ
0⎜⎝ ⎠
⎡ 8 ⎤1
⎢ y 7 ⎛ y⎞ 7 ⎥
= ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = δ ⎡⎢1 − 7 ⎤⎥
δ 8 ⎝ δ⎠ ⎣ 8⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0
∴ δ ** = δ 10-53
8
= ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔu ﺒﺄﺨﺫ
q = uδ
δ 1 δy
∴ q = uδ = ∫ uδy = ∫ Uδ u
U δ
0 0
1⎛ y ⎞ 1 δy ⎡ 8 ⎤1
7 ⎢7 ⎛ y⎞ 7 ⎥
q = Uδ ∫ ⎜ ⎟ = Uδ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ δ⎠ δ 8 ⎝ δ⎠
0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0
7
∴ q = Uδ × = Uδ 7 10-54
8 8
u 7
∴ = = 0.875 10-55
U 8
δ
ρU 2 δ ** = ρ ∫ u( U − u) δy 10-24
0
1 δy
δ ** = ∫ u ⎜⎛⎝ 1 − u ⎟⎞⎠ 10-25
U U δ
0
1
δ ** = u ⎜⎛ 1 − u ⎟⎞ δy 10-26
∫ ⎝
δ U U⎠ δ
0
176
⎡ 8 9 ⎤1
⎛ y ⎞ ⎛ y ⎞
* * ⎢
δ = δ ⎢ 7 ⎜ ⎟ − 7 ⎜ ⎟ 7 ⎥⎥ = δ ⎡ 7 − 7 ⎤ = 63 − 56 δ = 7 δ
7
⎠8 ⎝ δ ⎠9 ⎝ δ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 9 72 72
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
0
∴ δ ** = 7 δ 10-56
72
ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ = ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ = D
D = ρ∫ 0δ u( U − u)δy 10-43
ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ 24-10ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 43-10
δ
∴ D = ρ ∫ u( U − u) δy = δ **ρU 10-57
0
ﺤﻴﺙ = Dﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ؛ ﻭﻟﻌﺭﺽ bﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
**
D = δ ρU b 2 10-58
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺎﺵ Darcy Weisbach
fρU 2
= τ0 10-59
8
ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻤﻠﺱ ﻫﺎﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﻜﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ
=f 0.316 10-60
Re N 0.25
( )
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ Uﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 55-10ﻭﻋﻥ fﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 60-10ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 59-10
−1
τ 0 = 0.316 ρU 2 × 1 = 0.0225ρU2 ⎜⎛⎝ Uδ ⎟⎞⎠ 4 10-61
ν
( Re N ) 0.25 8
δ d=2δ
Re N = 2 uδ
ν
ﺸﻜل 9-10ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ
ﻟﻜﻥ
δ ** = 7 δ 10-56
72
** d 7 δ
∴ τ 0 = ρU 2 d δ = ρU 2 72 10-64
dx dx
177
0.0225ρU 2
= τ 0 = 7 ρU 2 dδ 10-65
72 dx 1
⎛⎜ Uδ ⎞⎟ 4
⎠ ⎝ υ
δ 1 x −1 1
∴ ∫ δ 4 dδ = ∫ 0.0225 × 72 U 4 υ 4 dx 10-66
7
0 0
5 1
4 δ 4 = 0.237⎛⎜ U ⎞⎟ 4 x 10-67
5 ⎠⎝ υ
4 1 4
δ = ⎛⎜⎝ 5 × 0.237⎞⎟⎠ 5 . ⎛⎜ U ⎞⎟ 5 x 5 10-68
4 ⎠⎝ υ
−0.2
⎟⎞ ∴ δ = 0.38⎛⎜ Ux x 10-69
⎠ ⎝ υ
∴ δ = 0.38 10-70
x
( Re x) 0.2
δ ** = 7 δ = 7 × 0.38x ﺇﺫﹰﺍ
72 72 Re x 0.2
) (
= ** ∴ δ 0.037 x 10-71
( Re x 0.2 )
ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ -:D
= ** D = ρU 2 δ 0.037 xρU 2 10-72
( Re x 0.2
)
0.037ρU 2
= ∴D x 10-73
(Re x 0.2 )
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ) Drag Force (Dﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ U1.8ﻭﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ X0.8ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 73-10
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ U1.5ﻭ X0.5ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ )ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (14-10ﻟـﻘﻴﻤﺔ δﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 49-10ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ D
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﻴﺭ
⎡ ⎤−1 −1 1
⎥ ⎢ D = 2 U 2 × 5x × U 2 x 2 υ 2
⎢ 15 ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ Cf
= Cf = D × b Db = 2D 10-74
1 ρU 2 A 1 ρU 2 xb ρU 2 x
2 2
2 × 0.037ρU 2
= ∴Cf × 1 × x = 0.074
0.2 ρU 2 x
)( Re x ( Re x) 0.2
C f = 0.074 10-75
Re x 0.2
( )
ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ) (The 7th root, or Power Lawﻟﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ
ﻟـﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ .ReN.ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻟـﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ ( 105 ≈ 108 ) Rexﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 10-10
ﻼ ﻟـﻠـﺭﻗﻡ . Rexﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﻤﺎﻥ Von Karmanﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﺏ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻘﺎﺒ ﹰ
ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺭﻴﺜﻡ ﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .76-10
1 = 17
. + 4.15LogC f Re x 10-76
Cf
178
ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .77-10
1 = 4.13C Re x 10-77
Cf f
Log Cf
0.01
0.007
C f = 1328
. Turbulent b. L.
Re x
0.004 ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ
Laminar b. l. C f = 0.074 Blasius
Re x 0.2
( )
ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ 0.002 1 = 4.13C Re x Vonkarman
Cf f
1700
0.0015 Cf = Cf − Pr sndtl
Re x
0.001
104 105 106 107 108 109 1010
Log Rex
ﺸﻜل 10-10ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ Rexﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺃﻤﻠﺱ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﻭﺡ ﺃﻤﻠﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﺏ )(Drag Coefficient
ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻼﻤﺴﻪ .ﻋﺒﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻨﺩل Prandtlﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .78-10
Cf = Cf − 1700 10-78
Turbulent Re x
ﻤﺜﺎل 1-10
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل )ﻤﺎﺀ( ﻟﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ 0.16 = νﺴﻡ /ﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﻁﺢ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 1ﻤﺘﺭ .ﺍﺫﺍ
2
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻁﺒﻘﻲ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ 16ﻡ/ﺙ ،ﻗﺩﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺤل
= Re x = Ux 16 × 1 .1ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺭﻴﻨﻭﻟﺩﺯ = 10 6
ν . × 10
016 − 4
.2ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ) (5x105 ~ 2x106ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ
= ∴δ 5 = 5 = 5
x Re x 3
106 10
∴ δ = 5 × 1 = 5 × 10 − 3 m
103
.3ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ Cf
.
C f = 1328 .
= 1328 = 1328
. × 10−3
Re x 103
.4ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ D
D = C f × 1 ρU 2 A = 1328
. × 10 −3 × 1 × 10 3 × 16 2 × 1 × 1 = 170 N
2 2
179
ﻤﺜﺎل 2-10
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﻲ * ،δﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ** δﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ *** δﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
u y
=
U δ
ﺍﻟﺤل
1
.1ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ δ * = ⎛⎜ 1 − u ⎞⎟ δy
⎝∫
δ U⎠ δ
0
1
δ ⎤ * 1 ⎛ y ⎞ δy ⎡ y ⎛ y ⎞ 2
∴ ⎟ = ∫ ⎜1 − = ⎢ ⎟ ⎜− ⎥ =1
δ ⎥ ⎠⎝ δ⎠ δ ⎢δ ⎝ δ 2
0 ⎣ ⎦0
∴ δ* = δ
2
1
.2ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ δ ** = u ⎛⎜ 1 − u ⎞⎟ δy
⎝ ∫
δ U U⎠ δ
0
⎛ ** 1 y y ⎞ δy 1 ⎡ y ⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎤ δy
∴δ ⎟ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎥ ⎟ ⎜= ∫⎢ −
δ ⎝δ δ⎠ δ δ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎥ δ
0 ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦
1
⎡ ⎤3
( )
2
δ* * = ⎢ 1 ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ − 1 ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎥ = ⎡ 1 − 1 − ( 0 − 0) ⎤ = 3 − 2
δ ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ δ ⎥ ⎠3⎝ δ ⎢⎣ 2 3 ⎦⎥ 6
⎦0
∴ δ* * = δ
6
1
.3ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ δ *** = u ⎡1 − ⎛⎜ u ⎞⎟ 2 ⎤ δy
⎥ ⎠ ⎝ ⎢ ∫
δ U U ⎥ δ
⎣⎢ 0 ⎦
*** 1 y ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎤ δy 1 ⎡ y ⎛ y ⎞ 3 ⎤ δy
∴δ ⎥ ⎟ ⎜ = ∫ ⎢1 − ⎥ ⎟ ⎜= ∫ ⎢ −
δ δ ⎢ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎥ δ δ ⎝ δ⎠ ⎥ δ
⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦
1
⎡ 2 ⎤4
δ *** = ⎢ 1 ⎛ y ⎞ − 1 ⎛ y ⎞ ⎥ = ⎡⎛⎜ 1 − 1 ⎞⎟ − 0 − 0 ⎤ = 1
δ
⎟ ⎜
⎠⎢2 ⎝ δ
⎟ ⎜
⎥ ⎠4 ⎝ δ ( ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ 2 4 )⎥ 4
⎦
⎣ ⎦0
∴ δ *** = δ
4
ﻤﺜﺎل 3-10
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 9 = δﻤﻠﻡ ﻭ 100 = Uﺴﻡ،/ﺙ
3 4
y ⎞⎛ y ⎞⎛ y
⎟ ⎜ u = 2 − 2⎜ ⎟ +ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ 0.01 = µﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ×ﺙ.
U δ ⎠⎝ δ ⎠⎝ δ
ﺍﻟﺤل
ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ
τ = µ du
dy
180
⎡ y ⎤ ⎛ y⎞ 3 ⎛ y⎞ 4
⎥ ⎟ ⎜ u = U ⎢2 − 2 ⎜ ⎟ +
⎢⎣ δ ⎠⎝ δ ⎥ ⎠⎝ δ
⎦
⎡ ⎤ 2 4y 3
du 2 6y
= U⎢ − + ⎥
dy ⎢⎣ δ δ 3 ⎦⎥ δ 4
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺌﻁ = yﺼﻔﺭ
du = U ⎡ 2 ⎤ = 2 U = 2 × 1 = 222.2
dy ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ δ δ 0.009
τ = µ du = 0.001 × 222.2 = 0.222 N / m 2
dy
7-10ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ
1-7-10ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
(1ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ؟
(2ﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ Cfﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ f
(3ﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ؟
(4ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ 2δ؟
2-7-10ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
1 δy
⎠⎞⎟ ∫ u ⎜⎛⎝ 1 − uﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ = 0117
. (1ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ uﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل 3-10ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ:
U U δ
0
u
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ( 1.17ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ (. ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ 1.0ﻡ ﻭﺴﻤﻜﻬﺎ 10ﻤﻡ) .ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ) :ﻋﻭﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ
U
(2ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ Dﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺨﺸﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ
y=δ
ﻟﻪ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ uﻫﻲ . D = 2ρ ∫ ( U − u) udyﺍﺤﺴﺏ:
y=0
• ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ
• ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﺏ .Cf
• ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ
• ﺴﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
y ⎛ y⎞ 2
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 20 = Uﺴﻡ/ﺙ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ 0.01 = µ ،ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ×ﺙ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ⎟ ⎜ ) . u = 2 −ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ:
U ⎠δ ⎝ δ
ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ، ∂D = ∂mV = ρudyδVﺃ( 0.128 = Dﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ،ﺏ( 4 = δ* ،3- 10×3.33 = Cf
∂t
ﻤﻠﻡ 1.6 = δ** ،ﻤﻠﻡ(
(3ﻋﺭﻑ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
1 1
⎛ y⎞ 7
ﻗﺩﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﻤﻥ u δ = 0.38⎛⎜ ν ⎞⎟ 5ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ .ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ⎟ ⎜ =
⎠U ⎝ δ x ⎠ ⎝ Ux
181
(4ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 20ﺴﻡ/ﺙ ﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 1.0ﻡ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻪ 30ﺴﻡ .ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﻤﻜﻬﺎ 1.2ﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻑ.
2
u ⎞⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ⎟ ⎜ . = 2⎜ ⎟ −
U ⎠⎝ δ⎠ ⎝ δ
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 0.0192 :ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ 4 ،ﻤﻠﻡ(
(5ﻟﻭﺡ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ 1.0ﻡ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻪ 30ﺴﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺠﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ .ﺘﻡ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ .ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ 1.2
ﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ .ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ.
y u y u
δ U δ U
0 1.00 0.8 0.044
0.2 0.67 1.0 0.008
0.4 0.37 1.2 0.000
0.6 0.54
)ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ :ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ * 0.42 = δﺴﻡ 468 = ،ﺴﻡ/3ﺙ( =
(6ﻟﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺭﻗﻴﻕ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ 5ﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ 20ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ
ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﻤﻜﻬﺎ 2ﺴﻡ )ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ 1.2 :ﻡ(
182
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
1) Douglas, J.F.; Gasiorek, J.M. and Swaffield, J.A., Fluid Mechanics, Longman Scientific and
Technical, New York, 1994.
2) Munson, B.R.; Young, D.F.,; and Okishi, T.H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, John
Wiley and Sons, 2nd Ed., New York, 1994.
3) Shames, I.H., Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1992.
4) Mott, R. L., Applied Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall Career and Technology, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1994.
5) Abdl-Magid, I.M., Fluid Mechanics, Lecture notes, Sultan Qaboos University, Mucat, 1995
(Unpublished).
6) Massey, B.S., Mechanics of Fluids, Van Nostrand Reinhold (International), London, 1988.
7) Streeter, V.L. and Wylie, E.B., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 1988.
8) Douglas, J.F., Solving Problems in Fluid Mechanics, Vol. I and II Longman Scientific and
Technical, Essex, 1986.
9) Grade, R.J., and Mirajgaoker, A.G., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, New Chand and Bros.
Boorkee, Roorkee, India, 1988.
10)Vennard, J.K.; Street, R.L., Elementary Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1982.
11)Dugdale, R.H., Fluid Mechanics, George Godwin Ltd., London, 1981
12)Daugherty, R.L. and Franzini, J.B., Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications,
McGraw-Hill Inter. Book Co., London, 1977.
13)Evett, J.B., and Liu, C., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Co., New York,
1987.
14)Roy, D.N., Applied Fluid Mechanics, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Halsted Press: A Division of John
Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.
15)Allen, T, and Ditsworth, R.L., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, Ltd., Tokyo, 1972.
16)Giles, R.V., Evett, J.B., and Liu, C., Theory and Problems of Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics, Schaum’s Outline Series, 3rd Edi., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1994.
17)Rouse, H., Fluid Mechanics for hydraulic Engineers, Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
1961.
18)Sharpe, G. J., Solving Problems in Fluid Dynamics, Longman Scientific Technical, Essex,
1994.
19)White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1986.
20)Langhaar, H. L., Dimentional Analysis and Theory of Models, John Wiely and Sons, New
York, 1951.
. ﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ،1988 ، ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ، ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ، ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ،( ﺒﺸﻴﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻭﻴﻙ21
.1995 ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ، ﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ، ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ،( ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ22
.1967 ، ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ، ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ، ﻭﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩ،( ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻥ23
ﺘﻭﻨﺱ )ﺘﺤﺕ، ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ، ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل: ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ،( ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺩ24
.(ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻊ
1999 ، ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ، ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ، ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ، ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻫﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺩﻴﺭﻱ،( ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺩ25
، ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل، ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ، ﻨﺎﻴﻑ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩ،( ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻥ26
.1967 ، ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
.198- ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ،(1) ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻙ،( ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺩ27
183
ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ
184
ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺮﻓﻖ م1-
)ﻣﻠﻢ زﺋﺒﻖ( ﺿﻐﻂ اﻝﺒﺨﺎر اﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ
درﺟﺔ اﻝﺤﺮارة
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0 )ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ(
2.15 -10
2.17 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.24 2.26 2.27 2.3 2.32 -9
2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.41 2.43 2.45 2.49 2.51 -8
2.53 2.55 2.57 2.59 2.61 2.63 2.65 2.69 2.71 -7
2.73 2.75 2.77 2.8 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.91 2.93 -6
2.95 2.97 2.99 3.01 3.04 3.06 3.09 3.14 3.16 -5
3.18 3.22 3.24 3.27 3.29 3.32 3.34 3.39 3.41 -4
3.44 3.46 3.49 3.52 3.54 3.57 3.59 3.64 3.67 -3
3.7 3.73 3.76 3.79 3.82 3.85 3.88 3.94 3.97 -2
4 4.03 4.05 4.08 4.11 4.14 4.17 4.23 4.26 -1
4.29 4.33 4.36 4.4 4.43 4.46 4.49 4.55 4.58 0
4.89 4.86 4.82 4.78 4.75 4.71 4.69 4.62 4.58 0
5.25 5.21 5.18 5.14 5.11 5.07 5.03 4.96 4.92 1
5.64 5.6 5.57 5.53 5.48 5.44 5.4 5.33 5.29 2
6.06 6.01 5.97 5.93 5.89 5.84 5.8 5.72 5.68 3
6.49 6.45 6.4 6.36 6.31 6.27 6.23 6.14 6.1 4
6.96 6.91 6.86 6.82 6.77 6.72 6.68 6.58 6.54 5
7.46 7.41 7.36 7.31 7.25 7.2 7.16 7.06 7.01 6
7.98 7.93 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.67 7.56 7.51 7
8.54 8.48 8.43 8.37 8.32 8.26 8.21 8.1 8.04 8
9.14 9.08 9.02 8.96 8.9 8.84 8.78 8.67 8.61 9
9.77 9.71 9.65 9.58 9.52 9.46 9.39 9.26 9.2 10
10.45 10.38 10.31 10.24 10.17 10.1 10.03 9.9 9.84 11
11.15 11.08 11 10.93 10.86 10.79 10.72 10.58 10.52 12
11.91 11.83 11.76 11.68 11.6 11.53 11.75 11.3 11.23 13
12.7 12.62 12.54 12.46 12.38 12.96 12.22 12.06 11.98 14
13.54 13.45 13.37 13.28 13.2 13.11 13.03 12.86 12.78 15
14.44 14.35 14.26 14.17 14.08 13.99 13.9 13.71 13.63 16
15.38 15.27 15.17 15.09 14.99 14.9 14.8 14.62 14.53 17
16.36 16.26 16.16 16.06 15.96 15.96 15.76 15.56 15.46 18
17.43 17.32 17.21 17.1 17 16.9 16.79 16.57 16.46 19
18.54 18.43 18.31 18.2 18.08 17.97 17.86 17.64 17.53 20
19.7 19.58 19.46 19.35 19.23 19.11 19 18.77 18.65 21
20.93 20.8 20.69 20.58 20.43 20.31 20.19 19.94 19.82 22
22.23 22.1 21.97 21.84 21.71 21.58 21.45 21.19 21.05 23
23.6 23.45 23.31 23.19 23.05 22.91 22.76 22.5 22.27 24
25.08 24.94 24.79 24.64 24.49 24.35 24.2 23.9 23.75 25
26.6 26.46 26.32 26.18 26.03 25.89 25.74 25.45 25.31 26
28.16 28 27.85 27.69 27.53 27.37 27.21 26.9 26.74 27
29.85 29.68 29.51 29.34 29.17 29 28.83 28.49 28.32 28
31.64 31.46 31.28 31.1 30.92 30.74 30.56 30.2 30.03 29
33.52 33.33 33.14 32.95 32.76 32.57 32.38 32 31.82 30
اﻝﻤﺼﺪر Wilson, E.M., Engineering Hydrology, Macmillan Education, 3rd Edi., Houndmills, 1983
185
ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء 2 ﻣﺮﻓﻖ
اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻰ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ
6-
10 ×ν = درﺟﺔ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻣﺘﻜﻴﺔ 3-
10 ×µ= درﺟﺔ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة
2-
10×σ = ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ/آﻴﻠﻮ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ث/ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ/ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ*ث م ﻣﻜﻌﺐ/ آﺠﻢ ()ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ
ﻣﺘﺮ/ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
7.56 9.807 1.792 1.792 999.8 ﺻﻔﺮ
7.54 9.807 1.674 1.674 999.9 2
7.51 9.808 1.568 1.568 1000 4
7.49 9.807 1.519 1.519 999.9 5
7.48 9.807 1.473 1.473 999.9 6
7.46 9.807 1.429 1.429 999.9 7
7.45 9.806 1.388 1.378 999.8 8
7.43 9.805 1.348 1.348 999.7 9
7.42 9.805 1.31 1.31 999.7 10
7.41 9.804 1.274 1.274 999.6 11
7.39 9.803 1.24 1.239 999.5 12
7.38 9.802 1.207 1.206 999.4 13
7.36 9.801 1.176 1.175 999.2 14
7.35 9.8 1.146 1.145 999 15
7.33 9.799 1.117 1.116 998.9 16
7.32 9.795 1.089 1.087 998.8 17
7.31 9.793 1.062 1.06 998.6 18
7.29 9.791 1.036 1.034 998.4 19
7.28 9.789 1.011 1.009 998.2 20
7 9.778 0.898 0.895 997.1 25
7.12 9.765 0.804 0.8 995.7 30
7.04 9.749 0.725 0.721 994.1 35
6.96 9.731 0.661 0.656 992.2 40
6.88 9.711 0.605 0.599 990.2 45
6.79 9.69 0.556 0.549 988.1 50
6.71 9.666 0.513 0.506 985.7 55
6.62 9.642 0.477 0.469 983.2 60
6.53 9.616 0.444 0.436 980.6 65
6.44 9.589 0.415 0.406 977.8 70
6.35 9.56 0.39 0.38 974.9 75
6.26 9.53 0.367 0.357 971.8 80
6.17 9.499 0.347 0.336 968.6 85
6.08 9.467 0.328 0.317 965.3 90
5.99 9.433 0.311 0.299 961.9 95
5.89 9.399 0.296 0.284 958.4 100
Van der Leeden, F.; Troise, F.L. & Todd, D.K, The water encyclopedia, 2nd Edi., Lewis Pub., Chelsea, 1991
Munson, B.R., Young, D.F, & Okiishi, T.H., Fundamentals of fluid mechanics, John Wiely & Sons, New York, 1991
Davis, M.L. & Cornwell, D.A., Introduction to environmental engineering, McGraw-Hill Inter. Editions,
Chemical Engng. Series, 2nd Edi., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991
186
ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮى اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ 3-ﻣﺮﻓﻖ م
ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل101325 ،
درﺟﺔ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة
ﻩ
اﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﻣﺘﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻜﻴﺔ م/ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ3 م/آﺠﻢ3 م
م2 / ث م/ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ*ث2
5- 5-
10×1.01 10×1.57 15.5 1.58 50 -
5- 5-
10×1.04 10×1.54 14.85 1.51 40 -
5- 5-
10×1.16 10×1.61 13.68 1.4 20 -
5- 5-
10×1.24 10×1.67 13.2 1.34 10 -
5- 5-
10×1.32 10×1.71 12.67 1.29 0
5- 5-
10×1.36 10×1.73 12.45 1.27 5
5- 5-
10×1.41 10×1.76 12.23 1.25 10
5- 5-
10×1.47 10×1.8 12.01 1.23 15
5- 5-
10×1.51 10×1.82 11.81 1.2 20
5- 5-
10×1.56 10×1.85 11.61 1.18 25
5- 5-
10×1.6 10×1.86 11.43 1.17 30
5- 5-
10×1.63 10×1.88 11.09 1.14 35
5- 5-
10×1.69 10×1.91 11.05 1.13 40
5- 5-
10×1.79 10×1.95 10.88 1.11 50
5- 5-
10×1.89 10×2 10.4 1.06 60
5- 5-
10×1.99 10×2.04 10.09 1.03 70
5- 5-
10×2.09 10×2.09 9.81 1 80
5- 5-
10×2.19 10×2.13 9.54 0.97 90
5- 5-
10×2.29 10×2.17 9.28 0.95 100
5- 5-
10×2.51 10×2.26 8.82 0.9 120
5- 5-
10×2.74 10×2.34 8.38 0.85 140
5- 5-
10×2.97 10×2.42 7.99 0.81 160
5- 5-
10×3.2 10×2.5 7.65 0.78 180
5- 5-
10×3.4 10×2.51 7.32 0.75 200
5- 5-
10×3.7 10×2.61 7.02 0.72 220
5- 5-
10×4 10×2.7 6.75 0.69 240
5- 5-
10×4.2 10×2.72 6.5 0.66 260
5- 5-
10×4.5 10×2.82 6.26 0.64 280
5- 5-
10×4.84 10×2.98 6.04 0.62 300
5- 5-
10×6.34 10×2.32 5.14 0.52 400
5- 5-
10×7.97 10×3.64 4.48 0.46 500
5- 5-
10×9.75 10×3.9 3.92 0.4 600
5- 5-
10×11.7 10×4.21 3.53 0.36 700
ﻋﺼﺎم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻝﻤﺎﺟ:اﻝﻤﺼﺪر
* Henry, J.G. & Heinke, G.W., Environmental science & engineering,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989
* Munson, B.R., Young, D.F., & Okiishi, T.H., Fundamentals of fluid
mechanics, John Wiely & Sons, New York, 1990
* Blevins, R.D., Applied fluid dynamics handbook,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Berkshire, 1984
* Blake, L.S. Edi., Civil engineer's reference book,
Butterworths, London, 1986
187
ﻤﺭﻓﻕ 3
ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل
7
IxyC IyC ICG ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
b ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل
0 d b3 bd3 bd
12 12
x dG C x G
y d
3
ﻤﺜﻠﺙ
d
ﻨﺼﻑ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ) (8ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻀﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ 0.4047 ﺃﻜﺭ
43560
2
ﻗﺩﻡ 4047 ﺃﻜﺭ
ﻡ
2
0.155 ﺃﻜﺭ
0.0929
2
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ 2
ﺴﻡ
2.471
ﻡ
2 4
10
2
ﻗﺩﻡ
ﺃﻜﺭ 6.542 ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ
0.3861
ﻡ
2
10.67 ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ
2
ﺴﻡ 0.00155 2
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ
ﻤﻴل
2 2
ﻜﻠﻡ
2
ﻗﺩﻡ 2
ﻡ
2
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ 2
ﻤﻠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
3
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ 1000 ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
1
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻟﺘﺭ 62.43 ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
3
ﺭﻁل/ﻗﺩﻡ 10.022 ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
8.345
ﺭﻁل/ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ( ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
0.001
ﺭﻁل/ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ( 0.001 ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3 0.6242 3
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻟﺘﺭ 3
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
3
ﺭﻁل/ﻗﺩﻡ 3
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻕ
ﺠﺎﻭﻥ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ 448.8 ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ
28.32
ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺙ 0.02832 ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ
ﻡ/3ﺙ 0.6462 ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ
0.00223
ﻤﺠﺎ ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ/ﻴﻭﻡ ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ
0.0631
ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ 15.85 ﺠﺎﻭﻥ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺙ 1.547 ﺠﺎﻭﻟﻥ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
4.4
ﺠﺎﻭﻥ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ 35.31 ﻟﺘﺭ/ﺙ
ﻗﺩﻡ /ﺙ 3
ﻤﺠﺎ ﺠﺎﺯﻥ/ﻴﻭﻙ
ﺠﺎﻭﻥ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻡ/3ﺴﺎﻋﺔ
ﻗﺩﻡ/3ﺙ ﻡ/3ﺙ
195
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻀﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
ﺴﻡ 30.48 ﻗﺩﻡ
2.54
ﺴﻡ 0.6214 ﺒﻭﺼﺔ
ﻤﻴل 3280.8 ﻜﻠﻡ
3.281
ﻗﺩﻡ ﻜﻠﻡ
39.37
ﻗﺩﻡ 1.094 ﻡ
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ 5280 ﻡ
1.6093
ﻴﺎﺭﺩﺓ 0.03937 ﻡ
ﻗﺩﻡ 0.914 ﻤﻴل
ﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻴل
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻤﻠﻡ
ﻡ ﻴﺎﺭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
3-
ﺭﻁل 10×2.205 ﺠﻡ
ﺭﻁل 2.205 ﻜﺠﻡ
0.4536
ﻜﺠﻡ 16 ﺭﻁل
ﺁﻭﻨﺱ 2240 ﺭﻁل
1.102
ﺭﻁل ﻁﻥ
ﻁﻥ ) 2000ﺭﻁل( ﻁﻥ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ 33.93 ﺠﻭﻱ
29.92
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺠﻭﻱ
4
10×1.033
2
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ 760 ﺠﻭﻱ
ﻤﻠﻡ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ 10.33 ﺠﻭﻱ
ﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ
5
10×1.013 ﺠﻭﻱ
5 10
2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ ﺠﻭﻱ
98.06
2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 1.8665 ﺒﺎﺭ
2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 0.49116 ﺴﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ
25.4
ﻤﻠﻡ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ 3386 ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ
2
ﺭﻁل/ﺒﻭﺼﺔ 0.145 ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺯﺌﻴﻕ
0.0703
ﻤﻠﻡ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ
6895
2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ 13.595 ﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ
ﺭﻁل/ﺒﻭﺼﺔ )(psi
2 0.01934 ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل
133.3
ﻜﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ
2
1 ﺭﻁل/ﺒﻭﺼﺔ
2
2
ﺭﻁل/ﺒﻭﺼﺔ 133.3 2
ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ/ﻡ
ﻤﻠﻡ ﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻜﺠﻡ/ﻡ
2
196
2
ﻨﻴﺯﺘﻥ/ﻡ torr
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
ﻓﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺕ )(°F (9C/5) + 32 ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ )(°C
ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺕ
5(F - 32)/9
ﻜﻠﻔﻥ )(K ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
ﻓﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺕ C + 237.16 ﺭﺍﻨﻜﻥ )(R
F + 459.67
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙ 0.03281 ﺴﻡ/ﺙ
0.6
ﻡ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ 196.8 ﺴﻡ/ﺙ
ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ 3.281 ﻡ/ﺙ
0.508
ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙ ﻡ/ﺙ
30.48
ﺴﻡ/ﺙ 1.097 ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﺴﻡ/ﺙ 1.609 ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙ
ﻜﻠﻡ/ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﺩﻡ/ﺙ
ﻜﻠﻡ/ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﻴل/ﺴﺎﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ
ﺠﻡ/ﺴﻡ×ﺙ 0.01 ﺴﻨﺘﺒﻭﺍﺯ centipoise
0.01
ﺴﻡ /ﺙ 2
4- ﺴﻨﺘﺒﻭﺍﺯ
10
ﻡ/2ﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻙ
ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ
ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ( 6.229 3
ﻗﺩﻡ
7.481
ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ( 28.316
3
ﻗﺩﻡ
ﻟﺘﺭ 0.02832 3
ﻗﺩﻡ
0.1605
3
ﻡ 3
ﻗﺩﻡ
0.1337
3
ﻗﺩﻡ 0.833 ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ(
3
ﻗﺩﻡ 3.785 ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ(
16.39
ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ( 0.03532 ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ(
ﻟﺘﺭ 0.22 ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ
0.2642
3
ﺴﻡ 3
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ
0.001
3
ﻗﺩﻡ 35.314 ﻟﺘﺭ
ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ( 1000 ﻟﺘﺭ
ﺠﺎﻟﻭﻥ )ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ( ﻟﺘﺭ
3
ﻡ ﻟﺘﺭ
3
ﻗﺩﻡ ﻡ
3
ﻟﺘﺭ ﻡ
3
197
198